2.4 External Forces Shaping the Earth
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External forces shape the Earth through weathering, erosion, and deposition. Weathering breaks down rock through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports weathered material through water, wind, and glacial activity. The eroded material is deposited elsewhere, forming landforms like deltas at river mouths or dunes in windy regions, completing the cycle that builds soil in new areas.
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Geography Chapter 2.4 external forces
Weathering and erosion slowly alter landscapes over time through physical and chemical processes. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces of sediment through mechanical and chemical breakdown without changing the rock's composition. Erosion then transports this weathered material like sediment, forming new landforms as it is deposited by forces such as wind, water, ice or gravity. These gradual changes to the earth's surface through weathering and erosion impact how humans interact with their environment.
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This document discusses external forces that shape the Earth's surface, including weathering and erosion processes. It covers three main topics:
I. Weathering processes like mechanical and chemical weathering break down and alter rock, creating sediment and soil over time. Mechanical weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces without changing its composition, while chemical weathering involves chemical reactions that create new substances.
II. Erosion is the movement of weathered material by forces like wind, water, ice, and gravity. Most erosion is caused by streams and rivers cutting into land vertically and horizontally, forming V-shaped valleys and depositing sediment to create deltas. Glaciers also erode land by cutting U-shaped valleys as they
What processes change Earth’s surface?
Weathering is the process by which rock breaks down into smaller pieces called sediments due to various environmental factors such as water, ice, wind, and plant roots. Rocks can weather through physical processes like freezing and expansion of water in cracks, or chemical processes like acid rain dissolving rocks. The sediments produced by weathering are then eroded and transported by forces like rivers, waves, wind, and glaciers before being deposited in a new location through the process of deposition.
Surface processes
Earth's landforms have changed over time due to weathering and erosion. There are two types of weathering - physical and chemical. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, while chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks. Erosion is the transport of weathered rocks and soil by various agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity. Deposition occurs as the force of these agents decreases, depositing eroded sediments in new locations like bodies of water, alluvial fans and cross-bedded layers. Together, weathering, erosion and deposition are responsible for shaping Earth's constantly evolving surface over geological time.
Forces that shape our earth
Erosion and weathering shape Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through freezing and thawing, plant and animal actions, and abrasion by other particles. Chemical weathering alters rocks through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, organisms, and acid rain. These weathering processes further break down rocks, which are then transported and eroded by forces like wind, water and glaciers to form landscapes like the Grand Canyon over long periods of time.
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ALL ABOUT WEATHERING AND EROSION .. Weathering causes the disintegration of rock near the surface of the earth. Plant and animal life, atmosphere and water are the major causes of weathering. Weathering breaks down and loosens the surface minerals of rock so they can be transported away by agents of erosion such as water, wind and ice. There are two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical.
Weathering and erosion by ahmed bin khalil
This document discusses weathering and erosion. It defines weathering as the breakdown and decomposition of rocks near the Earth's surface. Weathering occurs through various processes including expansion/contraction from temperature changes, freezing and thawing of water in cracks, and chemical breakdown. Erosion is defined as the removal and transport of weathered materials. The key influences on weathering are temperature, rainfall, and biological factors like plant and animal activity. Weathering and erosion can have both positive impacts through soil formation and raw materials, and negative impacts like flood damage.
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Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering occurs via physical processes like temperature changes and ice wedging, while chemical weathering alters the composition of minerals through reactions with water, acids, and oxygen. The rate of weathering depends on factors like climate, topography, rock composition, and exposure time.
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This document discusses external forces that shape the Earth's surface, including weathering and erosion processes. It covers three main topics:
I. Weathering processes like mechanical and chemical weathering break down and alter rock, creating sediment and soil over time. Mechanical weathering breaks rock into smaller pieces without changing its composition, while chemical weathering involves chemical reactions that create new substances.
II. Erosion is the movement of weathered material by forces like wind, water, ice, and gravity. Most erosion is caused by streams and rivers cutting into land vertically and horizontally, forming V-shaped valleys and depositing sediment to create deltas. Glaciers also erode land by cutting U-shaped valleys as they
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Weathering is the process by which rock breaks down into smaller pieces called sediments due to various environmental factors such as water, ice, wind, and plant roots. Rocks can weather through physical processes like freezing and expansion of water in cracks, or chemical processes like acid rain dissolving rocks. The sediments produced by weathering are then eroded and transported by forces like rivers, waves, wind, and glaciers before being deposited in a new location through the process of deposition.
Surface processes
Earth's landforms have changed over time due to weathering and erosion. There are two types of weathering - physical and chemical. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, while chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks. Erosion is the transport of weathered rocks and soil by various agents such as water, wind, ice and gravity. Deposition occurs as the force of these agents decreases, depositing eroded sediments in new locations like bodies of water, alluvial fans and cross-bedded layers. Together, weathering, erosion and deposition are responsible for shaping Earth's constantly evolving surface over geological time.
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Erosion and weathering shape Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through freezing and thawing, plant and animal actions, and abrasion by other particles. Chemical weathering alters rocks through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, organisms, and acid rain. These weathering processes further break down rocks, which are then transported and eroded by forces like wind, water and glaciers to form landscapes like the Grand Canyon over long periods of time.
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Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering occurs via physical processes like temperature changes and ice wedging, while chemical weathering alters the composition of minerals through reactions with water, acids, and oxygen. The rate of weathering depends on factors like climate, topography, rock composition, and exposure time.
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- Various empires rose and fell in India over 4000 years, including the Mauryan Empire in 321 BC and the Mughal Empire in the 1500s.
- Britain gained control of India's trade through the East India Company in 1757 and made it a colony by 1857, ruling until independence.
- Mohandas Gandhi led the non-violent independence movement, using civil disobedience, and India gained
Biological Weathering
This document discusses biological weathering, which is the breakdown of rocks and other materials caused by living organisms. It occurs through both mechanical and chemical means as organisms interact with rocks. The main causes of biological weathering are: 1) man and animals through activities like construction and burrowing; 2) higher plants and their roots, which can penetrate cracks and exert disruptive force; 3) microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and mosses that extract nutrients and produce compounds aiding decomposition. An advantage is that biological weathering creates nutrient-rich soil allowing plant growth, though it can also cause rock instability.
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Weather and Mass Wasting
This document discusses various types of weathering and mass wasting processes that shape the Earth's surface. It defines weathering as the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks. The main types of weathering are mechanical, chemical, and biological. Mass wasting involves the downslope movement of earth materials such as rock and soil due to gravity. The classification of mass wasting includes falls, slides, flows, and spreads. Mass wasting and weathering both influence landform development and sediment production.
Ch 23-2 Weathering
Erosion is the process that wears down and transports rock and soil, shaping the Earth's surface through forces like streams, glaciers, wind, and waves. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks through chemical and physical processes like acid rain and frost wedging. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rocks through abrasion and plant roots prying rocks apart, while chemical weathering uses chemical reactions to break the bonds between minerals in rocks.
23-2 Weathering
Erosion is the process that wears down and transports rock and soil, shaping the Earth's surface through forces like weathering, gravity, streams, groundwater, glaciers, wind, and waves. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks through chemical and physical processes, where chemically weathering alters rocks and physical weathering breaks rocks into fragments. Mechanical weathering breaks down rocks through frost wedging as water freezes and expands in cracks, abrasion as rocks scrape against each other, and plant roots prying rocks apart, while chemical weathering uses chemical reactions to break the bonds between minerals in rocks.
Weathering and erossion
Weathering and erosion shape Earth's surface through physical and chemical processes. Weathering breaks down rocks and minerals through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their composition, while chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks and minerals. Erosion transports weathered materials from their source, most commonly by water, wind, ice or gravity. Mass wasting specifically refers to the downslope movement of earth materials under the force of gravity by various processes such as rock falls, debris flows, slides and slumps. Factors like steep slopes, water saturation, earthquakes and removal of vegetation can make areas more prone to mass wasting.
Natural systems -weathering processes
Includes the main processes of weathering under the headings of chemical, biotic and mechanical weathering
Weathering, erosion, and mass wasting
There are two main types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through processes like frost wedging, unloading, and biological activity. Chemical weathering transforms rocks into new compounds through reactions with water and acids. Water is the most important agent of chemical weathering, as it dissolves oxygen and carbon dioxide to form acids. These acids then react with minerals like feldspar and limestone. The rate of weathering depends on factors like climate, rock characteristics, and mechanical breakdown.
Physical and chemical weathering
Weathering is the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks at Earth's surface. Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through frost cracking, plant root growth, abrasion by water, ice or wind. Chemical weathering alters the composition of rocks through oxidation, hydrolysis and carbonation. The rate of weathering depends on climate, mineral composition, and surface area. Weathering produces sediments and soils through mechanical and chemical breakdown over time.
Weatheringerosion mass wasting
This document discusses three of Earth's external processes: weathering, mass wasting, and erosion. It defines weathering as the physical and chemical breakdown of rocks, which prepares the rocks for erosion. Weathering occurs through mechanical processes like frost wedging or chemical processes like oxidation. Mass wasting is the downward movement of rock and soil under gravity, often triggered by heavy rain or steep slopes. Erosion is the physical removal and transport of weathered material by forces like water, wind, or ice. These external processes continuously shape and resurface the land through the breakdown and movement of rock.
Weathering and Erosion
Rocks vary in size, shape, and texture due to weathering and erosion over hundreds of years. Weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering is caused by forces like water, wind, ice, and plants. Chemical weathering occurs when acids from water and carbon dioxide dissolve minerals. Erosion then transports these sediment particles to new locations through agents like wind, water, and animals. This constant weathering and erosion gradually reshapes the landscape over time.
Weathering
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces through mechanical or chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks down rocks physically through processes like ice wedging or plant root growth, while chemical weathering involves chemical breakdown through reactions with water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, or acids. Both types of weathering occur in place, while erosion is the movement of rock and sediment by agents like wind, water, ice or gravity. Erosion transports weathered material and further shapes the landscape over time.
Weathering notes
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering occurs via physical processes like temperature changes, ice wedging, and abrasion without changing the chemical composition. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition through processes like dissolution by water and acids or oxidation. The rate of weathering depends on factors like the rock composition, climate, topography, and exposure time.
Weatheringnotes
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and materials at the Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering occurs via physical processes like temperature changes and ice wedging, while chemical weathering alters the composition of minerals through reactions with water, acids, and oxygen. The rate of weathering depends on factors like climate, topography, rock composition, and exposure time.
Exogenetic Process-Geomorphology Chapter
The processes that shape the Earth's surface from forces above and at the surface are called exogenetic processes. These include processes of degradation that destroy material and processes of aggradation that build up material. Processes of degradation are weathering, mass movement, erosion, and transportation. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes. Physical weathering is caused by factors like temperature changes, frost action, and plants and animals. Chemical weathering results from reactions with substances like water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. These exogenetic processes gradually wear down and alter the Earth's surface over time.
W.E.D. Review
The document summarizes the processes of weathering, erosion, and deposition. It describes how weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports this weathered material, which is deposited in new locations through various agents such as running water, glaciers, wind, and ocean waves. This forms new landforms and shapes the Earth's surface over time through the continuous weathering, erosion, and deposition cycle.
Rocks Weathering_classnote.ppt
Weathering breaks down rock and other materials at Earth's surface through mechanical and chemical processes. Mechanical weathering physically breaks rock into smaller pieces, while chemical weathering causes chemical changes that produce new minerals. Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, and acid rain all contribute to chemical weathering. Erosion is the removal and transport of weathered rock and sediments by forces like water, wind, ice or gravity. Weathering and erosion shape geological features through continuous wearing down and building up of Earth's surface over long periods of time.
Weathering.pptx
Chemical weathering is more useful in soil formation than mechanical weathering because:
- Chemical weathering changes the minerals in rocks and causes new substances to form. This releases nutrients from the rocks that plants can use.
- Mechanical weathering only breaks rocks into smaller pieces through physical processes like temperature changes, abrasion, etc. but does not release as many nutrients.
- The new substances formed during chemical weathering like carbonic acid help dissolve more rocks and release more nutrients into the soil over time compared to mechanical weathering alone.
- Released nutrients are important for plant growth. As more plants grow, they add more organic matter to the soil through their remains. Organic matter is a key component of healthy
Earth-science-group-2.pptx
This document discusses various exogenic and endogenic geological processes that shape the Earth's surface and interior. It describes weathering processes like physical weathering caused by temperature fluctuations, plants, and abrasion that break down rock. It also discusses chemical weathering processes like hydrolysis, carbonation, and oxidation. Erosion by water and wind then transport weathered material. These surface processes interact with sub-surface processes like plate tectonics and magmatism to continually reshape the Earth's surface through folding, faulting, earthquakes, and volcanism over millions of years. Together exogenic and endogenic processes create diverse landforms and landscapes.
4 Exogenic Processes.ppt
Weathering, erosion, and deposition are exogenic (surface) geologic processes that shape the landscape over time. Weathering breaks down rock through physical or chemical means. Erosion is the transport of weathered material by forces like water, wind, or gravity. Deposition occurs when eroded materials are deposited in a new location. Together these processes recycle earth materials and influence landform development through geologic timescales.
Weathering mine
Weathering breaks rocks and minerals down into smaller pieces through mechanical or chemical processes. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks physically without changing their composition, while chemical weathering alters their chemical makeup. Erosion transports weathered materials from their source, depositing them elsewhere through various agents like water, wind, glaciers, and gravity. These processes form soil and create layers of sedimentary rock.
Erosion
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24.2 - South Asia Climate and Vegetation
The document discusses the climate and vegetation of South Asia, focusing on monsoons and cyclones. Monsoons are seasonal winds that change direction, with the summer monsoon bringing moisture from the Indian Ocean and producing heavy rains from June to September, while the winter monsoon's moisture is blocked by the Himalayas. Cyclones are hurricanes that can occur in the area and cause significant damage. The summer monsoon rains are crucial for agriculture but can also cause flooding.
24.1 - South Asia Landforms and Resources
The document summarizes the key landforms and natural resources of South Asia. It describes the Himalayan mountain range which was formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. It also mentions other mountain ranges like the Hindu Kush, Vindhya, and Western and Eastern Ghats. Major river systems like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra flow from these mountains and deposit fertile soil on the alluvial plains where most of South Asia's large population lives. Offshore, islands like Sri Lanka and the Maldives are also described. South Asia has abundant natural resources from agriculture along the fertile river plains, forests providing timber, and minerals mined throughout the region.
22.3 - SW Asia The Northeast
The document discusses the geopolitics of Southwest Asia and the Middle East. It covers the ethnic and religious diversity of the region, including the Kurdish people who lack a sovereign state. It also summarizes the Iran-Iraq War from 1980 to 1988, which killed over 1 million people and devastated both countries' economies and infrastructure. Finally, it provides an overview of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the US-led coalition that drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War.
22.2 - The Eastern Mediterranean
A look at the Eastern Mediterranean, focusing on Israel, Jerusalem's importance to the three big faiths, and the conflicts there.
21.3 - SW Asia Human Environment Interaction
The document summarizes human-environment interaction in Southwest Asia. It notes that the region is hot and dry, making water an important resource as the population increases. Dams and irrigation systems have been constructed to divert rivers for water storage and irrigation, though these disrupt natural river ecosystems. Modern methods like drip irrigation and desalination plants provide alternatives, but are costly and produce waste. The region also relies heavily on fossil fuels like oil, discovered in the early 20th century, which has brought wealth but risks like potential oil spills from large supertankers transporting crude oil internationally.
21.2 - SW Asia Climate and Vegetation
The document summarizes the climate and vegetation of Southwest Asia. The region receives very little rainfall, averaging only 18 inches per year compared to 48 inches in Houston. This results in large deserts such as the Rub al Khali desert in Arabia, the An-Nafud desert in Saudi Arabia, and the Syrian desert. Sometimes oases can be found, which are pockets of vegetation around underground springs. In addition to sandy deserts, the region also contains salt flats in Iran where rainfall is blocked by surrounding mountains, leaving behind salt deposits like the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts that are uninhabited with little plant or animal life.
21.1 - SW Asia Landforms & Resources
Southwest Asia has several important landforms and waterways. It contains two large peninsulas, the Arabian Peninsula and Anatolian Peninsula. Key bodies of water include the Red Sea, Suez Canal, Black Sea, Bosporus and Dardanelle Straits, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf. The Jordan River and Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are also significant. Much of the region contains plains and deserts, but there are also highlands and mountain ranges like the Zagros and Elburz Mountains. A major resource is oil, with about half of global reserves located in Southwest Asia.
19.5 - Southern Africa
1) The document discusses the history and current state of Southern Africa, including colonialism, apartheid in South Africa, and dictator Robert Mugabe's violent land reforms in Zimbabwe.
2) It describes how the Bantu people spread their languages throughout the region and the rise and fall of historic states like Great Zimbabwe and the Mutapa Empire.
3) European colonization in the late 19th century displaced groups like the Zulus and led to the official apartheid system of racial segregation in South Africa until the 1990s. There remains economic and social inequality between racial groups.
19.3 - West Africa
West Africa was home to three major trading empires - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai - which traded gold and salt and taxed traders passing through their lands along Saharan trade routes. The region also contains many stateless societies organized by lineage rather than centralized states, such as the Igbo people. However, the economies of West African nations currently struggle with political instability and civil wars hampering infrastructure development, as seen in Sierra Leone with its diamond resources amidst warring factions. The culture of West Africa is expressed through Ashanti kente cloth, symbolic stools, Igbo masks, Benin terra cotta works, and bronze sculptures.
19.2 - North Africa
Egypt was one of the main early civilizations in North Africa, uniting under a single king called a pharaoh by 3100 BC. During the Old Kingdom period from 2600-2100 BC, pharaohs built the famous pyramids, including the Great Pyramid which was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 4000 years. North Africa has since been ruled by various powers and civilizations including Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Europeans. The economies of countries like Libya and Algeria rely heavily on oil production, while Egypt has a more balanced economy. Local culture includes souks or marketplaces and the musical genre of rai originating in Algeria.
19.1 - East Africa
East Africa has some of the oldest records of human habitation. The Aksum civilization developed in Ethiopia around AD 100 and became a powerful trading empire connected to Arabia, India, and the African coast. When European colonialism began in the late 19th century, Africa was divided among the European powers. This grouping of different ethnic groups within political boundaries has contributed to ongoing conflicts in the region such as the 1994 Rwandan genocide which resulted in the deaths of over 1 million Tutsi and Hutu people in just 3 months.
18.3 - Africa Human Environment
The document discusses several topics related to human-environment interaction:
1) Desertification is occurring in the Sahel region of Africa as dry conditions spread from the Sahara desert.
2) Nigeria's economy heavily relies on oil exports, which has led to neglect of other sectors and debt issues when oil prices decline. Oil spills and fires from pipeline tapping also cause pollution.
3) Egypt's Aswan High Dam provides benefits like flood control and hydropower, but submerged villages and archaeology and reduced fertility in downstream lands due to lack of silt deposition.
18.2 - Africa Climate and Vegetation
The document describes the climate and vegetation in Africa. It discusses the Sahara Desert, which covers 1.8 million square miles and experiences extreme temperatures and scarce rainfall. It also mentions the Kalahari Desert, which receives sporadic rainfall and supports some vegetation and wildlife. Most of Africa is covered by tropical grasslands suitable for grasses but not trees. The main rainforests are located in the Congo Basin along the equator, and feature a dense canopy over 150 feet tall and diverse plant and animal life.
18.1 - Africa Landforms and Resources
Africa has several notable physical features. It is known as the Plateau Continent due to much of its land being situated on an elevated plateau averaging 1,000 feet in height. Several major river basins drain the continent, most notably the Nile River, which is vital to Egypt's population. However, many rivers are not navigable for transportation due to waterfalls and rapids. Africa also contains active volcanic mountains like Mount Kilimanjaro and the world's largest waterfall, Victoria Falls. The continent has abundant natural resources like minerals and oil, but political instability and corruption have prevented many countries from fully developing these resources.
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12 - Europe
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10.2 - Central America and the Caribbean
Central America and the Caribbean
Central America was a cultural hearth due to the influence of the Mayan civilization, which spread throughout the region from its base on the Yucatan Peninsula. The Maya built many cities and temples, spreading their culture. When Mexico gained independence from Spain, it took over Central America before the region broke into separate countries after a civil war in the 1530s-1540s. The Caribbean culture has European, African, and native influences due to European colonization and the importation of African slaves to work on crops like sugar cane. Haiti gained independence in 1804 after a successful slave revolt. Cuba became independent from Spain after the Spanish-American War in 1898. The Panama Canal,
9.2 - Climate and Vegetation of Latin America
Latin America has a wide variety of climates and corresponding vegetation zones that span from northern Mexico to southern South America. The tropical zones include rainforests with year-round heat and rain, as well as wet/dry savannahs. Semi-arid regions receive some rain and feature grasslands and desert shrubs, while deserts have very little rain and mostly scrubland vegetation. Mid-latitude climates include humid subtropical, Mediterranean, marine west coast, and highland zones.
9.1 - Landforms and Resources of Latin America
The document summarizes the key physical geographic features of Latin America, including the Andes Mountains that run along the western side, making travel difficult. It describes several plains regions used for grazing including the Llanos, Cerrado, and Pampas. It also outlines some of the major rivers, particularly the immense Amazon River, and islands including the Greater and Lesser Antilles. The passage concludes with a brief overview of Latin America's mineral and energy resources like gold, silver, oil and natural gas.
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