18.3 - Africa Human Environment
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The document discusses several topics related to human-environment interaction: 1) Desertification is occurring in the Sahel region of Africa as dry conditions spread from the Sahara desert. 2) Nigeria's economy heavily relies on oil exports, which has led to neglect of other sectors and debt issues when oil prices decline. Oil spills and fires from pipeline tapping also cause pollution. 3) Egypt's Aswan High Dam provides benefits like flood control and hydropower, but submerged villages and archaeology and reduced fertility in downstream lands due to lack of silt deposition.
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6) Global
The aralsea
The shrinking of the Aral Sea due to excessive water diversion for cotton irrigation in the Soviet era has had disastrous environmental, economic, and social consequences for the region. The Aral Sea, once the fourth largest inland sea in the world, has divided into three smaller seas due to lack of water flow from the rivers that feed it. This is due to the construction of dams and canals that redirected water away from the sea to irrigate vast cotton fields in the region. As the sea shrank, its salinity and pollution levels increased, destroying the local fishing industry and contaminating water supplies. This ecological disaster has led to declining health, unemployment, poverty, and migration for communities near the former coastline of the Ar
Africa Water Atlas_PPT
To download the PPT and the Atlas for free, please visit http://na.unep.net/atlas/africaWater/book.php
Rivers Year 11
The summary is as follows:
1. Rivers change as they flow downstream from their sources in the uplands.
2. In the upper course, the river flows through a V-shaped valley with steep sides and waterfalls are common.
3. In the middle course, the valley widens and the river meanders through the flatter landscape, eroding the valley sides.
4. In the lower course, the river enters a floodplain with ox-bow lakes and deposits sediment in a delta or estuary at its mouth.
Deltares sustainable development of 8 deltas
The Yellow River Delta in China is a major agricultural and industrial area that faces challenges from coastal erosion, declining freshwater flows, and pollution. It has experienced decreasing sediment loads and shifting river channels. Sustainable management of wetlands and balancing water demands between sectors is crucial for the delta's future.
Essay On Drought As A Natural Disaster
The document discusses drought as a natural disaster and its impacts on land and human society. It notes that increased human demand for land and water resources exacerbates drought risk. It states that remote sensing data is vital for evaluating and identifying drought trends, especially in arid or semi-arid lands where few meteorology stations exist or in remote desert areas without stations. The document discusses using thermal and vegetation indices from remote sensing to study drought.
Weather and climate IG
Weather and Climate
Class Presentation
IGCSE 1
Teacher :
RIMSHA JANJUA
Students:
Mahnoor
husnain
taha
zurdat
zeesham
Topics to be discussed :
What is weather?
What is Climate?
What are climatic zones? (In Pakistan)
What are highland zones and their climate?
What are lowland zones and their climate?
What are arid zones and their climate?
What are coastal zones and their climate?
What is river flood and what destruction can it possibly cause?
What are storms and there causes?
Technical paper on ulysses flooding
On November 11, Typhoon Ulysses (international name: Typhoon Vamco) made landfall in the Philippines and caused widespread damage to eight provinces in the island group of Luzon. The most notable flooding events were in Marikina City in Metro Manila, adjacent Rizal province, and in Region 2 or Cagayan Valley in northeastern Luzon. This study analyzes the flooding events in these localities to identify key factors and how to mitigate risk. Four main determinants stand out: (1) the degradation of natural watersheds (2) the marginalization of the poor that render them vulnerable and exposed to disasters, (3) stop-gap solutions that do not address the roots of our disaster vulnerability, and (4) that the national government remains unprepared for disaster. Policy priorities among other reforms are recommended based on this assessment.
Lake Chad VS Aral Sea
This document compares Lake Chad and the Aral Sea. Both were once large bodies of water but have significantly shrunk due to human activities. Lake Chad has shrunk by 90% since the 1960s due to climate change, population growth, and unplanned irrigation. It previously supported nearly 30 million people but now many depend on humanitarian aid. The Aral Sea similarly shrank to less than half its original size due to Soviet irrigation projects diverting water from its feeding rivers. This has harmed the local economy and contaminated the environment. Both lakes demonstrate how human actions can destroy ecosystems and harm communities.
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Chapter 16 - Geography of North Africa/Middle East
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More from Dan Ewert
25.1 - India
The document provides a historical overview of India, including the following key points:
- The Indus Valley Civilization developed around 3300 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan, featuring well-planned cities with public bathrooms and effective sewage systems.
- Various empires rose and fell in India over 4000 years, including the Mauryan Empire in 321 BC and the Mughal Empire in the 1500s.
- Britain gained control of India's trade through the East India Company in 1757 and made it a colony by 1857, ruling until independence.
- Mohandas Gandhi led the non-violent independence movement, using civil disobedience, and India gained
24.2 - South Asia Climate and Vegetation
The document discusses the climate and vegetation of South Asia, focusing on monsoons and cyclones. Monsoons are seasonal winds that change direction, with the summer monsoon bringing moisture from the Indian Ocean and producing heavy rains from June to September, while the winter monsoon's moisture is blocked by the Himalayas. Cyclones are hurricanes that can occur in the area and cause significant damage. The summer monsoon rains are crucial for agriculture but can also cause flooding.
24.1 - South Asia Landforms and Resources
The document summarizes the key landforms and natural resources of South Asia. It describes the Himalayan mountain range which was formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. It also mentions other mountain ranges like the Hindu Kush, Vindhya, and Western and Eastern Ghats. Major river systems like the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra flow from these mountains and deposit fertile soil on the alluvial plains where most of South Asia's large population lives. Offshore, islands like Sri Lanka and the Maldives are also described. South Asia has abundant natural resources from agriculture along the fertile river plains, forests providing timber, and minerals mined throughout the region.
22.3 - SW Asia The Northeast
The document discusses the geopolitics of Southwest Asia and the Middle East. It covers the ethnic and religious diversity of the region, including the Kurdish people who lack a sovereign state. It also summarizes the Iran-Iraq War from 1980 to 1988, which killed over 1 million people and devastated both countries' economies and infrastructure. Finally, it provides an overview of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the US-led coalition that drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait in the Persian Gulf War.
22.2 - The Eastern Mediterranean
A look at the Eastern Mediterranean, focusing on Israel, Jerusalem's importance to the three big faiths, and the conflicts there.
21.2 - SW Asia Climate and Vegetation
The document summarizes the climate and vegetation of Southwest Asia. The region receives very little rainfall, averaging only 18 inches per year compared to 48 inches in Houston. This results in large deserts such as the Rub al Khali desert in Arabia, the An-Nafud desert in Saudi Arabia, and the Syrian desert. Sometimes oases can be found, which are pockets of vegetation around underground springs. In addition to sandy deserts, the region also contains salt flats in Iran where rainfall is blocked by surrounding mountains, leaving behind salt deposits like the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts that are uninhabited with little plant or animal life.
21.1 - SW Asia Landforms & Resources
Southwest Asia has several important landforms and waterways. It contains two large peninsulas, the Arabian Peninsula and Anatolian Peninsula. Key bodies of water include the Red Sea, Suez Canal, Black Sea, Bosporus and Dardanelle Straits, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf. The Jordan River and Tigris and Euphrates Rivers are also significant. Much of the region contains plains and deserts, but there are also highlands and mountain ranges like the Zagros and Elburz Mountains. A major resource is oil, with about half of global reserves located in Southwest Asia.
19.5 - Southern Africa
1) The document discusses the history and current state of Southern Africa, including colonialism, apartheid in South Africa, and dictator Robert Mugabe's violent land reforms in Zimbabwe.
2) It describes how the Bantu people spread their languages throughout the region and the rise and fall of historic states like Great Zimbabwe and the Mutapa Empire.
3) European colonization in the late 19th century displaced groups like the Zulus and led to the official apartheid system of racial segregation in South Africa until the 1990s. There remains economic and social inequality between racial groups.
19.3 - West Africa
West Africa was home to three major trading empires - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai - which traded gold and salt and taxed traders passing through their lands along Saharan trade routes. The region also contains many stateless societies organized by lineage rather than centralized states, such as the Igbo people. However, the economies of West African nations currently struggle with political instability and civil wars hampering infrastructure development, as seen in Sierra Leone with its diamond resources amidst warring factions. The culture of West Africa is expressed through Ashanti kente cloth, symbolic stools, Igbo masks, Benin terra cotta works, and bronze sculptures.
19.2 - North Africa
Egypt was one of the main early civilizations in North Africa, uniting under a single king called a pharaoh by 3100 BC. During the Old Kingdom period from 2600-2100 BC, pharaohs built the famous pyramids, including the Great Pyramid which was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 4000 years. North Africa has since been ruled by various powers and civilizations including Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, and Europeans. The economies of countries like Libya and Algeria rely heavily on oil production, while Egypt has a more balanced economy. Local culture includes souks or marketplaces and the musical genre of rai originating in Algeria.
19.1 - East Africa
East Africa has some of the oldest records of human habitation. The Aksum civilization developed in Ethiopia around AD 100 and became a powerful trading empire connected to Arabia, India, and the African coast. When European colonialism began in the late 19th century, Africa was divided among the European powers. This grouping of different ethnic groups within political boundaries has contributed to ongoing conflicts in the region such as the 1994 Rwandan genocide which resulted in the deaths of over 1 million Tutsi and Hutu people in just 3 months.
18.2 - Africa Climate and Vegetation
The document describes the climate and vegetation in Africa. It discusses the Sahara Desert, which covers 1.8 million square miles and experiences extreme temperatures and scarce rainfall. It also mentions the Kalahari Desert, which receives sporadic rainfall and supports some vegetation and wildlife. Most of Africa is covered by tropical grasslands suitable for grasses but not trees. The main rainforests are located in the Congo Basin along the equator, and feature a dense canopy over 150 feet tall and diverse plant and animal life.
18.1 - Africa Landforms and Resources
Africa has several notable physical features. It is known as the Plateau Continent due to much of its land being situated on an elevated plateau averaging 1,000 feet in height. Several major river basins drain the continent, most notably the Nile River, which is vital to Egypt's population. However, many rivers are not navigable for transportation due to waterfalls and rapids. Africa also contains active volcanic mountains like Mount Kilimanjaro and the world's largest waterfall, Victoria Falls. The continent has abundant natural resources like minerals and oil, but political instability and corruption have prevented many countries from fully developing these resources.
13.1 - Mediterranean Europe
A look at Mediterranean Europe with focii on Ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and the Crusades. Most of this came from various history PP's of mine.
12 - Europe
Europe is comprised of one large peninsula with many smaller peninsulas such as the Scandinavian, Jutland, Iberian, and Italian peninsulas. Several mountain chains run through Europe including the prominent Alps across France, Italy, Germany and Switzerland as well as the Apennines in Italy and Balkan Mountains. General uplands include hills, low mountains and plateaus like the Scottish Highlands, Meseta in Spain, and Massif Central in France. Major rivers include the Danube and Rhine, and Europe benefits from a warm climate due to ocean currents bringing tropical air north via the North Atlantic Drift, though mountain ranges block some cold winds. Human interaction with the environment includes reclaiming
10.3 - Spanish Speaking South America
The document summarizes the Inca civilization in Spanish-speaking South America. It discusses that the Incas spoke Quechua and had a knot-based writing system called quipu. It also notes that guinea pigs were domesticated by the Incas and remain an important food source in Peru. The Incas were eventually conquered by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1532 at the Battle of Cajamarca, where the Incan emperor Atahualpa was taken hostage despite having a larger army.
10.2 - Central America and the Caribbean
Central America and the Caribbean
Central America was a cultural hearth due to the influence of the Mayan civilization, which spread throughout the region from its base on the Yucatan Peninsula. The Maya built many cities and temples, spreading their culture. When Mexico gained independence from Spain, it took over Central America before the region broke into separate countries after a civil war in the 1530s-1540s. The Caribbean culture has European, African, and native influences due to European colonization and the importation of African slaves to work on crops like sugar cane. Haiti gained independence in 1804 after a successful slave revolt. Cuba became independent from Spain after the Spanish-American War in 1898. The Panama Canal,
10.1 - Mexico
Here is a 3 sentence summary of the key points from the document:
The document provides a history of Mexico, beginning with the Olmec civilization around 1100 BC, followed by the advanced Maya civilization which flourished from AD 200-900, and finally the Aztec empire which ruled from the 1300s-1500s until being conquered by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortez in 1521. Major Mexican civilizations like the Aztecs built large cities with impressive architecture and engaged in practices like human sacrifice, and Mexican culture today is shaped by the blending of native and Spanish influences after the conquest. The country gained independence from Spain in 1821 and experienced periods of dictatorship, revolution, and one-party rule by the
9.2 - Climate and Vegetation of Latin America
Latin America has a wide variety of climates and corresponding vegetation zones that span from northern Mexico to southern South America. The tropical zones include rainforests with year-round heat and rain, as well as wet/dry savannahs. Semi-arid regions receive some rain and feature grasslands and desert shrubs, while deserts have very little rain and mostly scrubland vegetation. Mid-latitude climates include humid subtropical, Mediterranean, marine west coast, and highland zones.
9.1 - Landforms and Resources of Latin America
The document summarizes the key physical geographic features of Latin America, including the Andes Mountains that run along the western side, making travel difficult. It describes several plains regions used for grazing including the Llanos, Cerrado, and Pampas. It also outlines some of the major rivers, particularly the immense Amazon River, and islands including the Greater and Lesser Antilles. The passage concludes with a brief overview of Latin America's mineral and energy resources like gold, silver, oil and natural gas.
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