This document provides an introduction to various raw materials used by designers and engineers. It discusses different categories of materials including metals, plastics, textiles, ceramics, paper, glass and composites. It also describes common finishes that can be applied to materials like paints, varnishes, oils and dyes. Specific materials covered include steel, aluminum, wood, clay, yarns and leather.

1. Introduction to various
raw materials used by
designers and
engineers
SUBMITTED TO
SANDEEP SACHAN
SUBMITTED BY
DARSHIKA GUPTA

2. RAW MATERIALS
Steel
Aluminium
Copper
Silver
Gold
Brass
Bronze
Plastic
Pvc
Polythene
Cotton
Syntetic rubber
Leathers
Mgo
Al2O3
Concrete
Cement
Silica
Cermaics
Cardboard
Paper

3. VARIOUS FINISHES
- Varnish
Varnishes are one of the
most protective finishes
available. This level of
protection increases with
additional layers.Slow
drying and not very good at
color retention.
- Lacquer
Dries quickly.
- Penetrating Oil
Applied to give protection
and adds beauty that
penetrates the wood
surface.

4. - Staining
 Staining is used to enhance the
true color of the woodwork. It is
also used to change the colour
of the wood.
 -Waxing
 Waxing is the ultimate rich-
looking and labor intensive
finish that seals and protects the
wood.

5. FINISHES
 Oil & grease
Steels rust (except stainless steel) so they need to be protected against
moisture and air.
Coating in oil or grease is effective as long as the coating is not removed.
. Plastic dip coating
 It is very effective as it can change the appearance as well e.g. the shelves
in fridges and dishwashers are plastic coated.
 Painting is the most common way of protecting steel from rusting e.g. car
bodies, white goods, filing cabinets etc

6. POWDER MATERIALS
 Dyes
A dye is a colored
substance that has
an affinity to
the substrate to which it is
being applied. The dye is
generally applied in
an aqueous solution.
.- There are natural and
synthetic dyes.

7. TYPES OF DYES
Acid dyes
are water-soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such
as silk, wool, nylon and modified acrylic fibers
Basic dyes
are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers,
but find some use for wool and silk.
Direct or substantive dyeing
is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or
near boiling point, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl)
or sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Direct
dyes are used on cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon.
Disperse dyes
were originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate, and are
water insoluble.

8. LIQUIDS
Paints
“A paint is a
Solution or suspension of
pigment, binder
and mineral solvent.”
A thin dry film so formed by this
Solution is then applied to a
surface which is used as a
decorative or protective
coating.

9. PAINT COMPOSITION
PAINT
PIGMENT BINDER SOLVENT ADDITIVE

10. Pigments
Pigments are granular solids incorporated in the paint to contribute color.
Binder
The binder, or resin, is the actual film forming component of paint. It is the
only component that must be present in paint.
Solvent
The main purpose of the Solvent is to adjust the viscosity of the paint.
Addictives
Additives are usually added in small amounts to provide a significant
effect on the product.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
Oil paints
Widely used for wooden and metallic surfaces.
Plastic paints
Contains a certain amount of plastic.
Cement paints
Contains white cement, lime& sodium choride.
Bituminous paint
Made by dissolving bitumen in petrolum.
Distemper paints
Consists of chalk , Pigment and glue.
Water paints
Mixture of pigment, binder and water.

12. RESINS
 Resin in the most specific use of the term is
a hydrocarbon secretion of many plants, particularly coniferous
trees. Resins are valued for their chemical properties and
associated uses, such as the production of varnishes,adhesives and
food glazing agents. They are also prized as an important source of
raw materials for organic synthesis, and as constituents
of incense and perfume.

13. GRANULAR
Sand
 Sand is a naturally
occurring granular material compose
d of finely
divided rock and mineral particles.
The composition of sand is highly
variable, depending on the local rock
sources and conditions, but the most
common constituent of sand in inland
continental settings and non-
tropical coastal settings
is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2),
usually in the form of quartz.
 The second most common type of
sand is calcium carbonate

14. POP
- Can also be referred to as
Gypsum Plaster.
- Very similar to cement, plaster
of paris is easy to mold when
wet and forms a strong structure
to the molded shape when dry.
- Plaster of Paris is formed by
heating Gypsum to 300 degrees
Fahrenheit
- Plaster of Paris got its name
from a large gypsum deposit
that is located in Paris.

15. CLAY
- Clay common name for a
number of fine-grained, earthy
materials that become plastic
when wet. Chemically, clays are
hydrous aluminum silicates,
ordinarily containing impurities,
e.g., potassium, sodium,
calcium, magnesium, or iron, in
small amounts.

16. LINEAR
Yarns
Yarn is a long continuous length of
interlocked fibres, suitable for
use in the production
of textiles, sewing, crocheting, k
nitting, weaving, embroidery,
and ropemaking. Thread is a
type of yarn intended for sewing
by hand or machine.

17. LEATHER
 Leather is a durable and
flexible material created by
the tanning of
animal rawhide and skin, often
cattle hide. It can be produced
through manufacturing
processes ranging
from cottage industry to heavy
industry.

18. SOLID
Wood
Wood is a hard, fibrous structural
tissue found in the stems and
roots of trees and other woody
plants. It has been used for
thousands of years for
both fuel and as a construction
material. It is an organic
material, a natural composite
of cellulose fibers (which are
strong in tension) embedded in
a matrix of lignin which resists
compression.

19. GLASS
 Glass is an amorphous (non-
crystalline) solid material that
exhibits a glass transition,
which is the reversible
transition in amorphous
materials from a hard and
relatively brittle state into a
molten or rubber-like state.
Glasses are typically brittle
and can be
optically transparent.

20. METAL
 A metal is a solid material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is
typically hard, opaque, shiny, and features good electrical and thermal
conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be
hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or
cracking

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