The document discusses globalization and transformations in higher education from the perspective of the Indian experience. It covers several topics: - Trends in globalization like increased student and faculty mobility, emerging international knowledge networks, and the role of English. - Changes in higher education globally like massification, new funding models, accountability, and new forms of collaboration and online learning like MOOCs. - The current state of higher education in India, including low rankings, access issues, lack of research universities, quality concerns, and a rapidly expanding private sector. - Key impacts of globalization on Indian higher education like the need to improve employability, issues with student mobility, growing institutional partnerships and exchanges, and

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“Globalisation and transformational changes in higher education: The Indian experience”
Guest Lecture for students of Masters in Business Economics
Delhi University – South Campus
August 29, 2013
Ajay Mohan Goel
ajay.goel@wadhwani-foundation.org

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Wadhwani Foundation Vision and Mission
Accelerating economic development in emerging economies
Creating Jobs for Millions
INDIA
BANGLADESH
USA
We achieve high quality, large scale impact
by creating opportunity networks and leveraging technology as linchpins
of all our Initiatives

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ABOUT ROMESH WADHWANI
Romesh Wadhwani
• Successful Silicon Valley Entrepreneur
• Forbes list of US richest 400
• Pledged to give away majority of his
wealth and most of it to India
• Driven to catalyze strategic, large
scale, high-impact social change

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WF Initiatives and Goals
Accelerate employability through skill development
We revolutionize skill development through use of technology to create millions
of highly-skilled knowledge workers, globally
5 Year Target: Skill and place 5MM in sustainable high-quality jobs
Enable large scale job creation through entrepreneurship
We inspire, educate, and support first generation entrepreneurs to create millions
of jobs
5 Year Target: Create half a million high-value jobs
Impact policies to accelerate India/US economic activity
We strengthen the India-US relationship through a shared vision and a policy
framework for economic acceleration
5 Year Target: Facilitate policy frameworks and actionable high impact policies
that further US India economic development and cooperation.
Mainstream the educated PwDs into corporate jobs
We train and place disabled into sustainable high quality jobs
5 Year Target: Train and place 100,000 into corporate jobs
Promote world class research and innovation
We propel India towards leadership in innovation by enabling world-class
research and industry creation
5 Year Target: Facilitate and enable world class research at several prestigious
Institutes in high-impact areas

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What is Globalisation?
The reality shaped by an increasingly integrated world economy, new
information and communication technology, the emergence of an
international knowledge network, the role of the English language,
and other forces beyond the control of academic institutions.
– Philip G. Altbach
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Globalisation - Trends
• Worldwide convergence and integration
• Integrated global system of scientific research
• Increasing mobility of students, researchers, teaching staff and institutional
leaders
• Emerging market of academics and researchers
• Technology-driven expansion of new delivery modes in teaching and learning
• International labour market of graduates
• Globalising organisation of professions
• Migration of high-skilled labour is increasing
• Challenges and risks
• International activities of higher education institutions ‘escaping’ the ambit of
domestic quality assurance
• Low-quality provision or even ‘diploma mills’ driven by commercial interests
• Difficulties with regard to credit transfer from or to foreign institutions
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What is Higher Education?
Definition
• Beyond the secondary level; especially:
education provided by a college or university
Mission
• Societal
• Economic
• Epistemological
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Major trends in Higher Education
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Continued expansion – Massification
More heterogeneous student population
Soaring tuition fees
New funding arrangements
Increased focus on accountability and performance
New forms of institutional governance and management
Global networking, mobility and collaboration
MOOCs getting popular – but controversial
Nature of Work Changing in developed economies

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HE: Indian Experience
• Hardly appears on any global higher education ranking
• Size of the HE system has increased considerably
• But GER (18.8%) still way below the developed world
• And has high non-completion rates
• Lacks Significant high-quality research based universities at the top
• Yet to provide access to those who demand it at the bottom
• Accountability and quality assurance
• Does not encourage quality
• Negligible faculty development (pre-service and in-service)
• One of the top exporters of students
• Sends 2nd highest number of students abroad for studies
• Few meaningful formal overseas relationships or links
• Unsubsidised private higher education sector is rapidly expanding
• But education remains not-for-profit sector
• Foreign universities interested to enter India
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Key Highlights
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Employers, education providers, and youth live in parallel universes.
The education-to-employment journey is fraught with obstacles.
The education-to-employment system fails for most employers and
young people.
Innovative and effective programs around the world have important
elements in common.
Creating a successful education-to-employment system requires new
incentives and structures.
Education-to-employment solutions need to scale up.

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India Education Scenario – A snapshot
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No. of
Institutions
Enrolment GER
Schools [1] 1,396,331 248,568,502
ITIs [2] 9,447 1,335,000
Polytechnics [1] 3,617 2,472,081
Colleges [1] 33,023
22,632,650 HE: 18.8%
Universities [1] 621
Source: [1] MHRD 2011-12, [2] 12th five year plan document

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Indian Higher Education
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Indian Higher Education
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Globalisation and HE - Key Dimensions
1. Employability
2. Student Mobility
3. Institutional exchanges and overseas campuses
4. MOOCs
5. Faculty Mobility
6. Research Collaborations
7. Regulations & legal framework
8. Accreditation and Quality Assurance Frameworks
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Key Areas
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Employability
Student Mobility
Institutional exchanges and overseas campuses
MOOCs

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The Supply Side of Skills
Join Degree,
~5M, 53%
Drop Out,
~4.5M, 47%
~9.5 million students enrolled in 12th Class
~4.5 million are left behind each year

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The Demand Side of Skills
High demand for entry and mid skills jobs
Healthcare workers
Banking and Retail sales agents,
Auto Technicians and Paramedics
Other white collar employees
Pic: IBAB BangalorePic: Bpovoice.com

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College and High School Graduates Ill-Equipped for Industry
Key Issues:
• Curriculum: Out-dated courses and inadequate
• Lack of practical orientation and apprenticeship
• Quantity and Quality of Faculty

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India Way Behind in Higher and Skill Education
India lags behind in vocational skills programs:
- Sweet spot for India’s growing economy and global demand
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
India Japan US UK China Germany
4.8%
40%
46%
50% 50%
65%
% of Students in Vocational Education
at Class 12 Level
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
12.4% 13%
19%
27% 31%
49% 54%
81%
Gross Enrolment Ratio for Higher
Education
India’s target : 21% GER by 2017 (12th
Five Year Plan)
Source : MHRD NVEQF & Planning Commission SCHE presentations
Source : Vital Stats: Higher Education in India, PRS Legislative
Research, Oct 2010

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Skilling Needs to Align with Shift in Economy
• Most of vocational education focused on Manufacturing industry
• 58% of India’s GDP now comes from Services Sector

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Opportunity for
employment
driven, accessible,
affordable, short-
cycle education
The Gap
Lack of adequate programs to produce job ready candidates
Polytechnics,
VETs, ITI, etc.
NGOs
Degree Colleges
GAP

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Companies Are Responding
• Narayana Health and Healthcare Consortium
• Maruti Suzuki and Automotive Council
• Retail Council
• ICICI and other Banking programs
• BPO Companies
LOSE-LOSE PROPOSITION

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Government (MHRD) has Responded
NSQF
• National framework and recognition of skills
education
School
Pilot
• Haryana pilot with 40 schools and 5,000 students
College
Pilot
• Community College pilot with 200 Colleges and
20,000 students
Colleges • Introduction of Four Year Undergraduate Program

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Key Areas
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Employability
Student Mobility
Institutional exchanges and overseas campuses
MOOCs

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International Mobility of Students
• Over 4.3 Million young people studying abroad for a degree.
• CAGR 6% (1990-2011)
• The largest numbers of international students are from China, India and Korea.
Asian students account for 53% of all students studying abroad worldwide.
• Drivers
• For Students
• Cheaper Travel and communication costs
• Cultural enrichment and improve language skills
• Get high-status qualifications
• Create advantage for themselves in competitive job market.
• For Governments
• Bring new skills back home (Fewer Indian students returning back)
• Forex earning
• Capacity Building Strategy (e.g. China)
• Increasing competition for the globetrotting young people
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Student Migrations
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Source: OECD Note July 2013

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Foreign Students in India
• ICCR Data: 309 / 546 scholarships ( General Cultural) availed in 2011
• Poor diplomacy of India embassies abroad
• Poor quality of education in many universities
• Alternative destinations more attractive
• Few thousand students come to India (IGNOU, Manipal, Pune, DU..)
• Cheaper education
• Private universities attracting students
• Allure of Indian culture, IT strengths and Bollywood!
• India is 11th most popular country for US students for studying abroad
• South Asian University (SAARC) set up in Delhi
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Key Areas
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Employability
Student Mobility
Institutional exchanges and overseas campuses
MOOCs

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Foreign HE Institutions in India
• Foreign Educational Institutions (Regulation for Entry and
Operations) Bill, 2010 - Pending
• AICTE has a scheme for collaboration / twinning programs for
technical education
• Government planning to release an executive order
• must be not-for-profit legal entities
• have been in existence for at least 20 years
• registered by an accrediting agency of the country concerned or by an
internationally accepted system of accreditation
• maintain a corpus of at least Rs. 25 Crores
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Indian Campuses overseas
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Key Areas
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Employability
Student Mobility
Institutional exchanges and overseas campuses
MOOCs

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How many students are learning online?
Last year, within the U.S., about 6.7 million students have taken at least
one online course (there are about 20 million higher education
students in the U.S.)
Last year, the growth rate was about 9%, with 570,000 new online
enrolments
The percentage of students taking at least one online course is 32%
Only 2.6% of institutions participate in or use a massive-online open
course (MOOC) system. 9.4% of the institutions are considering
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Source: Changing Course: Ten Years of Tracking Online Education in the United States. January, 2013. Babson Survey Research Group and Quahog Research Group.

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MOOCs (Massive Open Online Class)
• For-profit MOOC startups are emerging
• Udacity, Coursera, Udemy, Kahn Academy
• Coursera added 29 more universities, several from overseas to complement the initial 33
universities (March, 2013)
• Universities are experimenting with credit transfers from some of these courses
• Colorado State is piloting a computer class transfer (September, 2012) from Udacity
• California State will use Udacity to offer remedial algebra, statistics for $150 a course (January
2012)
• California is considering legislation to require credit transfer for overcrowded classes (March,
2013)
• Non-profit MOOCs have been announced
• EdX – a joint venture with Harvard, MIT, Berkeley, University of Texas
• Industry-university partnerships have been announced
• 2U: Northwestern, Duke, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and a few others (November, 2012)
• Academic Partnerships: ASU, University of Cincinnati, University of Arkansas, Cleveland State, Florida
International University, Utah State, University of Texas Arlington (January 2013)
• Expect more universities, companies with announcements in 2013 and 2014
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The Coursera Statistics
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MOOCs – The India Picture
• NPTEL – An early start
• Many tens of thousands of College
/ University teachers and students
have enrolled for one or more
course on Coursera
• IITs, NASSCOM and industry
coming together to offer MOOC
• IIT Delhi to offer big data course
on coursera this year
• IIT Bombay joined edX to offer
some of its regular courses online
• Coursera making mobile app for
students to access courses on
Akash tablets
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Discussion and Questions
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Thank You