2. Defination
• Osteoporosis is a systemic disorder of the skeleton
characterized by low total skeletal bone mass and
microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with
a consiquent increase in bone fragility and
susceptibility to fracture .
3. Acknowledgement
• Most common metabolic bone disease
• 3x more common in women than men
• Fewer than 1/3rd cases are diagnosed
• Only 1/7th receive treatment
• Hip # have 20% mortality in first yr.
• 50% of women(>65yr) have spinal compression # and
2/3rd unrecognised
4. • Multifactorial origin
• Classified as :- primary :- type I & type II
secondary
• other :- involutional , post-climacteric and
idiopathip transient osteoporosis of the hip
5. • Type I :- result of estrogen loss
increased osteoclastic bone resorption
• Type II :- slow progressive decline in osteoblastic
activity with ageing
• Unfortunately the elderly female often suffers the
effect of both
7. Secondary osteoporosis
• Affect any age group
• Men and women equally affected
• Results from chronic medical conditions & prolong
use of medication
12. Clinical features
• Asymptomatic silent bone changes
• Spontaneous vertebral fractures
• Acute or chronic back ache
• Loss of height
• Protuberant abdomen
• dowager’s hump
• Oral alveolar bone loss
13. WHO
• The world health organization has estblished an
operational definition depending on BMD, commonly
expressed as T- score.
• A T – score of atleast - 2.5 SD and below the young
adult mean
• A T score represents a pateints bone density
expressed as the number of SD above or below the
mean BMD value of normal young adult
14. BMD
• Proxy to measure bone strength
• Predicts the risk of fracture
• Expressed as SD in T AND Z score
• 50%-100% increase in fracture risk for each SD
decline in bone density
• DEXA is the standard for measuring BMD
20. Additional
1. Serum thyrotropin
2. ESR
3. Serum PTH
4. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration
5. Urinary free cortisol
6. Serum electrolyte
7. Serum or unine protein electrophoresis
8. Bone marrow biopsy or aspiration
9. Biochemical markers of bone turnover
21. Biochemical markers
• Assessing fracture risk in elderly
• Therapeutic response to antiresorptive agents
• Identifying patients with high bone turnover
22. Prevention goals
1) Optimize skeletal development in the young
2) Maximize peak bone mass at skeletal maturity
3) Prevent bone loss (age , secondary causes)
4) Preserve the structural integrity of skeleton
5) Prevent fractures
23. Preventive measures
• Adequate calcium diet
• Good general nutrition
• Adequate vitamin D intake
• Regular weight bearing exercise
• Avoiding tobacco and caffeine
24. Additional measures
• Pharmacological agents to pevent bone loss
• Bisphosphonate for all on prednisolone > 3 mths
• Periodic monitoring of thyroid function
• Identification and treatment of conditions that
predispose to low peak bone mass
• Identification of patients predisposed to fall
25. Goals of treatment
1) Preventing fractures
2) Increase in bone mass
3) Relieving symptoms of fracture
4) Maximizing physical function
26. Candidates for treatment
• Women with T-score -1.5 with at least one risk factor
• Women with ineffective nonpharmacological
measures
• Postmenopausal osteoporosis
• Men with hypogonadism
29. Calcium supplements
• Recommended intake is 1500mg/day
• Safe upper limit is 2500mg/day
• Judicialy used in kidney stones pt.
• S/E :- flatulence and constipation
• Eg. Calcium carbonate ,
• calcium citrate ,
• calcium phosphate
30. Vitamin D
• 200 IU for young adults < 50 yrs.
• 400 IU for 50 – 70 yrs.
• 600 IU for > 70 yrs.
• Higher doses in malabsorption syndrome
• Safe upper limit :- 2000 IU
31. Bisphosphonates
• Synthetic analogs of pyrophosphate
• Natural inhibitor of bone resorption
• Use :- prevention (35mg/week)
• treatment (70mg/week)
• steroid induced osteoporosis
• Weekly administration reduce side effects
• Duration :- alendronate (< 7yrs.)
• risendronate (< 3yrs.) 35mg/week
• zoledronate (5mg/yr ) iv
• idanbronate ( 150mg/month)
32. Calcitonin
• Hormone secreted by thyroid gland
• Diminishes bone resorption
• Useful when hormones and bisphosphonates are
contraindicated
• Recombinant salmon calcitonin more potent
• Route :- injection or nasal spray
• Dose :- 200 IU/day by spray
• 50 – 100 IU/day im or sc
33. Teriparatide
• Recombinant human PTH
• Directly stimulates osteoblasts to form new bone
• Dose :- 20 mcg/day sc for max. 2 yrs
• S/E :- osteosarcoma
• Contraindicated :- hypercalcemia , pagets ds.,
open epiphysis ,
34. Hormone treatment
• Estradiol level of 40-60 pg/ml
• Best if started 5 – 10 yrs. after menopause
• Comnbination with progestins
• S/E :- Myocardial infarction , stroke , breast cancer
venous thromboimbolism , dementia
• Reduction in colon cancer
35. SERMs
• Raloxifene , a potent teratogen
• No effect on endometrium
• Benefits :- reduce incidence of breast cancer,
lowers LDL , cholesterol
• S/E :- deep vein thrombosis ,
pulmonary embolism
36. Combined therapy
• Calcium + vitamin D
• Teriparatide + bisphosphonate
• Testosterone replacements in hypogonadism
37. SURGERY
• ORIF with pins and plates
• Hemi- arthroplasty
• Arthroplasties
• Vertebroplasty / kyphoplasty
38. Follow up
• DEXA is done at least 1 yr. apart
• Post- menopausal screening @ yr.
• Pt. on prevention programme every yr.
• Pts. with normal BMD every 2yrs.