The document outlines essential construction elements including various types of bricks, their properties, types of sand and cement, and the uses of wood and paint. It details the characteristics of bricks needed for load-bearing structures, the types and tests for quality of sand and cement, and the specifications for rods used in construction. Additionally, the document covers the applications and benefits of wood, rubber seals, and different types of paint used in construction and maintenance.

1. Jasarat Al Atun
Basic Elements for a
Construction:
Brick, Sand, Cement, Rod,
Wood, Rubber Seal, Paint

2. Brick
Types of bricks considering Use
- Load Bearing Wall
- Partition Wall
- Insulation Wall
- Covering Wall
Types of Bricks considering Quality
- First Class Brick
- Second Class Brick
- Third Class Brick
- Jhama Brick

3. Brick
Size of a Standard Brick is 9.5”x4.5”x2.75”

4. Brick
Advantages of Bricks
Brick do not
- Burn, Buckle, Dent or Melt
- Rot or allow Termites to invade
- Rust or Corrode
- Fade due to UV ray of Sun
- Get damaged by High Wind, Rain or Hail
- Need constant maintenance

5. Brick
Properties of Good Quality Brick
Appearance and Color
- Uniform rectangular shape
- Even surface
- Sharp corners
- No cracks
- Uniform brick-red color
First Class Bricks

6. Brick
Properties of Good Quality Brick
Hardness and Soundness
- Not possible to scratch by finger nail
- Metallic sound when two bricks are struck together
Durability
- Should withstand actions of Sun, Rain, Wind etc.
Fire Resistance
- Should be able to withstand a temperature upto 816 °C
Strength
- Should not break if dropped from 1.25m height
- Compressive Strength 70 N/mm2 to 50 N/mm2
Water Absorption
- Should not absorb more than 20% of water by weight when sunk in for 24 hours
Efflorescence
- Should not contain alkaline salts which causes efflorescence on the surface

7. Brick
Compressive Strength Test
• Specimen brick is immersed in water for 24 hours • The frog of the brick is filled
flush with 1:3 mortar • Brick is stored under damp jute bags for 24 hours •
Immersion in clean water for 3 days • The specimen is then placed between two
plates of the testing machine
-load is applied axially and uniformly at 14 N/mm2
-Maximum load for which the specimen breaks is noted
Max. load
Compressive strength = __________________________
Loaded area of brick

8. Sand
Sand is used as fine aggregate in binding mixtures like concrete,
mortar etc. Sand is of various types such as:
Pit Sand
- Found by digging
- Normally they are smooth, sharp, mineral free
- Mostly used in mortar
River Sand
- Found at river side
- Thin and round
- Finer than pit sand.
- Mostly used in plaster.
Sea Sand
Found at sea shore
Similar to river sand but contains minerals
Sylhet Sand
- Larger in size hence used in concrete

9. Sand
Sand Test
- Cone Test
- Smudge between two fingers
- Tasting a bit of sand would confirm the salinity of the specimen
- Put some sand in a glass of water and keep to rest, if particles are seen floating
then there are dust in the soil

10. Sand
- Sand Test
- 3% caustic soda and sand be mixed together and let no air inside. Shake the
bottle and keep at rest for 24 hours. If color changes to brownish, then there
is chemical in the sand
- Soak sand into water and if the color changes then there is impurities
- Testing Fineness Modulus (FM) by Sieve Analysis will provide data about the
fineness of the sand

11. Cement
• Cement is a binding material that binds aggregates and
the reinforcement together
• Various types of cements are available in the market-
Normal Portland Cement
- Clinker 97%, Gypsum 3%
White Cement
- ASTM Code C 150-92
Fly Ash Cement
- Clinker 85%, Fly Ash 12%, Gypsum 3%
Blast Furnace Slag Cement
- Clinker 70%, Blast Furnace 25%, Gypsum 5%

12. Cement
Portland Cement
White Cement
Fly Ash Cement Blast Furnace Cement

13. Cement
• Good cement contains properties which helps good
mixture to make concrete, mortar, plaster etc.
• Using good cement would make a good mix which
contains properties such as-
– Chloride and Sulphate resistant
– Low permeability
– Less porosity
– Sufficient water content
– Less bleeding and segregation
– Less heat in hydration reaction
– Long lasting strength

14. Cement
Slump Test
Flow Test Penetration Test Cylinder Strength Test
Mold for Compressive
strength Test

15. Rod
- Main purpose of Rod/Bar is to take tension of the component
- Rod can be of 3 types according to carbon content ( High, Medium,
Low)
- #5 or above sized rods are used for column, beam, foundation &
footing
- #3 to #4 sized rods are used in roof/slab
- #2 to #3 sized rods are used in tie bar & stirrup
- In our country there are two major types of rods according to tensile
strength: 40 Grade & 60 Grade
- 40 Grade used in regular buildings where khowa is used as coarse
aggregate in concrete
- 60 Grade used in stronger structures where stone is used as coarse
aggregate in concrete
- Deformed Bar provides better bond to concrete then Plain Bar

16. Rod
Tensile Strength Test of a Steel Rod

17. Wood
Uses of Wood
- Shuttering purpose in construction
- Furniture
- Doors and Windows
Benefits of Wood
- Availability
- Resale value
- Sizes and shapes
- Easy to work with
- Easy to attach/bind
- Light weighted, earthquake resistant
- Sound insulator
- Can be strengthened adding metal plates

18. RubberSeal
• Rubber Seals are used for creating air tight spaces
• Thai Aluminum doors & windows have rubber seals, they prevent
air going out created by Air Cooler
• Some rubber compounds are not chemical resistant,
nitrile rubber is resistant to oil and fuel

19. Paint
Paint beautifies as well as protects walls from moisture & sun
Types of Paint
⁻ Cement Paints
⁻ Aluminium Paints
⁻ Enamels Paints
⁻ Coal Tar Paints
⁻ Plastic Paints
⁻ Emulsion Paints
⁻ Water Paints
⁻ Oil Paints
⁻ Bituminous Paints
Thinner increases workability of paints
Types of Thinner
- তারপিন,নযাফতা,পিপরট,িাপন

20. Paint
Uses of Cement Paint
− It prevents growth of fungus and bacteria on masonry surfaces.
− Cement paint gives very good protection to all kinds of masonry
surfaces from Ultraviolet rays present in sunrays
− It gives very good protection from severe climatic conditions like rain,
heat, water, humidity, salt atmosphere near sea-shores, to all types of
cemented walls, surfaces.
Uses of Enamel Paint
− Plastered surface
− Wood work
− Iron & Steel surface
Uses of Plastic Paint
− Can be painted on any surface (indoor & outdoor)
− No need to strip, prim or prepare

21. Paint
Places and their required Paints
Plaster Wall – Color Wash, Plastic Paint
Indoor Wall – Whitewash, Distemper, Plastic Paint
Damp plaster wall – Damp stop paint
Ceramic brick wall – Silicon water repellent
Bathroom & Kitchen wall – Enamel Paint, Rubber Paint
Roof – Roofing compound
Floor – Oxide paint with Cement
Wooden door & window – Polish enamel paint
Metal door & window – Enamel paint
Concrete joint (dry) – Epoxy joining compound

22. THANK YOU!