The document discusses key concepts relating to species, populations, and ecological niches. It defines a species and explains factors that influence populations like biotic and abiotic interactions. Population growth is described using S-curve and J-curve models, showing exponential then limited growth as carrying capacity is approached. Ecological niches are influenced by both fundamental and realized factors, and examples of population interactions like competition and predation are provided.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
This is the 7th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This presentation supports the IB Environmental System and Societies Diploma Programme course.
Extensive support material can be found at www.sciencebitz.com
Additional review and revision material is available as an iTunesU course at
https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
OverviewIn response to the variable effects of conservation effort.pdfRahul04August
Overview
In response to the variable effects of conservation efforts and loss of biodiversity, zoos began to
turn their attention to the conservation of endangered species and wildlife in the 1970s and
1980s. Supporting conservation efforts became an important goal for the modern zoo. A major
milestone towards this goal was the Convention on Biodiversity which was signed at the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. As the modern zoo continues to focus its efforts towards
conservation, it has been seen by many as a sort of “Noah’s Ark”, primarily focused on
conserving the precious few endangered species. Unfortunately, genetic, ecosystem and
economic issues have created challenges for the conservation model of the modern zoo. Read the
following articles that expand on the conservation efforts of zoos and their use of technology
towards this goal.
Readings
Keulartz, J. (2015). Captivity for Conservation? Zoos at a Crossroads. Accessed at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273902031_Captivity_for_Conservation_Zoos_at_a_C
rossroads on August 13, 2016.
Kobilinsky, D. New live cam technology might help conservation. Accessed at
http://wildlife.org/new-live-cam-technology-might-help-conservation/ on August 13, 2016.
Genetics
Research has shown that zoos currently hold about 15% of the endangered land animals in
captivity. There remains a continual struggle to breed these animals due to low numbers. A zoo’s
ability to maintain enough genetic variability among individual species is impossible and space
limitations prevent expansion to allow the influx of more animals.
Economics
The secondary goal for many zoos, that of reintroduction to the wild, also faces challenges due to
the costs involved, from financial to ecological. Animals living in captivity often lose the
necessary skills to survive in the wild once released.
Ecosystems
Lastly, the ecosystems into which the captive animals are eventually released are constantly
changing. Many factors may have affected their previous habitat, preventing the animal’s chance
at a successful re-introduction to the wild.
Education and Technology
Technology and education have also been identified as important components in maintaining the
biodiversity of the natural world. Zoos are in a unique position to educate the public about
conservation issues and they are continually looking for ways to convey this information to
visitors. The Metro Richmond Zoo uses video cam technology to encourage cheetah
conservation by streaming live footage of cheetah litters online. Viewers witness the day-to-day
lives of the cheetah cubs without human interference or disturbance.
Answer the following questions in complete sentences using an essay format. See the “SLP
Assignment Expectations” for further directions on formatting and organization.
Assignment Directions:
Discuss how zoos have evolved over the last 50 years to become conservation centers.
Incorporate the role of zoos in educating the public into your response.
.
Energy Flow in Environment : Ecological EnergeticsKamlesh Patel
What is Energy:
The ability or capacity to do work,
Radiant, Chemical, thermal, mechanical, nuclear, electrical.
What is Energy Flow:
The existence of flora and fauna in ecosystem depends upon the cycle of minerals and flow of energy. Energy is needed for all the biotic activities. The only source of this energy is the sun. The entrance, transformation and diffusion of energy in ecosystem are governed by laws of thermodynamics.
This is the 7th lesson of the course - Foundation of Environmental Management taught at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
This presentation supports the IB Environmental System and Societies Diploma Programme course.
Extensive support material can be found at www.sciencebitz.com
Additional review and revision material is available as an iTunesU course at
https://itunesu.itunes.apple.com/enroll/DEZ-HWS-HNJ
It is quite interesting to note that the only producer of food in the entire world is PLANT. All others are consumers, and depend only on plants to provide food to all the living organisms and species.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
OverviewIn response to the variable effects of conservation effort.pdfRahul04August
Overview
In response to the variable effects of conservation efforts and loss of biodiversity, zoos began to
turn their attention to the conservation of endangered species and wildlife in the 1970s and
1980s. Supporting conservation efforts became an important goal for the modern zoo. A major
milestone towards this goal was the Convention on Biodiversity which was signed at the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. As the modern zoo continues to focus its efforts towards
conservation, it has been seen by many as a sort of “Noah’s Ark”, primarily focused on
conserving the precious few endangered species. Unfortunately, genetic, ecosystem and
economic issues have created challenges for the conservation model of the modern zoo. Read the
following articles that expand on the conservation efforts of zoos and their use of technology
towards this goal.
Readings
Keulartz, J. (2015). Captivity for Conservation? Zoos at a Crossroads. Accessed at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273902031_Captivity_for_Conservation_Zoos_at_a_C
rossroads on August 13, 2016.
Kobilinsky, D. New live cam technology might help conservation. Accessed at
http://wildlife.org/new-live-cam-technology-might-help-conservation/ on August 13, 2016.
Genetics
Research has shown that zoos currently hold about 15% of the endangered land animals in
captivity. There remains a continual struggle to breed these animals due to low numbers. A zoo’s
ability to maintain enough genetic variability among individual species is impossible and space
limitations prevent expansion to allow the influx of more animals.
Economics
The secondary goal for many zoos, that of reintroduction to the wild, also faces challenges due to
the costs involved, from financial to ecological. Animals living in captivity often lose the
necessary skills to survive in the wild once released.
Ecosystems
Lastly, the ecosystems into which the captive animals are eventually released are constantly
changing. Many factors may have affected their previous habitat, preventing the animal’s chance
at a successful re-introduction to the wild.
Education and Technology
Technology and education have also been identified as important components in maintaining the
biodiversity of the natural world. Zoos are in a unique position to educate the public about
conservation issues and they are continually looking for ways to convey this information to
visitors. The Metro Richmond Zoo uses video cam technology to encourage cheetah
conservation by streaming live footage of cheetah litters online. Viewers witness the day-to-day
lives of the cheetah cubs without human interference or disturbance.
Answer the following questions in complete sentences using an essay format. See the “SLP
Assignment Expectations” for further directions on formatting and organization.
Assignment Directions:
Discuss how zoos have evolved over the last 50 years to become conservation centers.
Incorporate the role of zoos in educating the public into your response.
.
Understandings:
The distribution of species is affected by limiting factors
Community structure can be strongly affected by keystone species
Each species plays a unique role within a community because of the unique combination of its spatial habitat and interactions with other species
Interactions between species in a community can be classified according to their effect
Two species cannot survive indefinitely in the same habitat if their niches are identical
Assignment 11. Research at least two articles on the topic of .docxtrippettjettie
Assignment 1
1. Research at least two articles on the topic of managerial issues of a networked organization. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
2. Research at least two articles on the topic of emerging enterprise network applications. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
3. Research at least two articles on the topic of mobile computing and its business implications. Write a brief synthesis and summary of the two articles. How are the topics of the two articles related? What information was relevant and why?
Provide the references in your responses.
Your post should be 300 words long
DITA WICKINS-DRAŽILOVÁ
ZOO ANIMAL WELFARE
(Accepted in revised form August 25, 2005)
ABSTRACT. The continuing existence of zoos and their good purposes such as
conservation, science, education, and recreation, can be ethically justified only if zoos
guarantee the welfare of their animals. The usual criteria for measuring animal
welfare in zoos are physical health, long life, and reproduction. This paper looks at
these criteria and finds them insufficient. Additional criteria are submitted to expand
the range of welfare considerations: natural and abnormal behavior; freedom and
choice; and dignity. All these criteria should play a role in analyzing zoo animal
welfare and interests but dignity has the overriding part because it impacts on both
animal and human interests.
KEY WORDS: animal, dignity, ethics, reintroduction, welfare, zoos
1. INTRODUCTION
Ethical justification for the existence of zoos is questionable. Justifications
have been given for their existence, such as conservation, education, science,
and recreation, but all these purposes have been criticized (e.g., Jamieson,
1985). However, the question raised in this paper is that of animal welfare in
terms of individual animal interests.1
Zoos often claim that having healthy, long-lived animals that reproduce
is sufficient proof of good care. I believe that these three criteria have to be
examined more closely and also that there are other important criteria of
zoo animal welfare: natural and abnormal behavior, freedom and choice,
and dignity. All these criteria should play a role in analyzing zoo animal
welfare and interests.2 I will examine whether a zoo that has the best pos-
sible conservation, education, and scientific programs can be justified in the
light of my new criteria.
1 I refuse to use the term ‘‘animal rights.’’ I think this term makes sense only in legal
discussions, while this paper is not about legal rights.
2 These criteria are artificially divided. It is never possible to say that this anim ...
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
2.1. Species and populations
1. 2.1. Species and populations
Miltiadis Kitsos
Platon school IB diploma
https://cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/905647632154624002/1240/10/scaletowidth
2. Significant ideas
• A species interacts with its abiotic and biotic environments, and its niche is described by these
interactions.
• Populations change and respond to interactions with the environment. Any system has a carrying
capacity for a given species.
Knowledge and understanding
• A species is a group of organisms that share common characteristics and that interbreed to produce
fertile offspring.
• A habitat is the environment in which a species normally lives.
• A niche describes the particular set of abiotic and biotic conditions and resources to which an
organism or population responds.
3. Knowledge and understanding
• The fundamental niche describes the full range of conditions and resources in which a species could
survive and reproduce.
• The realized niche describes the actual conditions and resources in which a species exists due to
biotic interactions.
• The non-living, physical factors that influence the organisms and ecosystem—such as temperature,
sunlight, pH, salinity, and precipitation—are termed abiotic factors.
• The interactions between the organisms—such as predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism,
disease, and competition—are termed biotic factors.
•
• Interactions should be understood in terms of the influences each species has on the population
dynamics of others, and upon the carrying capacity of the others’ environment.
4. Knowledge and understanding
• A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time,
and which are capable of interbreeding.
• S and J population curves describe a generalized response of populations to a particular set of
conditions (abiotic and biotic factors).
• Limiting factors will slow population growth as it approaches the carrying capacity of the system.
Applications and skills
• Interpret graphical representations or models of factors that affect an organism’s niche. Examples
include predator–prey relationships, competition, and organism abundance over time.
• Explain population growth curves in terms of numbers and rates.
5. The species concept
A species is a group of organisms sharing common characteristics that can interbreed and produce o
spring that can also interbreed and produce young.
In some cases two species [e.g., the horse
(Equus caballus) and the donkey (Equus
asinus)] can produce offspring which however,
can not produce fertile offspring (e.g. mule)
Equus caballus Equus asinus
6. When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system.
The binomial system
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Chaceon_affinis.j
pg
Chaceon affinis (A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894)
Latin (written in italics)
Genus name (capitalized)
Species name (lower-case)
authority (scientist(s) that gave first full
description)
Find out more about this species, http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=107369
7. The species concept
• can not identify whether geographically isolated
populations belong to the same species
• Can not classify species in extinct populations
• Does not account for asexually reproducing
organisms.
• Does not clearly define species when barriers to
reproduction are incomplete
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/interviews/ranges_map.jpg
This definition of the species has certain limitations:
8. The habitat concept
• A habitat is the environment in which a species normally lives.
The preferred habitat of the polar bear (Ursus
maritimus) is the annual ice near the coastlines of
continents and islands, where there are large numbers of
ringed seals (Phoca hispida), on which these bears feed.
The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is commonly found
in the dry forests and bush of southern and
southwestern Madagascar. Also found in spiny and,
lowland gallery forest, dry scrub, and even rock
canyons.
All images and text from arkive.com and IUCN.
9. Your turn now..
• Visit arkive.com and find two species of your liking. Then using the information from the site try to
complete the information in the next slide. Then, do a short presentation in class.
• All slides from this activity will be available on my site for future reference.
http://www.arkive.org/media/25/25C64A93-B0CD-4EF9-B93A-CED5B6C8D8D9/Presentation.Large/Six-month-
old-snow-leopard-in-snow-controlled-situation.jpg
11. Ecological niche
An ecological niche is best described as where, when, and how an organism lives.
The niche is not only about the habitat of a species but how this species functions in its habitat. A niche is not a place
but an idea: a summary of the organism’s tolerances, variable ranges and requirements.
https://static.independent.co.uk/s3fs-
public/thumbnails/image/2015/08/06/10/hippo-alamy.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
xsfYPcdQZOU/VVch8Q0DshI/AAAAAAAAf4o/j__I85QaG94/s1600/P13
70796.JPG
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
xsfYPcdQZOU/VVch8Q0DshI/AAAAAAAAf4o/j__I85QaG94/s1600/P1370796.JPG
Use these photos to describe aspects of the hippopotamus's niche.
12. Ecological niche
A niche may range from a unidimensional space to a multidimensional space.
Begon et al. Ecology: From individuals to ecosystems
13. Ecological niche
Every species has its own unique niche which actually defines this species.
Outline the similarities and
differences in the
fundamental niches of
these two barnacle species.
http://www.hammiverse.com/lectures/53/images/1-1.jpg
14. Ecological niche
Fundamental vs realized niche
In most cases there is a difference between the niche a species can theoretically occupy (fundamental
niche) and the one it actually does (realized niche)
http://www.hammiverse.com/lectures/53/images/1-1.jpg
http://climatesmartnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Figure1-Climate-Niches.jpg
Full potential of
where, when a
how a species may
live
Where a
species actually
exists
15. Abiotic factors
Abiotic factors are the non-living parameters of the environment
Optimal range
Tolerance range
Speciesabsent
Optimal and tolerance range refer to
a combination a factor although
there are cases where a single
factor may be the limiting one.
https://youtu.be/r4wylsnp9rs
http://image.wikifoundry.com/image/3/z8AkjyDVgKrRi-pX8MmHWQ271398/GW465H314
16. Population interactions
Predation – when a species hunts, kills and eats another species
https://youtu.be/8ma095zyzAM
https://biologydictionary.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cheetah-Hunting.jpg
https://visityellowstonenationalparkyall.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/1/2/19128651/7653699_orig.jpg
http://trttemperaterainforest.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/3/7/17371767/201265912.jpg?409
17. Population interactions
Predation is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism
The predator population is responding
with a lag to prey population changes.
18. Population interactions
Herbivory– when a species eats a plant species
http://trttemperaterainforest.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/3/7/17371767/201265912.jpg?409
http://alessandrabenton.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/A-Light-Dazzle1200x800.jpg
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Uy0oqq8p3Go/VDBp0IqsHCI/AAAAAAAAA9o/tF34mUVlLIA/s1600/50%2Bmonarchcaterpillar.jpg
https://youtu.be/oWOC8trquFo
19. Population interactions
Parasitism – Living on the expense of another organism
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cym
othoa_exigua_parassita_Lithognathus_mormyrus.JPG/1280px-
Cymothoa_exigua_parassita_Lithognathus_mormyrus.JPG
A species of the genus
Lithognathus fish with the parasitic
isopod, Cymothoa exigua,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Live_Tetragn
atha_montana_%28RMNH.ARA.14127%29_parasitized_by_Acrodactyl
a_quadrisculpta_larva_%28RMNH.INS.593867%29_-_BDJ.1.e992.jpg
A parasitoid wasp (Acrodactyla
quadrisculpta) on a spider
https://youtu.be/vMG-LWyNcAs
20. Population interactions
Mutualism– where two species benefit from their symbiosis
http://www.scienceclarified.com/photos/symbiosis-real-life-
applications-2942.jpg
https://68.media.tumblr.com/3f0fa3bf5a93bda5aabc96fa48d226e5/tumblr_
olw95gCcpu1vmlgf6o6_540.jpg
https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/1-oOcCWuhTcGbWfN80RglrIqPyzaOld5hZSfkGmNz_3-
T44m2CBWPhiUbmoxaoppkujHjrEsTrunqzJd2nSA6LINrkVvPwjuzLyn9smINRVjoMBzdDtQTLi77wCqXL2N=s1600 https://youtu.be/Qqa0OPbdvjw
21. Population interactions
Competition – when resources are limited
https://media.buzzle.com/media/images-en/gallery/mammals/deers/1200-500492488-deer-fighting.jpg
http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/09/hyenas-lions-gnu-660x495.jpg
http://www.prism.gatech.edu/~gh19/b1510x/f5501.jpg
https://youtu.be/AiTG6T9pTcM
22. Population interactions
Competition – when resources are limited
http://www.prism.gatech.edu/~gh19/b1510x/f5501.jpg
Competition may be intraspecific that is among
the individuals of the same species or
interspecific that is, among different species (in
this case between Chthamalus and Balanus)
Begon et al. Ecology: From individuals to ecosystems
23. Population interactions
Competition – when resources are limited
No species occupy the same niches. Niche
overlap will determine intensity of
competition.
These two species of Paramecium when
grown in the same culture they compete for
food and space and finally P. caudatum is
outcompeted.
http://slideplayer.com/9110552/27/images/11/When+cultured+in+isolation%2C+the+population+
density+of+each+species+of+Paramecium+increases+rapidly+and+then+levels+off.jpg
24. Population growth
Population growth curves – The S curve
Low population density-
intensity of limiting factors
low
Exponential growth
Increased competition as the carrying
capacity is reached
25. 1
2
3
4
Population growth
Population growth curves – The S curve
Stage Name Notes
1 Lag phase Low population density
(number of individuals/unit
area) leading to low birth
rates.
2 Exponential
growth phase
There are environmental
conditions that allow the
exponential growth of the
population.
Limiting factors (e.g.,
predation) are not limiting
growth
3 Transitional
phase
Limiting factors (e.g,
competition) restrict
population growth
4 Stationary
phase
Population has reached its
carrying capacity.
Carrying capacity: the maximum number
of individuals of a species that can be
supported in a given area
26. Population growth
Population growth curves – The J curve
There are certain populations that would show a J-shaped curve instead of an S-
shaped. These species have usually an R-strategy, meaning:
• they tend to produce many offspring in a very short period of time
• they demonstrate little parental care.
However, these populations may demonstrate a very
sharp decrease of their abundance which is known
as a population crash or dieback.
These collapses often follow a long-term increase of
the population above the carrying capacity. This is
called overshoot.
overshoot
Carrying capacity
Exponential
growth
dieback
time
S and J population curves are models, and as models they
describe a generalized response of populations to a particular
set of conditions (abiotic and biotic factors).
In practice, the growth curve of each population looks like a
combination of an S- and a J-curve.
27. Population growth
Case study: The introduction, increase and crash of reindeer on St. Matthew island
St Matthew island is a small island in the Bering sea
near Alaska.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/St._Matthew_
Island_Reindeer_Population.svg/512px-
St._Matthew_Island_Reindeer_Population.svg.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5
/5b/Stmatthewisland.png/1920px-Stmatthewisland.png
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), introduced to St. Matthew
Island in 1944, increased from 29 animals at that time to
6,000 in the summer of 1963 and underwent a crash die-
off the following winter to less than 50 animals since the
carrying capacity of the island was over-reached.
http://www.weatherwise.org/sebin/i/z/Reindeer-Photo-6.gif
28. Population growth
Some more information on population ecology
In the exponential growth phase:
• The limiting factors do not restrict the growth of
population.
• Resources are in abundance
• The environmental variables are favoring population
growth.
• Natality > mortality; immigration > emigration
Common limiting factors:
for plants: light intensity, nutrients, water
availability, and temperature
for animals: food resources, mates, nesting sites,
and water availability
29. Population growth
Some more information on population ecology
In the stationary growth phase:
• The limiting factors are restricting the growth of
population since the carrying capacity has been
reached.
• The population demonstrates minor fluctuations
around the carrying capacity.
• Resources are not in abundance, triggering
competition.
Carrying capacity
30. References
Andrew, Davis, et al. Pearson Baccalaureate Environmental Systems And Societies For The Ib Diploma.
Rutherford, Jill. Environmental Systems and Societies. Oxford University Press, 2015.