This document discusses osteoporosis and bone health. It begins by noting the impact of osteoporosis on older patients, including increased hospital admissions and length of stay. It then discusses definitions of osteoporosis from WHO and treatment gaps. The document covers bone structure, cells, mineralization, remodeling cycles, and factors influencing bone health like hormones and lifestyle. Diagnostic methods like DXA are summarized. Treatment options focused on prevention of fractures through calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, PTH, and fall prevention are outlined.
Everything you should know about Osteoporosis?
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones characterized by low bone density and a deterioration of bone micro- architecture that enhances bone fragility and increases the risk of fracture
Osteoporosis becomes a serious health threat for aging men & postmenopausal women by predisposing them to an increased risk of fracture
Do you know that?
Osteoporosis is responsible for >1.5 million vertebral and non-vertebral fractures per year
Spine, hip, and wrist fractures are most common.
Motor neuron disease - Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Classificat...Chetan Ganteppanavar
This document discusses motor neuron diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It provides details on the classification, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, prognosis, and management of ALS and related conditions. Key points include that ALS is characterized by the degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations. Diagnosis involves finding signs of both upper and lower motor neuron involvement. Prognosis is typically worse if onset is bulbar or simultaneous in multiple limbs. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms while no treatments have been proven to slow disease progression.
This document defines osteoporosis and discusses its epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. It most commonly affects post-menopausal women and the elderly. Diagnosis involves assessing bone mineral density via DEXA scan and evaluating risk factors. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications and medications to prevent bone loss and fractures.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone structure. It increases the risk of fractures. The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as a bone density 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean bone density of healthy young adults. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard test used to diagnose osteoporosis by measuring bone mineral density at sites like the hip and spine. Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol as well as certain medical conditions and medications can impact bone health and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
Hinduja hospital conducts regular webinars and tweetinars for online users where they can seek advice from expert doctors of hinduja hospital for free. Above is the webinar conducted by hinduja hospital on Osteoporosis where issues like osteoporosis symptoms, osteoporosis prevention, osteoporosis treatment were discussed successfully by Spine Consultant, Dr. Uday Pawar.
To know more about such upcoming webinars and tweetinars from hinduja hospital, visit http://www.hindujahospital.com/communityportal/
This document discusses various medications approved for treating osteoporosis. It describes bisphosphonates, which decrease bone loss by inhibiting osteoclasts, as well as selective estrogen receptor modulators like raloxifene. Strontium ranelate, teriparatide, and calcitonin are also outlined as they increase bone formation or decrease resorption. New drugs under investigation include denosumab, romosozumab, and ostabolin-cyclic PTH1-35 which aim to reduce fractures by novel mechanisms of bone formation or resorption inhibition.
This document summarizes osteoporosis, including its diagnosis, treatment, and management. It defines osteoporosis as a bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). BMD testing is used to diagnose osteoporosis and assess fracture risk. Lifestyle modifications and medications can help prevent fractures by increasing BMD. Treatment options include antiresorptive drugs that decrease bone resorption, such as bisphosphonates, as well as anabolic drugs that stimulate new bone formation.
This document discusses osteoporosis and bone health. It begins by noting the impact of osteoporosis on older patients, including increased hospital admissions and length of stay. It then discusses definitions of osteoporosis from WHO and treatment gaps. The document covers bone structure, cells, mineralization, remodeling cycles, and factors influencing bone health like hormones and lifestyle. Diagnostic methods like DXA are summarized. Treatment options focused on prevention of fractures through calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, PTH, and fall prevention are outlined.
Everything you should know about Osteoporosis?
What is Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones characterized by low bone density and a deterioration of bone micro- architecture that enhances bone fragility and increases the risk of fracture
Osteoporosis becomes a serious health threat for aging men & postmenopausal women by predisposing them to an increased risk of fracture
Do you know that?
Osteoporosis is responsible for >1.5 million vertebral and non-vertebral fractures per year
Spine, hip, and wrist fractures are most common.
Motor neuron disease - Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Classificat...Chetan Ganteppanavar
This document discusses motor neuron diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It provides details on the classification, symptoms, signs, diagnosis, prognosis, and management of ALS and related conditions. Key points include that ALS is characterized by the degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and fasciculations. Diagnosis involves finding signs of both upper and lower motor neuron involvement. Prognosis is typically worse if onset is bulbar or simultaneous in multiple limbs. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms while no treatments have been proven to slow disease progression.
This document defines osteoporosis and discusses its epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. It most commonly affects post-menopausal women and the elderly. Diagnosis involves assessing bone mineral density via DEXA scan and evaluating risk factors. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications and medications to prevent bone loss and fractures.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone structure. It increases the risk of fractures. The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as a bone density 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean bone density of healthy young adults. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard test used to diagnose osteoporosis by measuring bone mineral density at sites like the hip and spine. Lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol as well as certain medical conditions and medications can impact bone health and increase the risk of osteoporosis.
Hinduja hospital conducts regular webinars and tweetinars for online users where they can seek advice from expert doctors of hinduja hospital for free. Above is the webinar conducted by hinduja hospital on Osteoporosis where issues like osteoporosis symptoms, osteoporosis prevention, osteoporosis treatment were discussed successfully by Spine Consultant, Dr. Uday Pawar.
To know more about such upcoming webinars and tweetinars from hinduja hospital, visit http://www.hindujahospital.com/communityportal/
This document discusses various medications approved for treating osteoporosis. It describes bisphosphonates, which decrease bone loss by inhibiting osteoclasts, as well as selective estrogen receptor modulators like raloxifene. Strontium ranelate, teriparatide, and calcitonin are also outlined as they increase bone formation or decrease resorption. New drugs under investigation include denosumab, romosozumab, and ostabolin-cyclic PTH1-35 which aim to reduce fractures by novel mechanisms of bone formation or resorption inhibition.
This document summarizes osteoporosis, including its diagnosis, treatment, and management. It defines osteoporosis as a bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). BMD testing is used to diagnose osteoporosis and assess fracture risk. Lifestyle modifications and medications can help prevent fractures by increasing BMD. Treatment options include antiresorptive drugs that decrease bone resorption, such as bisphosphonates, as well as anabolic drugs that stimulate new bone formation.
Osteopenia refers to decreased bone mass.
Osteoporosis refers to osteopenia (reduced bone strength/mass) that is severe enough to increase the risk of fracture.
According to WHO, osteoporosis is defined as bone mineral density that falls 2.5 standard deviation below mean for young healthy adult of same sex and race.
Osteoporosis associated fractures :
These are adulthood fractures of any bones (chiefly hip and vertebral fractures) in the setting of trauma less than or equal to fall from standing height with exception of fingers, toes, face and skull.
Drugs associated with osteoporosis
Alcohol
Glucocorticoids
Anticoagulants
Anticonvulsants
Chemotherapy
Excess thyroxine
Endocrine disorders
Cushing syndrome
Hyperparathyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Diabetes mellitus (both type I and II)
Acromegaly
CATEGORIZATION OF OSTEOPOROSIS
A.Primary
Idiopathic
Postmenopausal
Senile/age related
B. Secondary (Diseases)
Hypogonadal state, endocrine disorders, nutritional and gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatologic disorders, hematological disorders/malignancy, inherited disorders and others.
Usually asymptomatic until fracture occurs
Vertebral and hip fracture common by simple fall
Loss of height due to multiple vertebral fracture and other deformities like lordoisis, kyphoscoliosis.
Fracture of femur neck, pelvis or spine causes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, pneumonia.
INVESTIGATIONS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS
DXA (Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry)
Quantitative CT
Ultrasound
Urea, creatinine and electrolytes
Liver function test and albumin
Renal function test
Full blood count, ESR
Serum calcium and phosphate
Serum vitamin D and alkaline phosphate
Serum PTH
Thyroid function test
Testosterone, estrogen and gonadotropins
Serum cortisol
Bone biopsy
Plain radiography not diagnostic
Following non pharmacological approaches are taken:
Exercise
Appropriate calcium and vitamin D intake (Calcium 1000mg/day and vitamin D 800 IU/daily)
Cessation of smoking
Limit/ Quit alcohol intake
Get up and go exercise
Hip protectors to reduce the risk of fracture.
Pharmacological agents
Bisphosphonates ( decrease osteoclast activity)
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy
Denusumab (anti- RANKL antibody)
Anti- sclerostin antibodies
Cathepsin k antibodies
The document discusses osteoporosis, which is a disease characterized by low bone mass and fragile bones that break easily. It defines osteoporosis and describes that typical fractures occur in the vertebrae, ribs, hip and wrist. While it has no symptoms, its main consequence is an increased risk of bone fractures. The document outlines exams and tests used to diagnose osteoporosis, as well as lifestyle changes and medications used to treat and prevent the disease.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is most common in postmenopausal women. Treatment focuses on preventing falls, maintaining calcium and vitamin D levels through diet, regular weight-bearing exercise, and medications like bisphosphonates to strengthen bone and reduce fracture risk. Bone mineral density tests are used for diagnosis, and response to treatment is monitored through repeat testing.
This document provides information on osteoporosis, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, clinical features, investigations used for diagnosis, and management. Osteoporosis is defined as a reduction in bone density leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is classified based on whether it is primary/secondary and type. Diagnosis involves tests like DEXA scans, biomarkers, and imaging. Management includes lifestyle modifications, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and medications like bisphosphonates, teriparatide, and denosumab that reduce resorption or stimulate bone formation.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Know the Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fracture, Preventive Measures and exercise for osteoporosis. For more health Tips, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. It increases bone fragility and risk of fracture. While not a natural part of aging, risk is higher for post-menopausal women over 65 and all races and sexes can be affected. Bone density testing is recommended for women over 65, men over 70, and younger adults with clinical risk factors to diagnose osteoporosis. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the gold standard test which measures bone mineral density at the hip and spine.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures of the hip, spine, and other bones. It is a major health problem due to consequences like pain, disability, and even death. Diagnosis involves bone mineral density tests like DEXA scans, and management focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to reduce fracture risk such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin, PTH, and SERMs. Effective prevention and treatment can help improve quality of life for those affected by osteoporosis.
Bones provide structure, movement, and protection. Osteoporosis is a bone disorder where density decreases, weakening bones and increasing fracture risk, especially in the spine, hips, wrists. It is usually age-related but can be caused by other factors like medications, diseases, smoking. Diagnosis involves bone density tests and x-rays. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications like bisphosphonates, calcitonin, raloxifene which slow bone loss and increase density.
The document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis. It discusses bone modeling and remodeling physiology, calcium homeostasis and controlling factors like parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23. It also covers primary and secondary osteoporosis, assessment of bone mineral density, and drugs used for osteoporosis management including bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, calcitonin, estrogen replacement therapy, and teriparatide.
Osteoporosis is a bone disease where bones become weak and fragile from loss of tissue, increasing risk of fractures. It is caused by an imbalance where the body makes too little bone or absorbs too much. Symptoms include back pain and fractures of the spine or other bones. Treatment focuses on medications and lifestyle changes to slow bone loss and reduce fracture risk, including bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, exercise, and limiting alcohol. Preventing osteoporosis involves building strong bones in youth and maintaining bone health with diet and exercise as an adult.
The document summarizes information about osteoporosis from a lecture by Dr. Shahjada Selim. It discusses how bone remodeling occurs throughout life, leading to peak bone mass and then age-related bone loss. It defines osteoporosis as a disorder causing fragile bones from low bone mass and deteriorated bone structure. Key points include how osteoporosis is diagnosed using BMD tests and fracture risk tools, treatments include medications to reduce fracture risk, and lifestyle changes can help prevent osteoporotic fractures.
This document provides an overview and update on osteoporosis. It reviews non-pharmacologic contributions to bone health like exercise, calcium, vitamin D, and smoking cessation. It discusses evaluating and treating secondary causes of osteoporosis. Treatment options reviewed include oral and intravenous bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, abaloparatide, and romosozumab. Guidelines for treatment thresholds based on fracture risk are presented. Adherence to bisphosphonates and drug holidays are also discussed.
This document discusses osteoporosis and osteomalacia. It provides information on:
- A case of a 68-year-old woman who presents with a wrist fracture following a fall.
- Risk factors for osteoporosis including corticosteroid use, menopause, family history of fractures.
- Diagnostic tests for osteoporosis including DXA scan, FRAX score to evaluate 10-year fracture risk.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, as well as pharmacologic therapies like bisphosphonates or teriparatide.
The document discusses osteoporosis, including its characteristics, risk factors, diagnosis, and management. It defines osteoporosis as a disease characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. While it has no symptoms, it can be prevented and treated. For a 62-year-old lady with risk factors including diabetes and hypertension, an initial evaluation may include a history, exam, labs, and bone mineral density test to assess fracture risk and diagnose osteoporosis. Management includes lifestyle changes like calcium/vitamin D supplementation and exercise, as well as pharmacologic therapies like bisphosphonates. Monitoring involves follow-up bone density tests and reassessing fracture risk to determine duration of treatment.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. It is most common in postmenopausal women and the elderly. Risk factors include advanced age, post-menopause, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, low body weight and long-term glucocorticoid use. Diagnosis involves assessing bone mineral density through DEXA scan and evaluating fracture risk. Physiotherapy management focuses on exercise to build bone strength, mobility and independence through range of motion, strengthening and balance exercises. Bracing and orthotics are also used following fractures.
This document provides an overview of osteoporosis including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points include:
- Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is defined by the WHO as a bone density 2.5 standard deviations below the mean.
- It is a major global health problem, particularly affecting post-menopausal women and the elderly. Lifetime risk of osteoporotic fractures is 30-50% in females and 15-30% in males.
- Causes include failure to achieve peak bone mass, increased bone resorption, and inadequate bone formation
This document provides an overview of osteoporosis, including its definition, bone structure, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and management. It defines osteoporosis as a reduction in bone strength that increases fracture risk. Key points include that it occurs more in women after menopause due to estrogen loss, common risk factors, the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling, biochemical markers used in diagnosis, DXA scans to measure bone mineral density, and first-line pharmaceutical treatments including bisphosphonates.
This document discusses osteoporosis, including its definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and increased risk of fractures. It affects millions of people worldwide, especially postmenopausal women, and can be caused by aging, genetics, lifestyle factors, and certain medical conditions or medications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and fall prevention as well as pharmacologic options like calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, and drugs that modify bone metabolism.
Osteoporosis in elderly causes and managementGovindRankawat1
“Progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk”
True Definition: bone with lower density and higher fracture risk
WHO: utilizes Bone Mineral Density as definition (T score <-2.5)
Osteoporosis is silent because there are no symptoms initially.
The most common are fractures of the spine, hip, and wrist.
Osteoporosis is not an inevitable part of aging, but is a disease that can be prevented and treated, provided it is detected early.
The main goal of treating osteoporosis is to prevent such fractures in the first place.
Bone loss occurs without symptoms and the first sign may be a fracture due to weakened bones caused by a sudden strain. Osteoporosis is characterized by compromised bone strength that increases the risk of fracture. While bone loss occurs without symptoms, the first sign is often a fracture that results from a minor strain or impact that would not normally cause a break in healthy bone.
Osteopenia refers to decreased bone mass.
Osteoporosis refers to osteopenia (reduced bone strength/mass) that is severe enough to increase the risk of fracture.
According to WHO, osteoporosis is defined as bone mineral density that falls 2.5 standard deviation below mean for young healthy adult of same sex and race.
Osteoporosis associated fractures :
These are adulthood fractures of any bones (chiefly hip and vertebral fractures) in the setting of trauma less than or equal to fall from standing height with exception of fingers, toes, face and skull.
Drugs associated with osteoporosis
Alcohol
Glucocorticoids
Anticoagulants
Anticonvulsants
Chemotherapy
Excess thyroxine
Endocrine disorders
Cushing syndrome
Hyperparathyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Diabetes mellitus (both type I and II)
Acromegaly
CATEGORIZATION OF OSTEOPOROSIS
A.Primary
Idiopathic
Postmenopausal
Senile/age related
B. Secondary (Diseases)
Hypogonadal state, endocrine disorders, nutritional and gastrointestinal disorders, rheumatologic disorders, hematological disorders/malignancy, inherited disorders and others.
Usually asymptomatic until fracture occurs
Vertebral and hip fracture common by simple fall
Loss of height due to multiple vertebral fracture and other deformities like lordoisis, kyphoscoliosis.
Fracture of femur neck, pelvis or spine causes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, pneumonia.
INVESTIGATIONS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS
DXA (Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry)
Quantitative CT
Ultrasound
Urea, creatinine and electrolytes
Liver function test and albumin
Renal function test
Full blood count, ESR
Serum calcium and phosphate
Serum vitamin D and alkaline phosphate
Serum PTH
Thyroid function test
Testosterone, estrogen and gonadotropins
Serum cortisol
Bone biopsy
Plain radiography not diagnostic
Following non pharmacological approaches are taken:
Exercise
Appropriate calcium and vitamin D intake (Calcium 1000mg/day and vitamin D 800 IU/daily)
Cessation of smoking
Limit/ Quit alcohol intake
Get up and go exercise
Hip protectors to reduce the risk of fracture.
Pharmacological agents
Bisphosphonates ( decrease osteoclast activity)
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy
Denusumab (anti- RANKL antibody)
Anti- sclerostin antibodies
Cathepsin k antibodies
The document discusses osteoporosis, which is a disease characterized by low bone mass and fragile bones that break easily. It defines osteoporosis and describes that typical fractures occur in the vertebrae, ribs, hip and wrist. While it has no symptoms, its main consequence is an increased risk of bone fractures. The document outlines exams and tests used to diagnose osteoporosis, as well as lifestyle changes and medications used to treat and prevent the disease.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone density and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is most common in postmenopausal women. Treatment focuses on preventing falls, maintaining calcium and vitamin D levels through diet, regular weight-bearing exercise, and medications like bisphosphonates to strengthen bone and reduce fracture risk. Bone mineral density tests are used for diagnosis, and response to treatment is monitored through repeat testing.
This document provides information on osteoporosis, including its definition, classification, epidemiology, clinical features, investigations used for diagnosis, and management. Osteoporosis is defined as a reduction in bone density leading to an increased risk of fractures. It is classified based on whether it is primary/secondary and type. Diagnosis involves tests like DEXA scans, biomarkers, and imaging. Management includes lifestyle modifications, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and medications like bisphosphonates, teriparatide, and denosumab that reduce resorption or stimulate bone formation.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone, decreasing its strength and resulting in fragile bones. Know the Risk Factors for Osteoporotic Fracture, Preventive Measures and exercise for osteoporosis. For more health Tips, Visit at http://gisurgery.info
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue. It increases bone fragility and risk of fracture. While not a natural part of aging, risk is higher for post-menopausal women over 65 and all races and sexes can be affected. Bone density testing is recommended for women over 65, men over 70, and younger adults with clinical risk factors to diagnose osteoporosis. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the gold standard test which measures bone mineral density at the hip and spine.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures of the hip, spine, and other bones. It is a major health problem due to consequences like pain, disability, and even death. Diagnosis involves bone mineral density tests like DEXA scans, and management focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to reduce fracture risk such as bisphosphonates, calcitonin, PTH, and SERMs. Effective prevention and treatment can help improve quality of life for those affected by osteoporosis.
Bones provide structure, movement, and protection. Osteoporosis is a bone disorder where density decreases, weakening bones and increasing fracture risk, especially in the spine, hips, wrists. It is usually age-related but can be caused by other factors like medications, diseases, smoking. Diagnosis involves bone density tests and x-rays. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications like bisphosphonates, calcitonin, raloxifene which slow bone loss and increase density.
The document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for osteoporosis. It discusses bone modeling and remodeling physiology, calcium homeostasis and controlling factors like parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23. It also covers primary and secondary osteoporosis, assessment of bone mineral density, and drugs used for osteoporosis management including bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, calcitonin, estrogen replacement therapy, and teriparatide.
Osteoporosis is a bone disease where bones become weak and fragile from loss of tissue, increasing risk of fractures. It is caused by an imbalance where the body makes too little bone or absorbs too much. Symptoms include back pain and fractures of the spine or other bones. Treatment focuses on medications and lifestyle changes to slow bone loss and reduce fracture risk, including bisphosphonates, calcium, vitamin D, exercise, and limiting alcohol. Preventing osteoporosis involves building strong bones in youth and maintaining bone health with diet and exercise as an adult.
The document summarizes information about osteoporosis from a lecture by Dr. Shahjada Selim. It discusses how bone remodeling occurs throughout life, leading to peak bone mass and then age-related bone loss. It defines osteoporosis as a disorder causing fragile bones from low bone mass and deteriorated bone structure. Key points include how osteoporosis is diagnosed using BMD tests and fracture risk tools, treatments include medications to reduce fracture risk, and lifestyle changes can help prevent osteoporotic fractures.
This document provides an overview and update on osteoporosis. It reviews non-pharmacologic contributions to bone health like exercise, calcium, vitamin D, and smoking cessation. It discusses evaluating and treating secondary causes of osteoporosis. Treatment options reviewed include oral and intravenous bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, abaloparatide, and romosozumab. Guidelines for treatment thresholds based on fracture risk are presented. Adherence to bisphosphonates and drug holidays are also discussed.
This document discusses osteoporosis and osteomalacia. It provides information on:
- A case of a 68-year-old woman who presents with a wrist fracture following a fall.
- Risk factors for osteoporosis including corticosteroid use, menopause, family history of fractures.
- Diagnostic tests for osteoporosis including DXA scan, FRAX score to evaluate 10-year fracture risk.
- Treatment involves lifestyle changes like exercise, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, as well as pharmacologic therapies like bisphosphonates or teriparatide.
The document discusses osteoporosis, including its characteristics, risk factors, diagnosis, and management. It defines osteoporosis as a disease characterized by low bone mass and increased fracture risk. While it has no symptoms, it can be prevented and treated. For a 62-year-old lady with risk factors including diabetes and hypertension, an initial evaluation may include a history, exam, labs, and bone mineral density test to assess fracture risk and diagnose osteoporosis. Management includes lifestyle changes like calcium/vitamin D supplementation and exercise, as well as pharmacologic therapies like bisphosphonates. Monitoring involves follow-up bone density tests and reassessing fracture risk to determine duration of treatment.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. It is most common in postmenopausal women and the elderly. Risk factors include advanced age, post-menopause, family history, smoking, excessive alcohol, low body weight and long-term glucocorticoid use. Diagnosis involves assessing bone mineral density through DEXA scan and evaluating fracture risk. Physiotherapy management focuses on exercise to build bone strength, mobility and independence through range of motion, strengthening and balance exercises. Bracing and orthotics are also used following fractures.
This document provides an overview of osteoporosis including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points include:
- Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength and increased risk of fracture. It is defined by the WHO as a bone density 2.5 standard deviations below the mean.
- It is a major global health problem, particularly affecting post-menopausal women and the elderly. Lifetime risk of osteoporotic fractures is 30-50% in females and 15-30% in males.
- Causes include failure to achieve peak bone mass, increased bone resorption, and inadequate bone formation
This document provides an overview of osteoporosis, including its definition, bone structure, epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and management. It defines osteoporosis as a reduction in bone strength that increases fracture risk. Key points include that it occurs more in women after menopause due to estrogen loss, common risk factors, the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling, biochemical markers used in diagnosis, DXA scans to measure bone mineral density, and first-line pharmaceutical treatments including bisphosphonates.
This document discusses osteoporosis, including its definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to fragile bones and increased risk of fractures. It affects millions of people worldwide, especially postmenopausal women, and can be caused by aging, genetics, lifestyle factors, and certain medical conditions or medications. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and fall prevention as well as pharmacologic options like calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates, and drugs that modify bone metabolism.
Osteoporosis in elderly causes and managementGovindRankawat1
“Progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk”
True Definition: bone with lower density and higher fracture risk
WHO: utilizes Bone Mineral Density as definition (T score <-2.5)
Osteoporosis is silent because there are no symptoms initially.
The most common are fractures of the spine, hip, and wrist.
Osteoporosis is not an inevitable part of aging, but is a disease that can be prevented and treated, provided it is detected early.
The main goal of treating osteoporosis is to prevent such fractures in the first place.
Bone loss occurs without symptoms and the first sign may be a fracture due to weakened bones caused by a sudden strain. Osteoporosis is characterized by compromised bone strength that increases the risk of fracture. While bone loss occurs without symptoms, the first sign is often a fracture that results from a minor strain or impact that would not normally cause a break in healthy bone.
This document provides an overview of osteoporosis, including:
- Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone density and increased susceptibility to fractures. It is underdiagnosed and undertreated.
- Vertebral compression fractures are the most common osteoporotic fractures.
- By 2050, the number of osteoporotic fractures occurring worldwide each year is projected to increase from 1.66 million to 6.26 million.
This document discusses osteoporosis, including its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It defines osteoporosis as a condition where low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue lead to fragile bones that break easily. Key tests for diagnosis include bone mineral density testing and blood tests. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to slow bone loss such as bisphosphonates, selective estrogen receptor modulators, parathyroid hormone, and monoclonal antibodies. Surgical treatment aims to stabilize fractures from fragile bones through minimally invasive techniques.
This was a lecture in the course "Significant Medical Conditions in Seniors" presented at Peer Learning in Chapel Hill, NC, USA in 2016 by Michael C. Joseph, MD, MPH.
OSTEOPOROSIS:A Barebone guide to diagnosis and managementGovindRankawat1
“Progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk”
True Definition: bone with lower density and higher fracture risk
WHO: utilizes Bone Mineral Density as definition (T score <-2.5)
Osteoporosis is silent because there are no symptoms initially.
The most common are fractures of the spine, hip, and wrist.
Osteoporosis is not an inevitable part of aging, but is a disease that can be prevented and treated, provided it is detected early.
The main goal of treating osteoporosis is to prevent such fractures in the first place.
Bare bone term used for “necked bone with necked eye”
“There is clearly a problem of underdiagnosis and undertreatment of osteoporosis and we want to raise awareness about the risk factors for osteoporosis so that those who need treatment get treatment”.
Learning Objectives
Utilize recent recommendations for osteoporosis prevention and treatment and how to apply them in practice.
Explain controversies surrounding pharmacologic osteoporosis therapy including side effects and the risk/benefit ratio of therapy.
Determine when and how to utilize the current pharmacologic therapies including anabolic versus anti-resorptive approaches and how to transition or discontinue treatment
Osteoporosis only causes symptoms when it is far advanced.
Symptoms include loss of height, deformed spine (“dowager’s hump”), unexplained back pain, and fractures.
It is best to detect problems at an early stage, when treatment is most effective.
The best test for detecting osteoporosis is bone densitometry, done with a technique called “Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry” or DXA.
Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue, bone fragility, and a consequent increase in fracture risk.
This document provides an introduction and overview of osteoporosis, including its definition, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with defining osteoporosis as a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and fracture risk. It then discusses the main and other risk factors, methods of diagnosis including laboratory tests and DEXA scans, pharmacological treatment options including bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, and hormone therapies, as well as prevention strategies. The document concludes with several case studies examples to demonstrate treatment approaches.
This document summarizes guidelines for screening and managing osteoporosis. It defines osteoporosis as a bone density T-score of -2.5 or lower according to WHO standards. All women over 65 should be screened, while younger women should be screened if their 10-year fracture risk is similar to a 65-year-old woman. First-line treatment includes bisphosphonates along with lifestyle modifications like calcium and vitamin D. Other options include PTH, denosumab, and SERMs depending on risk factors and tolerance of bisphosphonates. Screening should be repeated every 2 years if initially normal but can suggest non-adherence or secondary causes if bone mineral density decreases.
This document summarizes guidelines for screening and managing osteoporosis. It defines osteoporosis as a bone density T-score of -2.5 or lower according to WHO standards. All women over 65 should be screened by DXA scan, while younger women are screened if their 10-year fracture risk equals or exceeds an average 65-year-old woman. First-line treatment includes bisphosphonates along with lifestyle modifications like calcium and vitamin D. Screening and treatment decisions are also based on additional risk factors like prior fractures, smoking, glucocorticoid use, and family history.
Osteoporosis is a progressive bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, making bones brittle and prone to fracture. It is defined as a T-score of -2.5 or below as measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning. Key risk factors include older age, female sex, family history, smoking, low body weight and lack of exercise. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications like calcium and vitamin D supplementation, exercise and fall prevention, as well as pharmacologic therapies like bisphosphonates.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. It is a major public health threat. Key factors in the development of osteoporosis include peak bone mass attainment, bone loss, and bone quality. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is the gold standard test used to diagnose osteoporosis. Lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies including bisphosphonates, parathyroid hormone, and monoclonal antibodies are used for fracture prevention and treatment.
This document provides information on screening for osteoporosis. It states that osteoporosis affects over 200 million people worldwide and causes over 8.9 million fractures annually. It recommends who should receive a bone mineral density test (BMD), including women over 65, men over 70 or those with risk factors, and those with fragility fractures. It describes how to interpret BMD test results using T-scores and Z-scores and the frequency of repeat testing. It also discusses the FRAX tool for assessing 10-year fracture risk and some of its limitations.
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures. Key points:
- It is defined as a bone density 2.5 standard deviations or more below the mean bone density of healthy young adults.
- It occurs more frequently with age and is more common in women, especially after menopause due to estrogen loss.
- Risk factors include family history, smoking, low weight, inactivity, excessive alcohol, and certain medical conditions or medications.
- It is usually asymptomatic until a fracture occurs. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and medications to increase bone density
Know everything about Osteoporosis- prevention and management.
Did You Know?
The incidence of hip fracture is 1 woman to 1 man in India
Know more such facts and useful information on prevention of Osteoporosis.
Calcium homeostasis and Genral OSTEOPOROSIS of human.pptxBirajkc5
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural defects, making bones fragile and prone to fracture. Key risk factors include older age, female sex, family history of fractures, smoking, excessive alcohol, low body weight, and use of corticosteroids. Diagnosis involves assessing bone mineral density via DXA scan and fracture risk factors. Treatment aims to reduce fracture risk and includes bisphosphonates, denosumab, parathyroid hormone, and lifestyle modifications. Secondary causes of osteoporosis include glucocorticoid use, gonadal hormone deficiency, hyperthyroidism, immobilization, and diabetes.
Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone mass and quality, leading to an increased risk of bone fractures. It is most common in postmenopausal women over age 50 and men over age 80. Risk factors include female gender, advancing age, family history, hypogonadism, glucocorticoid use, low body mass index, smoking, and nutritional deficiencies. Diagnosis is made through bone density scans and confirmed by fragility fractures. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, bisphosphonates, estrogen therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and surgery for fractures. Monitoring involves repeat bone density scans and biochemical markers to assess response to
Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. It is most common in postmenopausal women. Risk factors include smoking, low body weight, steroid use, excess alcohol intake, and family history of fractures. Diagnosis involves measuring bone mineral density via DEXA scan. Treatment aims to prevent fractures and bone loss, and includes adequate calcium and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise, falls prevention, pharmacologic agents like bisphosphonates, and surgery for fractures. Regular screening and monitoring of at-risk individuals is important.
The document provides information on various bone diseases including osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteoarthritis, Paget's disease, and hypercalcemia. It discusses the causes, clinical features, investigations, and treatment options for each condition. Risk factors for osteoporosis include age, gender, family history, smoking, alcohol, diet, medication use, and other medical conditions. DEXA scans are used to diagnose osteoporosis based on bone mineral density T-scores. Lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D supplements, and medications like bisphosphonates are used to treat osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. It is most commonly seen in elderly women. Bone mineral density testing is used to diagnose osteoporosis, with scores more than 2.5 standard deviations below normal indicating the disease. Treatment options include calcium, vitamin D, exercise, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and selective estrogen receptor modulators.
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4. Osteoporosis
Most common bone disorder
Compromised bone strength with
increased risk of fracture
40 million people world wide
33% of postmenopausal women have
osteoporosis and additional 54% of
postmenopausal women have low bone
density in hip, spine or wrist.
5. Osteoporosis
Affects 1 in 2 Caucasian ♀, 1 in 5 ♂
Female to male ratio is
7:1 for vertebral fx
1.5: 1 for distal forearm fx
2:1 for hip fx
Greatest risk in white and Asian women
Less risk in African American
Not the same as risk for fracture
6. Osteoporotic Fractures
Compared to Other Diseases
1200000
513000
228000 184300
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
Osteoporotic
Fractures
Heart Attack Stroke Breast Cancer
National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2002. Available at: http://www.nof.org
American Heart Association. Heart & Stroke Facts:1999 Statistical Suppl.
American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 1999-2000.
8. characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of bone
tissue and disruption of bone architecture,
compromised bone strength and an increase in the
risk of fracture
Osteoporosis
Normal Bone Osteoporosis
Peck WA, et al. Am J Med. 1993;94:646. Graphics courtesy of the International Osteoporosis Foundation.
9. Osteoporosis -
Pathophysiology
Bone remodeling is a coupled process between
osteoclast and osteoblast.
Function of bone remodeling is to:
1) repair microdamage within the skeleton to maintain skeletal
strength and ensure the relative youth of the skeleton
(2) to supply calcium from the skeleton to maintain serum calcium.
11. Osteoporosis
• The biggest culprit for osteoporosis is the accelerated
bone loss during menopausal period (mid 50-70’s) and
to lesser extent poor bone mass acquisition during
adolescence.
12.
13. Kassem, Melton, Riggs. Involutional osteoporosis. In Feldman, Kelsay
(eds) 1996. Osteoporosis. New York, Academic Press, pp 691-702
Males have 25% higher
peak bone density than
women.
Rate of bone loss is
similar in men and
women except during
menopause.
Bone loss precipitous in
perimenopause, with
bone loss up to 2.5% per
year, and this lasts 3-5
years; then bone loss
occurs more gradually
AA women have 10%
higher peak bone density
than non-AA women.
14. Question
The gold standard to evaluate for osteoporosis is?
A. DEXA: Dual energy x-ray absorptometry
B. X-ray:
C. QCT: quantitative computer tomography
D. ultrasound of heel or finger
15. How to predict bone
fragility
Bone mineral density
• DEXA: Dual energy x-ray absorptometry
• X-ray: Evident when ≥ 30% of bone has been lost
o Affected by over/underpenetration of film
• QCT: quantitative computer tomography
• QUS: quantitative ultrasound of heel or finger
DEXA correlates the best with future fracture risk of all
predictive measures.
17. T-scores vs. Z-scores
T-score: calculated by comparing current BMD to the
mean peak BMD of normal young adult of same gender
(white)
applied to postmenopausal women
Z-score: based on difference between the individual’s
BMD and mean of a reference population of same
gender, age, ethnicity
Used for premenopausal women under age 50
18.
19. World Health Organization
Classification
Classification Bone Mineral Density Criteria
Normal Above -1.0 SD of young adult peak
mean value
Osteopenia (Low Bone Mass) Between -1.0 SD and -2.5 SD of young
adult peak mean value
Osteoporosis Below -2.5 SD of young adult peak
mean value
Note that these are standard deviations from young adult
peak bone mass (T-score)
This classification applied to DEXA measurements only;
cannot be compared to other modalities
Classification is based on the lowest measured score
22. Screening: Who should have
DEXA evaluation?
• Women over age 65, men over age 70, regardless of
clinical risk factors
• Younger postmenopausal women, women in
menopausal transition, and men age 50-69 year with
one or more additional risk factor
• Adults who have fractures after age 50
• Adults with condition (Rheumatoid arthritis) or taking
medication (ie. steroid doses > 3 mos)
According to National Osteoporosis Foundation
23. Question
• 68 y.o. white obese (185 lb) female with rheumatoid
arthritis, seizures, HTN, and hypothyroidism comes in to
your office to establish care. She is on methotrexate,
Dilantin, losartan, metoprolol, and levothyroxine. Her last
mammogram was done three months ago and it was
negative. Her last colonoscopy was five years ago and
negative. She is up to date with her immunization. She
is married. She is also a smoker with 40 pack history.
She drinks 2-3 glasses wine a day. No illicit drug use.
You order a Dexa scan and the T score for her right hip
is -2.4. Does she have osteoporosis?
26. FRAX® Tool
Uses both clinical and BMD information to model the 10-
yr fracture probability in men and women
Hip fractures and major osteoporotic fractures
Intended for postmenopausal women and men age 50
and older
Calibrated to U.S. fracture and mortality rates
Intended use for individuals who have not received
treatment
27. Treat if : Major osteoporotic fx risk is >20% and hip
fracture is greater than >3%
28. Question
• Her Ten year probability of fracture is
o Major osteoporotic fracture is 21%
o Hip fracture is 9.5%
• Do you treat?
29. So whom should be
considered for treatment?
Those with hip or vertebral fractures
Those with T-scores > or = - 2.5 (spine or hip)
Those with other fractures, age > 50 years
Secondary causes with high fracture risk
Glucocorticoid exposure
Complete immobilization
FRAX score: 10-year probability of hip fracture ≥ 3%,
or probability of all major fractures ≥ 20% based on
total T-score
30. Labs
• Serum calcium: typically normal
• Phosphate and PTH normal.
• Alkaline phosphatase is usually normal but may be
slightly elevated, especially following a fracture.
• Vitamin D deficiency is very common
• Consider checking TSH, celiac disease, and
hypogonadism
31. Risk factors for secondary
osteoporosis
• Diseases
o Rheumatoid or other
inflammatory arthritis
o Multiple myeloma, lymphoma
o Hyperthyroidism
o Hyperparathyroidism
o Cushing’s syndrome
o Marfans and Ehlers – Danlos
o Renal disease
o Osteogenesis imperfecta
o Liver disease
• Tobacco
• Excess alcohol
• Medications
o Anticonvulsants - ( Dilantin)
o Steroids >5mg/d for
>6 months
o Depo-provera
o Heparin/warfarin
o Immunosuppressants
o GnRH agonist
• Hypogonadism
• Vitamin D deficiency
32. Evaluation for Secondary
Causes
• Serum calcium, phosphorous
• 25-OH vitamin D
• PTH
• Thyroid function
• Complete blood count/serum protein
electrophoresis
• Creatinine, albumin
• Urinary calcium excretion
• Tissue transglutaminase antibody (celiac sprue)
34. Treatments- Medications
• Anabolic Agents
o Teriparatide : Parathyroid
hormone analog
o Abaloparatide: Parathyroid
hormone analog
• Antiresorptives
o Estrogens
o Selective estrogen receptor
modulators
o Bisphosphonates
o Denosumab
35. Bisphosphonates
Alendronate (Fosamax) – once a week
Residronate (Actonel) – once a week
Ibandronate (Boniva) – once a month
Zoledronic acid (Reclast) – once a year infusion
36. Bisphosphonates
• Inhibit activity of osteoclasts and shorten their lifespan
• Bind to bone. No known effect anywhere but bone
• Prevent cytokine release form osteoblast that activates
osteoclasts
• Activates osteoblast substance that inhibits osteoclasts
• Supports osteoblast bone formation
37. Bisphosphonates
Most common side effect:
esophageal/gastric irritation
osteonecrosis of jaw: rare 1/100,000
pts in year
Atypical fracture of long bone after long
term use
With discontinuation, BMD remains stable
or declines slowly
38. Bisphosphonates
• Poor absorption
o Has to be taken on empty stomach
o With water only, minimum 8 oz
o Stay upright for 30 minutes
• Caution in patients with renal dysfunction
o Alendronate ClCr <35 ml/min
o Risendronate ClCr <30 ml/min
o Ibandronate ClCr <30 ml/min
39. Denosumab (Prolia)
• Fully human monoclonal antibody
• Injectable every six months
• RANKL inhibitor (RANKL important for osteoclast
activation and survival)
• Activate osteoblastgenesis and increases bone turn
over
• Now some evidence of fragility fractures – long bone
fracture
• Administered in the clinic so compliance is less an issue
40. Selective Estrogen Receptor
Modulators (Evista)
• Work as estrogen receptor agonists/antagonists
• Raloxifene is approved for prevention and treatment of
osteoporosis – however more often used for prevention
o Improved BMD, decreases bone turnover (by chemical markers) and lowers risk
of vertebral fractures
o Reduces risk of invasive breast cancer
41. (salmon) Calcitonin
Approved for treatment but not for prevention of
osteoporosis
Nasal spray/ injection
Mainly used to treat bone pain from vertebral
compression fractures
Alternative for patients who cannot tolerate/ are
unwilling to take other agents
No documented efficacy in early postmenopausal
women
42. Estrogen/Progestin
• Only slows resorption of bone
o Not anabolic (does not stimulate formation)
o Not as effective as bisphosphonates
• Not first choice therapy for osteoporosis but may be
appropriate in some patients – persistent
menopausal symptoms
• Not recommend to treat just osteoporosis
• Keep in mind the risks
o Vascular events
o Increased risk of breast cancer (and of uterine cancer if given alone to female
with uterus)
43. Teriparatide (Forteo)
20 ug daily injectable. Has to be refrigerated.
Recombinant human PTH 1-34
Draws Ca out of cortical bone
Daily, subcutaneous injection administered for two years
Bone loss after discontinuation mitigated by bisphosphonate
Prior therapy with bisphosphonate delays improvements in BMD
45. Abaloparatide (Tymlos)
• Approved by FDA on April 28, 2017.
• 80ug daily injectable. Does not have be refrigerated
(working on transdermal)
• Black box warning is the same as teriparatide.
• Treat for 2 years.
46. Trials
• ACTIVE trial and ACTIVExtend
o ACTIVE trial: Effect of Albaloparatide Major Osteoporotic Fracture Incidence in
Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis
o ACTIVExtend: Eighteen Months of Treatment with Abaloparatide Followed by Six
Months of Treatment with Alendronate in Postmenopausal Women with
Osteoporosis
47. Summary ACTIVE Trial
• In postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, 18 months
of subcutaneous abaloparatide compared with placebo
significantly
–Increased BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip and
femoral neck
–Reduced the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral
fractures
-Reduced the risk of clinical and major
osteoporotic fractures
48. Summary ACTIVE Trial
• Abaloparatide-SC had an acceptable safety profile
–No differences were evident between the
placebo, abaloparatide and teriparatide groups in
treatment-emergent adverse events, serious adverse
events, or deaths
–The incidence of hypercalcemia was higher with
abaloparatide-SC as compared to placebo.
- A lower incidence of hypercalcemia was
observed with abaloparatide-SC compared with
teriparatide
49. ACTIVExtend Study
ACTIVExtend: 18 months of abaloparatidefollowed by 6
months of alendronate
No vertebral fractures during 6-month extension in Abaloparatide-
SC/Alendronate group
52% reduced risk of non vertebral fractures in Abaloparatide-SC/Alendronate vs
Placebo/Alendronate group
Continued BMD gains at vertebral and hip sites
sCosman et al. Mayo Clin Proc. Feb
2017; 92(2):200-210.
50. Treatment
• First line is bisphosphonates if not contraindicated
(renal failure or unable to tolerate b/c of GI). Consider
denusamab as alternative
• Severe osteoporosis (T score -3.5) consider teriparatide
or abaloparatide
• Duration of treatment is uncertain. Risk of
subtrochanteric or femoral shaft fracture increases with
tx beyond five years.
51. Emerging Therapies
• Sclerostin Inhibitors
• Romosozumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds
sclerostin which increases bone formation and
decreases bone resorption.
• The N. Eng J Med 2016;375: 1532-1543 (October 20,
2016) published “Romosozumab treatment in
postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.”
Cosman F, Crittenden B, Adachi JD et al. Romosozumab Treatment in Postmenopausal Women with
Osteoporosis. N Eng J Med 2016;375: 1532-1543 (October 20, 2016)
52. Trial: The Fracture Study in Postmenopausal
Women with Osteoporosis (FRAME)
• Design: Double-blinded, placebo-controlled,
multinational study
• Number: 7180 pts
• Inclusion: T-score, -2.5 to -3.5 – total hip or femoral neck
• Drug:
o Romo 210 mg sc or placebo monthly x 12 months;
o Followed by denosumab 60 mg sc x 12 months
Cosman F et al. N Engl J Med
2016;375:1532-1543.
53. Trial: The Fracture Study in Postmenopausal
Women with Osteoporosis (FRAME)
• Co-primary endpoints: cumulative incidence of new
vertebral fractures at 12 and 24 months
• Secondary endpoints: clinical (nonvertebral and
symptomatic vertebral fractures) and nonvertebral
fractures
Cosman F et al. N Engl J Med
2016;375:1532-1543.
54. Trial: The Fracture Study in Postmenopausal
Women with Osteoporosis (FRAME)
Cosman F et al. N Engl J Med
2016;375:1532-1543.
New
Vertebral
Fractures
New
Non-Vertebral
Fractures
55. Trial: The Fracture Study in Postmenopausal
Women with Osteoporosis (FRAME)
Results:
At 12 months:
o New vertebral fractures: 1.8% (PLB) vs 0.5% (Romo):
• 73% RR reduction (P <0.001)
o Clinical fractures: 2.5% (PLB) vs 1.6% (Romo):
• 36% RR reduction (P=0.008)
o Nonvertebral fractures: 2.1% (PLB) vs 1.6% (Romo):
At 24 months:
o New vertebral fractures: 2.5% (PLB to Dmab) vs 0.6% (Romo to Dmab):
• 75% RR reduction (P<0.001)
o No significant difference in non vertebral fx.
Cosman F et al. N Engl J Med
2016;375:1532-1543.
56. Trial: The Fracture Study in Postmenopausal
Women with Osteoporosis (FRAME)
• Adverse rxn:
o Osteoarthritis
o Atypical femoral fracture
o Injection site reactions
o ill-fitting dentures
o Osteonecrosis of jaw following tooth extraction and osteomyelitis of the jaw.
Cosman F et al. N Engl J Med
2016;375:1532-1543.
57. Trial: Romosozumab or Alendronate for Fracture
Prevention in Women in Osteoporosis
• 4093 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and
fragility fracture.
• Assigned them alendronate or romosozumab for one
year and then alendronate for one year afterwards.
• Results were over 24 months:
o New vertebral fractures: 6.2%(Romo-ALD) vs 11.9 %(ALD):
• 48% RR reduction (P <0.001)
o Clinical fractures: 9.7%(Romo-ALD) vs 13%(ALD):
• 27% RR reduction (P <0.001)
o Non vertebral fractures: 8.7%(Romo-ALD) vs 10.6 %(ALD):
• 19% RR reduction (P <0.04)
o Hip fractures: 2%(Romo-ALD) vs 3.2 %(ALD):
• 38% RR reduction (P <0.02)
58. Question
• 82 y.o. female comes in to your office after an
mechanical fall tripping over the carpet with her walker.
She complains of lower back pain. Upon palpation over
her spinous process of L4 she mild pain. Xray confirms a
vertebral fracture. What is your recommendation to her?
o A. Kyphoplasty
o B. Vertebroplasty
o C. Muscle relaxants
o D. Calcitonin
o E. Pain medications
60. Fractures
• > 1.5 million annually
• Cost of $19 billion annually (2005)
• First evidence of osteoporosis in absence of screening
• Most common is vertebral fracture, with hip fractures the
most morbid and deadly
61. Vertebral Fracture
• 2/3 are silent – minimal or
no trauma
• 20-30% are multiple
• 2/3 are painless
• May cause pleuritic-type
pain (pain with each breath)
• 4cm loss of height should
raise suspicion
Wedge fracture
Compression fracture
L1 and L3
Burst fracture
65. Hip fracture
• 20% mortality within 1 year of hip fracture
• 50% do not regain pre-fracture functioning
• 25% nursing home placement
• 1/3 will fracture the opposite hip
National Osteoporosis Foundation. Physician’s Guide to
Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Washington,
DC. 2003
66. Hip Fractures
• 90% occur following a fall (very important to establish
circumstances of fall)
• Hip fracture rate 2-3x higher in women
o 1-year mortality higher in men
• suspect if pain in the hip, groin, low back or suprapubic
pain, and external rotation of one leg (log roll)
67. Treating pain for vertebral
fractures
• Recommended for pain
NSAIDs vs. opiates
Calcitonin as adjunct
• Not recommended for pain:
Vertebroplasty – injection of cement (polymethylmethacrylate) into compressed
vertebra to prevent further collapse
Kyphoplasty – introduction of balloon into vertebral body, then injection of cement
Muscle relaxants
68. Non Pharmacologic
treatment
• Quit smoking
• Exercise – no evidence high intensity more effective
• Weight bearing exercises –resistance
• Calcium and Vitamin D - Ca (500mg – 600mg two times
daily) and vitamin D (1000 IU daily)
72% of cost is directly related to HIP fracture cost
Each year, more osteoporotic fractures occur more than heart attacks, strokes, and breast cancers combined. Despite being so common, osteoporosis screening and treatment are commonly overlooked in caring for the elderly.
8
Physiology of bone growth and bone loss.
T-scores are NOT adjust for race
Approved April 25, 2017
Deformity may take days to weeks to develop so serial plain films may be necessary
An incident vertebral fracture increases risk of subsequent fracture 5-7x
Thoracic fractures can restrict lung function and cause problems with digestion