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This document discusses future innovations in biotechnology that could improve crop yields and discusses regulatory hurdles that slow their development. It outlines technologies like modifying cell walls for biofuels, introducing traits like nitrogen fixation, and developing biosensors in plants. However, the current regulatory system in the US takes 10+ years and $20M to approve each technology. This excludes public researchers and limits realizing benefits. The document calls for new strategies to sustainably increase production through approaches like adapting crops to harsh environments, engineering nutrition, and exploiting natural sensing mechanisms.
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1. Apomixis is a mode of asexual reproduction where the embryo develops without fertilization, allowing exact genetic copies of the mother plant.
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3. Apomixis is classified as gametophytic or sporophytic depending on whether the embryo sac or embryo develops without meiosis. It can also be obligate or facultative.
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Apomixis
Este documento trata sobre la apomixis, una forma de reproducción asexual mediante semillas. Explica que la apomixis implica el desarrollo de un embrión sin la fusión de gametos, transmitiendo las características genéticas de la planta madre. Describe los diferentes tipos de apomixis, ejemplos de plantas apomícticas, ventajas como la fijación de genotipos adaptados, y desventajas como la pérdida de variabilidad genética.
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El documento describe la apomixis, una forma de reproducción asexual en plantas mediante semillas. Explica que en la apomixis las plantas producen semillas genéticamente idénticas a la planta madre sin meiosis ni fertilización. También menciona que la apomixis ocurre comúnmente en familias de plantas como las poáceas, rosáceas y compuestas, siendo una forma de reproducción obligada en muchas especies de esta última familia.
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This document discusses apomixis, which is the natural ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds. It describes the differences between sexual and apomictic reproduction in plants. It also outlines different types and methods of identifying apomixis, as well as the potential benefits it could provide, such as rapid hybrid variety development and economic hybrid seed production. The document then discusses current research on apomixis and related patents, and how introducing apomixis into crop plants could both accelerate hybrid variety development and benefit farmers globally.
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1) The document discusses global food security and agricultural productivity trends from 1950-2050.
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- 1. Future innovative biotechnologies and the regulatory hurdles that impede them Sally Mackenzie Center for Plant Science Innovation University of Nebraska-Lincoln
- 2. These projections require us to increase yields on less land with fewer inputs…
- 3. Modern problems and technologies cause us to rethink… •The way we do research: The value of The importance of BASIC APPLICATION
- 4. Wish List for Crops of the Future • Improved nutrient content of seed and edible parts • Modified cell wall components for more efficient biofuel processing • Genetic strategies to bypass sexual reproduction:apomixis or perennialism • Development of biosensors to signal plant stress • Modify plant architecture for water use efficiency • Altered ripening and senescence properties for enhanced shelf life • Improvement of nitrogen efficiency, introduce nitrogen fixation • More innovative pest defenses
- 7. RNA interference (RNAi) for Selective Suppression of Genes… These technologies can be used to change the expression of a plant gene These technologies can be targeted to suppress expression of an invading plant pathogen (virus, bacterium, fungus)
- 9. Laboratory and Plant Culture Automation Plant Phenomics
- 10. In 2008, GM crops were grown on almost 300 million acres in 25 countries (15 developing) The world has consumed GM crops for 15 years without incident. •increased productivity and farmer income •decreased pesticide/herbicide use •increased no-till farming C James, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008 (Intl Service for Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications, Ithaca, NY)
- 11. The current situation: • In the US, case-by-case review by at least two, sometimes three regulatory agencies (USDA, EPA, FDA) is commonly the rule. • This has added about 10 years and $20M to the testing and approval process • This process excludes public sector researchers from the use of molecular methods to improve crops for farmers. • Therefore, the benefits of biotechnology have not been realized for the vast majority of food crops.
- 13. New agricultural paradigms Strategies to close the loop of nutrient flows from microorganisms and plant to animals and back, powered and irrigated by sunlight and seawater. Cultivation of non-traditional species in arid locations
- 14. Future Agricultural Approaches on the Horizon: Domestication and adaptation of crops for adverse environments…high heat, high salt, flooding and drought conditions Engineering novel metabolic pathways for enhanced nutrition Exploiting a plant’s natural environmental sensing mechanisms to create epigenetic variation for breeding