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Food Policy & International Markets



      Konstantinos Giannakas, Ph.D.
    Department of Agricultural Economics
       University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Industrialization of the Agri-Food System
 Move from commodities to differentiated products



• Changes in Consumer Preferences
• Technological Progress
                                            Product         Variety
• Global Competition                     Differentiation    Quality
•  Gov’t Support to Agriculture
                                                           Innovation
Examples of New (and “New”) Products
• Genetically Modified
• Organic (a.k.a. Biological)
• Sustainable
• Natural                                     Key: Differentiating
• rBST-Free Milk                             Attributes are Credence
                                               Process Attributes
• Cage-Free Eggs
• Dolphin-Safe Tuna
• Fair-Trade Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar, Bananas
• Functional Foods & Neutraceuticals
• Origin-Labeled Products
Certification & Labeling Critical for:

• Co-existence & Separation of the Different Products

• Enabling Consumers to Make Informed Decisions

• Enabling Producers to Capture Price Premia
Labeling Policy also Critical for:

• Research & Development

• Access of Domestic Products to Int’nal Markets

• Acceptance of Domestic Products in Int’nal Markets
Labeling of Genetically Modified Products (GMPs)
Highly Controversial


US: No Labeling (“substantial equivalence” of GMPs &
    conventional products)

EU: Mandatory Labeling (“precautionary principal” and
    consumer opposition)
Mandatory Labeling Standards

EU:          > 0.9% biotech material
South Korea: > 2% GM food ingredients

Japan:       > 5% GM food ingredients
Differences in Labeling Policies affect:
• Trade of GM Products

• Incentives for R&D

• Type of R&D

• Developing Countries’ Regulatory Decisions

• Food Security

• Political Stability
Critical

• Policy Harmonization

    -- 2nd Generation, Consumer-Oriented GMPs Labeled as
       Not Substantially Equivalent to Conventional Products

• Importance of Innovation for Food Security
Food Policy Research at UNL

• Effects of, and Optimal Regulatory Response to Ag Biotech

• Mandatory Country-Of-Origin-Labeling

• National Organic Program

• Purity Standards in Food Labeling Laws

• Food Safety & Optimal Regulation of Credence Goods
Food Policy Research at UNL

• Impact of Public Firms & Co-ops on Innovation & Food Quality

• Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (Terminator Genes)

• Impact of Length & Breadth of IPRs Protection on Innovation

• Impact of GMOs & IPRs Policies on Hunger
Impact of GMOs & IPRs on Hunger

Hunger can be reduced through increased quantities of nutritional
food offered at affordable prices

• Impact of different types of GMOs on quantity, quality & price

• Impact of IPRs policies on innovation and adoption incentives

• Role of NGOs

• Determination of optimal GMOs & IPRs policies

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23 konstantinos giannakas

  • 1. Food Policy & International Markets Konstantinos Giannakas, Ph.D. Department of Agricultural Economics University of Nebraska-Lincoln
  • 2. Industrialization of the Agri-Food System Move from commodities to differentiated products • Changes in Consumer Preferences • Technological Progress Product Variety • Global Competition Differentiation Quality •  Gov’t Support to Agriculture Innovation
  • 3. Examples of New (and “New”) Products • Genetically Modified • Organic (a.k.a. Biological) • Sustainable • Natural Key: Differentiating • rBST-Free Milk Attributes are Credence Process Attributes • Cage-Free Eggs • Dolphin-Safe Tuna • Fair-Trade Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar, Bananas • Functional Foods & Neutraceuticals • Origin-Labeled Products
  • 4. Certification & Labeling Critical for: • Co-existence & Separation of the Different Products • Enabling Consumers to Make Informed Decisions • Enabling Producers to Capture Price Premia
  • 5. Labeling Policy also Critical for: • Research & Development • Access of Domestic Products to Int’nal Markets • Acceptance of Domestic Products in Int’nal Markets
  • 6. Labeling of Genetically Modified Products (GMPs) Highly Controversial US: No Labeling (“substantial equivalence” of GMPs & conventional products) EU: Mandatory Labeling (“precautionary principal” and consumer opposition)
  • 7. Mandatory Labeling Standards EU: > 0.9% biotech material South Korea: > 2% GM food ingredients Japan: > 5% GM food ingredients
  • 8. Differences in Labeling Policies affect: • Trade of GM Products • Incentives for R&D • Type of R&D • Developing Countries’ Regulatory Decisions • Food Security • Political Stability
  • 9. Critical • Policy Harmonization -- 2nd Generation, Consumer-Oriented GMPs Labeled as Not Substantially Equivalent to Conventional Products • Importance of Innovation for Food Security
  • 10. Food Policy Research at UNL • Effects of, and Optimal Regulatory Response to Ag Biotech • Mandatory Country-Of-Origin-Labeling • National Organic Program • Purity Standards in Food Labeling Laws • Food Safety & Optimal Regulation of Credence Goods
  • 11. Food Policy Research at UNL • Impact of Public Firms & Co-ops on Innovation & Food Quality • Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (Terminator Genes) • Impact of Length & Breadth of IPRs Protection on Innovation • Impact of GMOs & IPRs Policies on Hunger
  • 12. Impact of GMOs & IPRs on Hunger Hunger can be reduced through increased quantities of nutritional food offered at affordable prices • Impact of different types of GMOs on quantity, quality & price • Impact of IPRs policies on innovation and adoption incentives • Role of NGOs • Determination of optimal GMOs & IPRs policies