The document discusses various construction materials including mortar, concrete, paint, varnish, metals, and plastics. It provides details on the composition, properties, and uses of each material. For mortar, it describes types based on binding material and application. Concrete constituents and types such as lightweight concrete are outlined. Various paints like oil paint, enamel paint, and their characteristics are explained. Metals discussed include cast iron, steel, aluminum, and galvanized iron. Plastics' properties and uses in construction are also mentioned.

1. SUNDARRAJAN P
LECTURER/ CIVIL

2. UNIT II
 Mortar
 Concrete
 Paint and varnish
 Metal and plastics
 Timber and timber products
 Roof coverings
 Damp proofing materials

3. Mortar
 Paste prepared by adding required quantity of water
to a mixture of cement or lime and fine aggregate like
sand
 Binding material is also called matrix (cement)
 Fine aggregate is also called adulterant (sand)
 Used in joining bricks, stones, blocks, plastering etc.,

4. Properties of good mortar:
Should have required strength
It should develop good adhesion with brick, stones.
It should develop the designed stresses.
Resisting penetration of rain water.
Cheap
Durable
easily workable
Should not affect the durability of materials it comes into contact.

5. Uses of mortar:
Act as a binding the building units
To carry out painting and plastering works.
To form an even bedding layer.
To form joints of pipes.
Improve the appearance of structure.
Prepare moulds

6. Types of mortar
 Based on bulk density
 Heavy & light mortars
 Based on binding material
 Lime, cement, gauged and mud mortars
 Based on application
 Laying & finishing mortars
 Special mortar
 Fire resistant, light weight, sound absorbing and x ray
shield mortar

7.  Heavy mortar – made of heavy quartz or other sand
 Light mortar – made of light weight, porous sands,
pumice and others
 Lime mortar – lime as binding material
 Placed easily, high plasticity, good cohesive, durable
and hard slowly
 Used in light load structures
 Cement mortar – cement as binding material
 High strength, water resistant
 Gauged mortar – lime and cement mixed
 Economical, strong and dense
 Mud mortar – clay as binding material
 Laying mortar – used for laying bricks, stone , etc.,
 Finishing mortar – used for plastering and ornamental
works

8. Fire resistant mortar
 1:2 (aluminous cement : fire bricks)
 Fire resistant
 Used for lining furnaces, fire places, ovens, etc.,
Light weight mortar
 Made of saw dust, wood powder, jute fiber with lime
or cement
 Sound proof
Sound absorbing mortar
 Made of binding material as cement or lime or
gypsum
 Aggregate as pumice
 Reduce noise level
X ray shielding mortar
 Heavy mortar with suitable admixtures
 Used as plastering walls of x ray cabinets

9. Preparation of mortar:
Mixing in mechanical mixer
Manual mixing
Mix ratio of cement mortars for different works:
Sl.no Mix ratio Description of work
1 1:2 Damp proof course
2 1:6 Brick work& stone masonry
3 1:3 Arch work
4 1:1-1:3 Pointing work
5 1:3-1:4 Brick work below ground level
6 1:5-1:6 Brick work plaster
7 1:3-1:4 R.C.C plaster work for ceiling

10. concrete
 It is a composition of coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, binding material and water in such
proportions
 When steel is used it is called reinforced concrete
 Nowadays RMC available
Constituents of concrete:
Cement/ or lime (binding material)
Fine aggregate.
Coarse aggregate.
Water.
Some times admixtures are used to alter the properties

11. Functions of concrete
ingredients
Binding material
 Cement or lime
 Bind individual units of fine and coarse aggregate
 By virtue of its properties of setting and hardening in
combination with water
 Helps to fill voids and imparts density of concrete
 Cement should posses all standard specification

12. Fine aggregate
 Serves to fill voids in coarse aggregate and reduce
quantity of cement
 Sand, crushed stone
 Fine aggregate should pass through 4.7625mm IS sieve
 Clean, hard strong, durable
 Sharp, angular, economical
 Highly siliceous
 Free from impurities
 Chemically inert

13. Coarse aggregate
 Main filler
 Broken stones, broken bricks and gravels
 Granite and basalt are excellent
 Clean, dense, hard, strong, durable and sound
 Retained on 4.7625 IS sieve
 Size limited to 1/3 of slab thickness
 Crushing strength, water tightness and resistance to
wear and tear of concrete depends on aggregate

14. water
 Clean water
Function of water:
It act as lubricant for fine & coarse aggregate.
It acts chemically with cement to form binding paste.
It is necessary to flux the cementing material.
It is employed to damp the concrete.
It enables the concrete mix to blow into moulds.

15. Uses of concrete:
To construct columns & arches.
To construct Precast concrete members like fencing poles,
telegraph poles etc..
To construct Water tanks, bridges, sewers etc..
To construct Foot path, concrete roads.
To construct Staircase, beams slabs.
To construct Heavy walls, foundation footings etc..

16. Types of concrete:
Lime concrete
Cement concrete.
Light weight concrete.
No fineness concrete
High strength concrete
Fiber reinforced concrete
Flyash concrete
Polymer concrete
Ferrocement concrete
Ready mix concrete
Prepacked concrete
Prestressed concrete

17. RMC

18. LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE

19. Lime concrete
 Mixture of lime, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate
and water
 Hydraulic lime as binding material
 Sand, surki and cinder as fine aggregate
 Broken stones, bricks as coarse aggregate
 Less strength and cheaper than cement concrete

20. Cement concrete
 Mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate
and water
 cement as binding material
 Sand as fine aggregate
 Broken stones, bricks as coarse aggregate
 Corrosion free
 High compressive strength
 Abrasion resistant
 Binds rapidly with steel

21. Light weight concrete
 Made of cement , aggregates of loose porosity, steel
and water
 Weightless
 Better insulation and fire resisting property
 Save cost of material
 High water absorption
 Industrial waste utilization

22. paint
 It is a fluid material applied as a final finish to all surfaces to give
better appearance and protection against weathering actions
Functions:
 Not crack on drying
 Uniform appearance
 Dry quickly
 Good fluidity to spread evenly
 Not fade due to atmospheric action
 Durable
 Not show brush marks after drying

23. Types of paints:
Oil paint
Enamel paint
Emulsion paint
Distemper paint
Cement paint
Aluminium paint
Bituminous paint
plastic paint

24. Oil paint:
 slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended
in a drying oil, commonly linseed oil.
 The viscosity of the paint may be modified by the addition of a
solvent such as turpentine or white spirit
 varnish may be added to increase the glossiness
Easy to apply.
It is applied in three coats they are prime, under coat & finishing
coats.
It should not applied during humid and damp weather.

25. Enamel paint:
paint that air-dries to a hard, usually glossy finish
used for coating surfaces that are outdoors or
otherwise subject to hard wear or variations in
temperature;
Washable
Not affected by steam, acids, alkalis or fume gases
Combine function of paint and varnish

26. Emulsion paint:
 water-based paints in which the paint material is
dispersed in a liquid that consists mainly of water.
 fast drying (1.5 - 2 hours)
 low toxicity,
 low cost,
 easier application,
Alkali resistant.
Color is retained long period.
 Mostly used in interiors

27. distemper
 Distemper paint is an ancient type of paint made of
water, chalk, and pigment
 Not durable (3-4 years)
 applied directly on cement walls without any other
coating (primer)
 Distemper Paint peels off when wet.
 It’s not fully washable.
 Fade quickly

28. Cement paint
 Cement paint is water based paint.
 It is an economical exterior and Interior wall finish.
 It is resistant to fungus and algae and protects
buildings from varying weather conditions.
 It is a mixture of Portland or white cement and
lime with additions of mineral extenders, accelerator
and water repellent substances.

29. Aluminium paint:
It contains Aluminium powder mixed with spirit or oil varnish.
Advantages:
Heat resisting.
Visible in darkness.
Does not corrode in sea water.
Electrical resistance.
Impervious to moisture

30. Bituminous paint:
It is prepared by dissolving asphalt in any type of oil or
petroleum.
It have black color.
Used in under water
 Plastic paint
 Applied by spray or brush
 Used in theater

31. varnish
 Varnish is a clear transparent hard protective finish or
film.
 Varnish has little or no color and has no
added pigment
 Varnish is primarily used in wood finishing applications
where the natural tones and grains in the wood are
intended to be visible
 Resistant to heat, impact, abrasion and water

32. Characteristics of a good varnish:
➢ It should not show cracks on drying.
➢ It should appear uniform and pleasing.
➢ It should not fade.
➢ It should dry rapidly.
➢ It should tough, hard & durable.
➢ It should provide decorative covering

33. Ingredients of varnish:
Resin:
Natural or synthetic substance, soluble in organic solvents.
It acts as a base.
Quality of varnish depends on quality of resin.
Commonly used resins are shellac, copal, lac
Solvent:
It helps in spreading the resin over the surface.
It must be suitable to dissolve the resin.
The solvents are linseed oil, turpentine, methylated spirit
Drier:
It accelerates the process of drying.
It should be added small proportions.
Commonly used driers are litharge, white copper, & lead acetate..

34. Types of varnishes:
Oil varnish:
▪ In this varnish linseed oil used as a solvent.
▪ The resins are copal, amber.
▪ It dry slowly.
▪ It forms hard and durable surface.
▪ This varnish used in exposed surfaces or frequent cleaning

35. Types of varnish
Description Oil varnish Turpentine
varnish
Spirit varnish Water
varnish
Resin Copal and
amber
(hard resin)
Mastic Shellac or lac
(soft resin)
lac
Solvent Linseed oil Turpentine
oil
Alcohol
(methylated
sprit of wine)
Hot water
with
ammonia,
borax ,
soda
Drying Slow quick quick
Durable Most Not Not not
Uses Frequent
cleaning or
exposed
On painted
surface
Wall
paper,
pictures

36. Metals
 cast iron
 Steel
 Aluminium
 Galvanizing iron (G.I)
 Stainless steel

37. Cast iron:
It is an alloy of carbon and iron.
It contains more than 2% of carbon.
Specific gravity 7.2
Cheap and corrosive resistant
Placed in salt water, it becomes soft.
Hardened by heating & sudden cooling.
Cannot be magnetized
Connect by bolts and nuts only
It is brittle.
Not ductile cannot absorb impact and shocks
Melting temperature 1250°C.
It shrinks on cooling.

38. Uses of cast iron:
Making water pipes, cisterns, sewers, manhole cover etc..
Making brackets, lamp posts, gates etc..
Making parts of machinery.
Manufacture of compression members.
Preparing rail chairs, carriage wheels.

39. Steel:
Steel forms an intermediate stage between cast iron and wrought iron.
Alloy of iron and carbon with copper, manganese nickel etc.,
It contains less than 1.5% carbon.
Specific gravity 7.8
Uses of steel:
❖ Mild steel:(0.1% carbon)
❖ Motor body, sheet metal, reinforcement rod etc..
❖ Medium carbon steel:(0.25-0.6% carbon)
❖ Boiler plates, rails, hammers etc..
❖ High carbon steel: (0.75-1.10% carbon)
❖ Springs, minor drills, mason tools, axes, chisels etc..

40. Aluminium:
Specific gravity 2.7
Good conductor of heat & electricity.
Silvery white color.
Highly resistant to corrosion.
Light in weight, malleable, ductile
Very soft.
melts about 658°C
Great toughness & high tensile strength.
Dissolves in Hydro chloric acid.

41. Uses of Aluminium:
Making parts of Aeroplane.
Paints, electric wires, window frames, etc..

42. Galvanizing iron:
Coating iron with zinc is known as galvanized iron.
Zinc protects corrosion.
Life of zinc coating is proportional to thickness of coating.
Most of the GI sheets made by hot dip of galvanizing.

43. Stainless steel:
Alloys of iron, chromium and nickel.
High resistant to corrosion.
It is designated by percentage of steel.
18-8 stainless steel means 18% chromium and 8% nickel

44. Market form of steel:
Angle section:
Angle section may be equal or un equal legs.
Uses:
Used for construction of steel roof trusses & joist for floors.
Channel sections:
It consists of web with two flanges.
Uses:
Used as a structural members.

45. Corrugated sheets:
These are formed by passing steel sheets through grooves.
These sheets are generally G.I sheet.
These sheet used for roof covering.
Expanded metal:
It is a form of steel available in different shapes & sizes.
It is prepared from sheer of mild steel which are machine cut and drawn
out.
Diamond mesh appearance formed.
It is used for reinforcing concrete in foundation, roads, floors, bridges..

46. Flat bars:
Its width varying from 10mm-400mm.
Thickness 3mm-40mm.
Used for construction of sheet grill work and gates.
I-sections:
It is known as rolled steel joists.
Uses:
It is suitable for floor beams, lintels, columns etc..
The material is economical.

47. Plates:
It is available in different sizes with thickness varying from
5mm-50mm.
Uses:
To connect steel beams for extension.
Serve as a tensional member of steel roof truss.
To form built up sections.
Ribbed-tor steel bars:
These bars have ribs or projections on their surface.
Uses:
Used for all major type of reinforced concrete structures.

48. Round bars:
✓ These are in circular cross-sections.
✓ Diameters varying from 5mm-250mm.
✓ Used as a reinforcement, grill work.
Square bars:
✓ These are in square cross sections.
✓ Sides varying from 5mm-250mm.
✓ Used for grill work for windows, gates etc..

49. T-sections:
Shape is like a letter T.
It consists of flange & web.
Used for steel roof trusses.
Hot rolled sections:
I-sections:
Indian Standard Junior Beam(ISJB)
Indian Standard light Beam(ISLB)
Indian Standard Wide Flange Beam(ISWB)
Indian Standard Medium Weight Beam(ISMB)
Indian Standard Column Sections(ISCS)

50. Channel sections:
➢ Indian Standard Gate Channel(ISGC)
➢ Indian Standard Junior Channel(ISJC)
➢ Indian Standard Light Channel(ISLC)
➢ Indian Standard Medium weight Channel(ISMC)
Angle sections:
➢ Indian Standard Equal Angles
➢ Indian Standard Unequal Angles

51. Steel for reinforcement
 Specified tensile strength
 Develop good bond between concrete
 MS bars plain
 MS bars ribbed
 HYSD bars
 TMT bars
 CTD bars

56. Steel for prestressed
concrete

58. Plastics
 synthetic or semi-synthetic polymerization products
derived from ethylene or coal tar products
 organic substance made by polymerization or
condensation
 Plastics are organic materials, just like wood, paper or
wool.
 The raw materials used to produce plastics are natural
products such as cellulose, coal, natural gas, salt and,
of course, crude oil.
 The term ‘’plastic’’ is derived from the Greek
word ''plastikos'', meaning fit for moulding.
 This refers to the material’s malleability, or plasticity
during manufacture, which allows it to be cast,
pressed, or extruded into a variety of shapes - such as
films, fibres, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and much
more.

59. Characteristics of plastic
 Lightweight with a high
strength-to-weight ratio
 Can be manufactured
inexpensively
 Water resistant
 Shock resistant
 Thermally and
electrically insulating
 low melting point,
 highly malleable,
 molded easily into
basic or complex forms
 Transparent
 Not corrode
 Easy to fix
 Durable
 Less or no maintenance
 Sound
 Chemical resistant

60. Uses of plastics
 Bath & sink units
 Corrugated & plain
sheets
 Decorative mouldings
 Electrical conducts
 Electrical insulations
 Water & damp proofing
 Floor tiles
 Thermal insulation
 Jointless flooring
 Lighting fixtures
 Over headed water
tanks
 Pipes to carry cold
water
 Roof lights
 Wall tiles
 Safety glass

61. Types of plastics
Thermosetting
 Formed by heating
without applying
pressure
 Can't reshaped
 polyesters
Thermoplastic
 Formed by heating with
applying pressure
 Reshaped again
 PVC

62. Products plastic
 Pipes
 Taps
 Tubs
 Basins
 Doors & windows
 Water tanks
 Partition

63. Plastic pipe
 PVC pipes & polythene pipes
 6m long
 15 to 150mm dia.
 Jointed by applying adhesive and slipping one over
the other
 Ends of pipes are proportioned so that ends are
slipped into each other

64. Plastic pipe
Advantage
 Corrosion free
 Cheaper
 Free from damage due
to freezing and thawing
 Resistant to acid waters
 Light weight (easy
handle and transport)
 Bending and installation
easy
 Durable
 Resist shock
 Electric insulator
Disadvantage
 Low heat resistance
 Co-efficient of expansion
high
 Some imparts taste and
smell to water

65. Plastic pipe uses
 Water supply schemes
 Sewer pipes
 Insulation of electric cables
 Chemical industries
 Drainage pipe

66. Plastic doors and windows
 Made of PVC
 Maintenance free
 Not rust
 Not corrode & not contract
 Some special plastics are un affected by UV rays and
acids
 Available in standard and nonstandard dimensions
 Easily sawn and cut into required dimensions

67. Plastic doors and windows
Advantage
 High resistant to weathering,
fire and impact
 Highly durable and
efficiency
 Fungi resistant (no pain and
varnish required)
 Impervious to moisture
 Cell design reduce heat loss
and conductivity
 Different colours and shapes
 Smooth surface (no
maintenance
 Light weight
 Simple installation
Disadvantage
 Unimportant purpose
 Not safe
 Possible for cracks during
installation by screws
 Appearance is not
decorative and pleasant like
wooden one

68. Plastic doors and windows
uses
 Gardens
 Wardrobes
 Bathroom & toilets
 Guest house & offices
 Low cost buildings

69. Plastic water tanks
 Commonly available
 Suffer slightly from UV rays
 Painting will overcome that problem
 Not rust and corrode like steel tanks
 Coated with FDA approved materials
 Provided with cover
 Available in cylindrical, square and rectangle shape
 Available in various size (500, 750, 1000, 2000 etc.,)
 Available in various colours (white, black and blue)

70. Plastic water tanks
Advantage
 Unbreakable long lasting
 Leak proof
 100% maintenance free
 Light in weight
 Smooth finish inside and
outside
 Covers to prevent
pollution
 Translucent to see water
level
 Chemical resistant
Disadvantage
 Heat during summer
 Impart taste and smell to
water
 More space is needed
for storing more water

71. Plastic water tanks uses
 Chemicals and water petroleum oils storage
 Garbage disposal
 Septic tanks
 House, office, schools water tanks
 Dewatering units

72. Advantage of plastics
 Mould to any shape
 Light in weight
 Transparent, translucent
 Various colour
 Electrical insulator
 Low thermal
conductivity
 Durable
 Shock resistant
 Not corrode
 Maintenance free
 Easy installation

73. UPVC pipes & fittings
 Excellent chemical resistant across various operating
temperature and pressures
 Cost effective
 Long term strength characteristics
 High stiffness

74. Asbestos
 Asbestos is a term used to refer to six naturally
occurring silicate minerals.
 All are composed of long and thin fibrous crystals
 15% of asbestos fibers is mixed with cement
 Paste so formed is pressed under rollers with grooves
 Thus increase strength and rigidity
 Allow water to flow easily

75. Asbestos use
 Boiler and furnaces insulating
 Asbestos paint
 Covering material for magnetic coils
 Fuse and switch box
 Fire proof cloths ropes