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Higher levels of economic segregation are associated with lower incomes, particularly for black residents. Higher levels of racial segregation are associated with lower incomes for blacks, lower educational attainment for whites and blacks, and lower levels of safety for all area residents.”
A place-conscious approach can strengthen integrated strategies in poor neigh...Jonathan Dunnemann
Ample research evidence establishes that conditions in severely depressed neighborhoods undermine both the quality of daily life and the long-term life chances of parents and children. Policymakers and practitioners working to improve well-being and economic mobility in poor neighborhoods generally agree on the need for integrated approaches.
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HUD’s proposed affirmatively furthering fair housing rule brings increased attention to how regions and local jurisdictions actively plan for and encourage the production of affordable housing. Explore tools, resources and strategies local jurisdictions in Oregon can implement to address our housing needs.
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Tackling urban poverty and attending to its spatial manifestations is vitally important to national economic and social development. From a low of an estimated 28 percent of
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Building Communities of Opportunity in Massachusetts
1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF
OPPORTUNITY
Building Communities of
Opportunity in Massachusetts
February 26, 2009
Harvard Law School
Cambridge, MA
Jason Reece, AICP
Senior Researcher
The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race & Ethnicity
The Ohio State University
Reece.35@osu.edu
Presented by The Boston Lawyer Chapter of the American Constitution
Society and the Racial Justice Program of the American Civil Liberties Union
2. Section 1
Introduction
Background on this project
Origins (SR symposium)
KI mapping and legal
services
Today’s discussion
Opportunity matters
Mapping opportunity
Why and how…
Opportunity mapping in MA
Results
The intersection of
opportunity race and class
Opportunity, housing and the
foreclosure crisis
3. Section 2
Opportunity Matters: Space, Place, and Life
Outcomes
“Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a
position to be more likely to succeed or excel.
Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success:
High-quality education
Healthy and safe environment
Stable housing
Sustainable employment
Political empowerment
Outlets for wealth-building
Positive social networks
4. Opportunity Matters:
Neighborhoods & Access to Opportunity
Five decades of research
indicate that your environment
has a profound impact on your
access to opportunity and
likelihood of success
High poverty areas with poor
employment, underperforming
schools, distressed housing and
public health/safety risks
depress life outcomes
A system of disadvantage
Many manifestations
Urban, rural, suburban
People of color are far more
likely to live in opportunity
deprived neighborhoods and
communities
4
5. Which community would you choose?
To be safe and have positive health outcomes? For your kids to receive a quality
education? Which community would be better for employment and have a more
sustainable tax base?
6. What are the implications of
opportunity isolation?
Individual
Poor economic outcomes, lower educational outcomes,
degraded asset development
Poor health conditions, higher exposure and risk from
crime
Psychological distress, weak social and professional
networks
Community/Economy
High social costs, distressed and stressed communities,
fiscal challenges
Weakened civic engagement and democratic participation
Underdeveloped human capital, poor labor outlook, poor
economic development prospects
7. Section 3
Mapping Opportunity: Why and How
Inequality has a geographic footprint
Maps can visually track the history and presence of
discriminatory and exclusionary policies that spatially
segregate people
Identifying places with gaps in opportunity can help direct
future investment and identify structures which impede
access to opportunity
8. Mapping Opportunity: Why and How
The Kirwan Institute has
conducted “opportunity
mapping” for states and
metropolitan regions across
the US
Why identify the “State of
Opportunity”
How are low-income groups
situated in the State?
How are racial and ethnic groups
situated?
What can be done to improve the
opportunity landscape?
9. Opportunity Mapping in Litigation:
Thompson v. HUD (Remedial
Proposal)
Submitted expert reports in
both the liability and the
remedy phases of the
litigation, on behalf of
plaintiffs
Used GIS to analyze
current conditions of
segregated public housing
(liability phase) and frame
solutions for desegregation
(remedy phase) in a
regional context
10. Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods
and Indicators
How do you map opportunity?
Data representing community conditions was
gathered for neighborhood (census tracts)
across the state
Data for all indicators of community conditions
was aggregated to the Census Tract level and
analyzed to create a comprehensive opportunity
index for the census tracts (neighborhoods)
throughout the state
The opportunity index is then mapped and
census tracts are broken into quintiles based
on their opportunity score
Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, Very High
11. Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods
and Indicators
Three areas of
opportunity were
analyzed using GIS
mapping capability:
Education Quality and
Opportunity
Economic Health and
Transportation
Neighborhood Stability and
Health
12. Opportunity Mapping
Education Quality and Opportunity
Student Expenditures
Student Poverty Rate
Test Scores for Schools
Graduation and Dropout Rates
Teacher Qualifications
13. Opportunity Mapping
Economic Health and Transportation
Unemployment Rates
Population on Public Assistance
Proximity to Employment
Employment Change: 2000-2005
Mean Commute Time
14. Opportunity Mapping
Neighborhood Stability and Health
Home Values
Neighborhood Vacancy Rates
Crime
Neighborhood Poverty
Home Ownership Rate
Proximity to Toxic Waste Sites
Superfund Sites
21. Access to Opportunity:
Race, Ethnicity, and Class
Racialized isolation from neighborhoods of
opportunity is stunning in Massachusetts
Immigrants from Africa and Latin America were
found to be disproportionately concentrated in
low-opportunity neighborhoods
Racial isolation into low-opportunity
neighborhoods is more pronounced than
class-based segregation into these
communities
22. Access to Opportunity: Race
Racialized isolation from neighborhoods of
opportunity in Massachusetts:
More than 90% of African-American and Latino
households in were isolated in the lowest
opportunity neighborhoods in the State
Over 55% of Asian households were found in low-
opportunity neighborhoods
By contrast, only 31% of White, Non-Latino
households were found in low-opportunity
neighborhoods
29. Access to Opportunity: Immigrants
Non-native born Africans and Latinos are
disproportionately concentrated in low-
opportunity neighborhoods:
42% of European-born and 46% of Asian-born
residents live in low-opportunity neighborhoods
By contrast, more 70% of non-native born African
and Latin American residents live in low-
opportunity neighborhoods
30. Access to Opportunity: Class
Racial isolation into low-opportunity
neighborhoods is more pronounced than class-
based segregation into these communities
42% of low-income White households live in low-
opportunity communities, while 33% live in high-
opportunity community areas
By contrast, more than 95% of low-income Latinos,
93% of low-income African-Americans, and 71% of
low-income Asians live in low-opportunity
communities
Approximately 90% of high-income African-Americans
and Latinos live in low-opportunity communities
31.
32. Subsidized Housing and Communities of
Opportunity
Housing is a strategic intervention point into
opportunity and advancement
However, 100,000 (nearly 76%) subsidized
housing units in the State is in low-opportunity
communities
Only 17,000 units (roughly 12%) of subsidized
housing are in high-opportunity communities
33. Subsidized Housing and Communities of
Opportunity
Comprehensive Opportunity Map: Southeastern Massachusetts
34.
35. Residential Foreclosure and Opportunity
Over half of the State’s estimated amount of high-
cost HMDA loans, residential foreclosures, and
90-day residential foreclosures were located in
low-opportunity neighborhoods
This data shows the strong relationship between
poor lending practices, foreclosure, and
vacancy, all of which have been
disproportionately concentrated in low-
opportunity neighborhoods
36. Residential Foreclosure and Opportunity
Distribution of Residential Factors Across the Community Opportunity Spectrum
37.
38.
39.
40. Reflecting on these findings….
What does our analysis find and suggest?
People of color are disproportionately concentrated in
opportunity deprived communities
Which places them within a system of disadvantage that
ultimately impacts life outcomes
Creating both an individual and societal tragedy
Subsidized housing reinforces this opportunity
isolation
Foreclosures will widen the “opportunity divide” in the
State of Massachusetts
What are the implications of this challenge and
how can we formulate a response?
Opportunity based model of social justice and
community development
People, places and linkages
41. To access this report and other resources please
visit us on-line at: www.kirwaninstitute.org
41