The document discusses challenging racial inequalities and moving toward social justice. It addresses how racial identities are fluid and shaped by social situations. While significant progress has been made, racial disparities persist in areas like education, employment, and the criminal justice system. The election of Barack Obama did not erase these inequalities. The document advocates examining structural racialization and the interplay between institutions that produce racialized outcomes, rather than just focusing on individual intent. Moving forward requires changing how we think and act on issues of race.
This document summarizes key concepts from a seminar on whiteness and racialized otherness. It discusses racial fetishism originating from colonial times to refer to non-Western cultures and religions. It explores how fetishism involves projecting alienation and confining colonized groups to a biological existence. It also examines how race is a social construct that stereotypes create binary oppositions between an in-group and out-groups through othering. The document analyzes how power structures are maintained through perpetually reaffirming differences between self and threatening others.
Decolonising Brown History: The Power of Pluriversal PedagogiesEchoExpertisecentrum
Hoewel het postkolonialisme het einde van kolonialiteit suggereert, bewijst de hedendaagse sociale strijd rond etniciteit en cultuur het tegendeel. Racisme en zogenaamde ‘’colour prejudice’’ zijn een directe manifestatie van de koloniale orde die van oudsher het Westerse boven het niet-Westerse plaatst. Door het internaliseren van deze hiërarchische machtsdynamiek, strekt het kolonialisme ver voorbij de fysieke wereld en is de geest nog altijd gekoloniseerd, zelfs ondanks de vermeende onafhankelijkheid.
Het deconstrueren van de koloniale rationaliteit is dan ook noodzakelijk voor het verwezenlijken van ware onafhankelijkheid en bevrijding van de onderdrukkende Westerse kaders die op zijn beurt door de universaliteit van het Westen worden oplegt.
Onderwijs is essentieel voor dit proces van bevrijding, gezien het fundamentele belang van het afleren van kolonialiteit en het aanleren van dekolonialiteit om de geest volledig te dekoloniseren. Om dit bevrijdende potentieel te ontketenen, moet de pedagogische aard verschuiven van universeel naar pluriverseel, waarbij raciale en culturele verschillen worden erkend en omarmd. Een moreel rechtvaardig onderwijssysteem dat de nadruk legt op de deugden van respect en verantwoordelijkheid, is daarbij van essentieel belang om een gelijkwaardige samenleving te creëren, wat bevrijd is van koloniale connotaties.
This document summarizes a literature review that examines how intersectionality methodology has been applied in studies of Black women's experiences in higher education over the past 30 years. The review analyzes 680 studies and finds that 23 studies engaged Kimberlé Crenshaw's three-dimensional framework of intersectionality, which includes structural, political, and representational dimensions. While these studies seldom used the term "intersectionality," they employed four strategies that the review coins as "intersectionality methodology." The strategies provide a guide for applying intersectionality as a methodological tool in social science research.
This document discusses the concept of intersectionality, which refers to how social factors like gender, ethnicity, religion, etc. interact and affect inequalities. It provides examples of issues at the intersection of various factors, like certain forms of gender-based violence. It also discusses why intersectionality is sometimes ignored, such as because addressing minority issues could lead to assumptions that problems only affect minorities. Finally, it outlines six dilemmas in studying intersections, such as balancing structural influences with individual agency, and addressing intersecting issues without reducing their complex nature.
The document discusses the history and key aspects of feminism. It defines feminism as a social and political movement advocating for equal rights and opportunities between sexes. The summary covers three key points:
1) Feminism originated in the 19th century and has been divided into four waves focusing on women's suffrage, legal equality, diversity, and using social media to combat issues like sexual harassment.
2) First-wave feminism in the 19th-early 20th centuries focused on promoting equal rights in areas like contracts, marriage, parenting, and property. This led to women gaining the right to vote in countries like New Zealand, Australia, the UK, and US.
3) The
The document discusses several essays that address social issues related to oppression and social change. It summarizes the key points of each essay. Lorde's essay discusses systems of oppression that marginalize certain groups. Hooks challenges simplistic notions of oppression and calls for examining women's roles in systems of domination. Thompson discusses how rigid standards of masculinity impact behavior and violence. Ayvazian defines what it means to be an ally against oppression. Rothschild argues for demanding improved social policies that are attainable. The Black Lives Matter movement addresses ongoing racial inequities. Nakagawa discusses the importance of centering anti-black voices in racial justice work while still acknowledging other perspectives.
The document discusses several concepts related to social construction of difference and inequality. It describes how masculinity has been constructed historically through figures like the Genteel Patriarch and Marketplace Man. It also summarizes Susan Stryker's perspective on how transgender issues relate to regulating gender and social control. Additionally, it outlines Douglas Greenbaum's view that recessions are caused by societal tolerance of economic exploitation, not family values. Finally, it notes how disability has historically justified discrimination against other groups like women and immigrants.
This document summarizes key concepts from a seminar on whiteness and racialized otherness. It discusses racial fetishism originating from colonial times to refer to non-Western cultures and religions. It explores how fetishism involves projecting alienation and confining colonized groups to a biological existence. It also examines how race is a social construct that stereotypes create binary oppositions between an in-group and out-groups through othering. The document analyzes how power structures are maintained through perpetually reaffirming differences between self and threatening others.
Decolonising Brown History: The Power of Pluriversal PedagogiesEchoExpertisecentrum
Hoewel het postkolonialisme het einde van kolonialiteit suggereert, bewijst de hedendaagse sociale strijd rond etniciteit en cultuur het tegendeel. Racisme en zogenaamde ‘’colour prejudice’’ zijn een directe manifestatie van de koloniale orde die van oudsher het Westerse boven het niet-Westerse plaatst. Door het internaliseren van deze hiërarchische machtsdynamiek, strekt het kolonialisme ver voorbij de fysieke wereld en is de geest nog altijd gekoloniseerd, zelfs ondanks de vermeende onafhankelijkheid.
Het deconstrueren van de koloniale rationaliteit is dan ook noodzakelijk voor het verwezenlijken van ware onafhankelijkheid en bevrijding van de onderdrukkende Westerse kaders die op zijn beurt door de universaliteit van het Westen worden oplegt.
Onderwijs is essentieel voor dit proces van bevrijding, gezien het fundamentele belang van het afleren van kolonialiteit en het aanleren van dekolonialiteit om de geest volledig te dekoloniseren. Om dit bevrijdende potentieel te ontketenen, moet de pedagogische aard verschuiven van universeel naar pluriverseel, waarbij raciale en culturele verschillen worden erkend en omarmd. Een moreel rechtvaardig onderwijssysteem dat de nadruk legt op de deugden van respect en verantwoordelijkheid, is daarbij van essentieel belang om een gelijkwaardige samenleving te creëren, wat bevrijd is van koloniale connotaties.
This document summarizes a literature review that examines how intersectionality methodology has been applied in studies of Black women's experiences in higher education over the past 30 years. The review analyzes 680 studies and finds that 23 studies engaged Kimberlé Crenshaw's three-dimensional framework of intersectionality, which includes structural, political, and representational dimensions. While these studies seldom used the term "intersectionality," they employed four strategies that the review coins as "intersectionality methodology." The strategies provide a guide for applying intersectionality as a methodological tool in social science research.
This document discusses the concept of intersectionality, which refers to how social factors like gender, ethnicity, religion, etc. interact and affect inequalities. It provides examples of issues at the intersection of various factors, like certain forms of gender-based violence. It also discusses why intersectionality is sometimes ignored, such as because addressing minority issues could lead to assumptions that problems only affect minorities. Finally, it outlines six dilemmas in studying intersections, such as balancing structural influences with individual agency, and addressing intersecting issues without reducing their complex nature.
The document discusses the history and key aspects of feminism. It defines feminism as a social and political movement advocating for equal rights and opportunities between sexes. The summary covers three key points:
1) Feminism originated in the 19th century and has been divided into four waves focusing on women's suffrage, legal equality, diversity, and using social media to combat issues like sexual harassment.
2) First-wave feminism in the 19th-early 20th centuries focused on promoting equal rights in areas like contracts, marriage, parenting, and property. This led to women gaining the right to vote in countries like New Zealand, Australia, the UK, and US.
3) The
The document discusses several essays that address social issues related to oppression and social change. It summarizes the key points of each essay. Lorde's essay discusses systems of oppression that marginalize certain groups. Hooks challenges simplistic notions of oppression and calls for examining women's roles in systems of domination. Thompson discusses how rigid standards of masculinity impact behavior and violence. Ayvazian defines what it means to be an ally against oppression. Rothschild argues for demanding improved social policies that are attainable. The Black Lives Matter movement addresses ongoing racial inequities. Nakagawa discusses the importance of centering anti-black voices in racial justice work while still acknowledging other perspectives.
The document discusses several concepts related to social construction of difference and inequality. It describes how masculinity has been constructed historically through figures like the Genteel Patriarch and Marketplace Man. It also summarizes Susan Stryker's perspective on how transgender issues relate to regulating gender and social control. Additionally, it outlines Douglas Greenbaum's view that recessions are caused by societal tolerance of economic exploitation, not family values. Finally, it notes how disability has historically justified discrimination against other groups like women and immigrants.
Globalisation and Educational ResearchDavid R Cole
The document discusses how globalization produces fragmented power relations through scattered worlds that are profit-oriented. It explores how imagination can both discipline citizens through states and markets, but also enable collective dissent and new designs for collective life. Several concepts are examined, including Guattari's concern with assemblages of enunciation that forge new interpretations, the four divisions of the unconscious, passages from subjected to subject groups, and abstract machines that reshape subjectivity and relationships. The document also looks at Sudanese families in Australia, young Muslims in Australia using Facebook, and how globalized identities determine difference and imaginations.
Feminism has significantly influenced sociology in two main ways. First, it has brought to light issues that were previously overlooked, such as women's experiences. Second, it has criticized traditional sociological methods for reinforcing hierarchies between researchers and subjects. In response, feminist researchers have advocated more collaborative methods. However, critics argue that feminist methodology does not eliminate power imbalances and early feminism did not consider the experiences of all women.
This document discusses social justice and oppression of marginalized groups. It defines social justice and oppression, then outlines different types of oppression including primary, secondary, tertiary, and mixed oppression. It also discusses five faces of oppression: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence according to Iris Marion Young. The document further explains concepts like social constructionism, racial formation, white privilege, and redlining to analyze how social differences are constructed and used to oppress certain groups.
The document discusses several key themes related to race and ethnicity including:
1. Structural inequalities exist for some minority ethnic groups in areas like education, employment, housing that see them experience disadvantages even when well qualified.
2. Race and ethnicity are socially constructed concepts, with race based on physical criteria and ethnicity based on cultural criteria.
3. Theories around the instrumental vs. primordial nature of ethnicity and how it relates to concepts like class, capital, and power dynamics in society.
4. The representation of race in media often falls into exotic, dangerous, humorous or pitied tropes.
Intersectionality and Socioeconomic Resourcesjdubrow2000
The document discusses different approaches to analyzing intersectionality in quantitative analysis of cross-national survey data. It presents data from the European Social Survey on socioeconomic resources by intersections of gender, ethnicity, and class in France and Germany. Those with multiple disadvantaged demographic categories have lower socioeconomic resources on average, supporting the theory of cumulative disadvantage.
Globalization, gender politics and the mediaCarolina Matos
The document summarizes research on gender inequality and media representation in Latin America, with a focus on Brazil. It discusses the history of women's rights movements in Latin America and Brazil's progression towards gender equality. While improvements have been made through new laws and policies, challenges remain. The representation of women in Brazilian media continues to rely on stereotypes, emphasizing physical attractiveness over accomplishments. However, some positive changes have occurred with more women entering politics and the workforce. Overall, the research aims to analyze ongoing issues of gender inequality and assess media's role in perpetuating or challenging stereotypes.
Presented by Markus Ihalainen, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya, on August 29, 2017.
The document discusses how media shapes identities and how hegemonic discourses promote dominant identities over others. It provides definitions for key terms like mediation, hegemony, and collective identity. It also examines how media representations have historically framed black Britons as problems or threats by focusing on issues like immigration, employment, and housing in a way that positioned them against white Britons. Research studies discussed found media representations influence public attitudes and how minority groups see themselves.
The document discusses the origins and goals of several social movements, including #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and reproductive justice. It notes that #BlackLivesMatter was created by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi in response to the murder of Trayvon Martin. Tarana Burke created the #MeToo movement in 2006 to support black women and girls who had experienced sexual violence. Reproductive justice originated in 1994 and takes an intersectional approach, advocating for rights beyond just abortion access, such as healthcare, education and the right to parent. Storytelling is an important part of reproductive justice frameworks.
Exploring cases of ethnic and racial disparities in theAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on theories of ethnicity and race and perspectives on inequalities based on ethnicity and race. It discusses three main theoretical approaches to understanding ethnicity and race: primordialist theories which see ethnic identity as fixed at birth, instrumental theories which view ethnicity as something that can be manipulated for political or economic ends, and constructivist theories which see ethnic identity as fluid and constructed in social contexts. It also examines functionalist and conflict perspectives on inequalities, with functionalism focusing on assimilation and pluralism, and conflict theory emphasizing how dominant groups use power to divide groups along racial and ethnic lines for their own benefit.
David Gauntlett argues that the media plays an important role in how individuals construct their identity. It provides models and representations that people can use to think through questions about their identity, lifestyle, and ways of expressing themselves. However, the process of identity formation is complex, as identities can change depending on circumstances and media messages. Gauntlett also questions whether the idea of individual uniqueness is an illusion, suggesting that people may be more similar than they think.
This document discusses several topics related to maintaining social hierarchies, including:
1) How stereotypes can become self-fulfilling prophecies that push people into stereotyped roles.
2) How women's worth and access to resources is often determined by their ability to attract men and get married.
3) How institutions in the US tend to be organized in ways that promote capitalist and corporate interests over democracy.
Feminism and Citizenship: Multiculturalism and GlobalisationStar Lyngdoh
Feminism and citizenship were once distinct areas, but feminism argues that without basic rights and duties, women cannot truly be considered citizens. Multiculturalism encourages cultural diversity and global integration, while globalization leads to interconnectedness between nations and the spread of ideas, goods, and people. Together, multiculturalism and globalization can create opportunities by embracing diversity, but they also risk weakening morality and centralized decision-making. Modern changes have supported greater gender equality and participation in public life as full citizens.
This document discusses the relationship between the African communitarian conception of personhood and gender. It makes four key points:
1) It argues that the supposed gender-neutrality of the African communitarian idea of personhood ignores issues of gender violence and discrimination.
2) It surveys literature on communitarian personhood in African thought and argues it is often construed as gender-neutral.
3) It contends that the relational and community-based nature of communitarian personhood indicates it is actually a gendered notion, in conflict with assumptions of gender-neutrality.
4) It examines Ifi Amadiume's position that gender in traditional African cultures was fluid and complementary,
The document discusses intersectionality and feminism, covering several topics:
1) It introduces the waves of feminism, including first wave, second wave, and third wave feminism.
2) It discusses the works and views of Silvia Federici, the Combahee River Collective, and Audre Lorde regarding the importance of considering gender as well as race, class, sexuality and other identities.
3) Federici, the Collective, and Lorde argue that the major systems of oppression are interlocking and you cannot have a feminist politics without also having an anti-racist politics.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document provides an overview of several key feminist theorists and concepts in feminist theory. It discusses the work and ideas of theorists including Dorothy Smith, Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, Carol Gilligan, Joan Brumberg, and Barbara Risman. Some of the main concepts covered include liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, postmodern feminism, and doing gender. It also discusses Gilligan's work on gender differences in moral development and Risman's concept of "gender vertigo."
Week 5 book group Race Matters by Dr. Cornel WestPaul Wickline
This summary provides the key details about Cornel West's book "Race Matters" in 3 sentences:
Cornel West examines the systemic racism and white supremacy ingrained in American society that inflicts "ontological wounds and emotional scars" on Black Americans. He argues that the loss of effective Black cultural, religious, and civic institutions combined with the influence of the media and consumerism have led to a decline in values and meaning for Black communities. West calls for a new ethical framework centered around acknowledging the humanity in all people in order to address the racial inequalities and moral failings of American society.
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Define culture;
2. Identify and describe the components of culture;
3. Identify and describe key concepts relating to cultural diversity;
4. Recognize components of culture and cultural diversity in popular culture examples;
5. Provide examples of subcultures and countercultures;
6. Differentiate cultural exchange from cultural appropriation;
7. Describe what is meant by 'cyberculture'
The document summarizes a talk given by John Powell on structural racialization. Powell discusses how, despite the election of Barack Obama, racial inequalities persist in areas like education and the criminal justice system. He argues that prematurely declaring a post-racial status ignores the continued barriers that marginalized groups face. Powell also examines how implicit biases, institutional arrangements, and public policies have collectively contributed to ongoing racial disparities, even without explicitly racist actors.
John A. Powell discussed structural racialization and opportunity structures. Structural racialization refers to how institutions interact to produce racialized outcomes, even without racist intent. Opportunity structures like housing, employment, education are not equally available to all people. Some benefit from structures that act like an "up escalator" while others face structures like a "down escalator". A systems approach is needed to address how global trends and changing conditions impact opportunity.
The document discusses the role of government and structural racialization. It begins by noting that government policies and decisions have created the conditions for current racial disparities. It then discusses how the Federal Housing Administration promoted segregation through redlining and other discriminatory policies. The document also discusses shifting views of the role of government, both domestically in the US and globally, noting tensions between anti-government sentiment and desire for job creation. It concludes by contrasting views of poverty and the role of the state between the US and European countries.
Globalisation and Educational ResearchDavid R Cole
The document discusses how globalization produces fragmented power relations through scattered worlds that are profit-oriented. It explores how imagination can both discipline citizens through states and markets, but also enable collective dissent and new designs for collective life. Several concepts are examined, including Guattari's concern with assemblages of enunciation that forge new interpretations, the four divisions of the unconscious, passages from subjected to subject groups, and abstract machines that reshape subjectivity and relationships. The document also looks at Sudanese families in Australia, young Muslims in Australia using Facebook, and how globalized identities determine difference and imaginations.
Feminism has significantly influenced sociology in two main ways. First, it has brought to light issues that were previously overlooked, such as women's experiences. Second, it has criticized traditional sociological methods for reinforcing hierarchies between researchers and subjects. In response, feminist researchers have advocated more collaborative methods. However, critics argue that feminist methodology does not eliminate power imbalances and early feminism did not consider the experiences of all women.
This document discusses social justice and oppression of marginalized groups. It defines social justice and oppression, then outlines different types of oppression including primary, secondary, tertiary, and mixed oppression. It also discusses five faces of oppression: exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence according to Iris Marion Young. The document further explains concepts like social constructionism, racial formation, white privilege, and redlining to analyze how social differences are constructed and used to oppress certain groups.
The document discusses several key themes related to race and ethnicity including:
1. Structural inequalities exist for some minority ethnic groups in areas like education, employment, housing that see them experience disadvantages even when well qualified.
2. Race and ethnicity are socially constructed concepts, with race based on physical criteria and ethnicity based on cultural criteria.
3. Theories around the instrumental vs. primordial nature of ethnicity and how it relates to concepts like class, capital, and power dynamics in society.
4. The representation of race in media often falls into exotic, dangerous, humorous or pitied tropes.
Intersectionality and Socioeconomic Resourcesjdubrow2000
The document discusses different approaches to analyzing intersectionality in quantitative analysis of cross-national survey data. It presents data from the European Social Survey on socioeconomic resources by intersections of gender, ethnicity, and class in France and Germany. Those with multiple disadvantaged demographic categories have lower socioeconomic resources on average, supporting the theory of cumulative disadvantage.
Globalization, gender politics and the mediaCarolina Matos
The document summarizes research on gender inequality and media representation in Latin America, with a focus on Brazil. It discusses the history of women's rights movements in Latin America and Brazil's progression towards gender equality. While improvements have been made through new laws and policies, challenges remain. The representation of women in Brazilian media continues to rely on stereotypes, emphasizing physical attractiveness over accomplishments. However, some positive changes have occurred with more women entering politics and the workforce. Overall, the research aims to analyze ongoing issues of gender inequality and assess media's role in perpetuating or challenging stereotypes.
Presented by Markus Ihalainen, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya, on August 29, 2017.
The document discusses how media shapes identities and how hegemonic discourses promote dominant identities over others. It provides definitions for key terms like mediation, hegemony, and collective identity. It also examines how media representations have historically framed black Britons as problems or threats by focusing on issues like immigration, employment, and housing in a way that positioned them against white Britons. Research studies discussed found media representations influence public attitudes and how minority groups see themselves.
The document discusses the origins and goals of several social movements, including #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and reproductive justice. It notes that #BlackLivesMatter was created by Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi in response to the murder of Trayvon Martin. Tarana Burke created the #MeToo movement in 2006 to support black women and girls who had experienced sexual violence. Reproductive justice originated in 1994 and takes an intersectional approach, advocating for rights beyond just abortion access, such as healthcare, education and the right to parent. Storytelling is an important part of reproductive justice frameworks.
Exploring cases of ethnic and racial disparities in theAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on theories of ethnicity and race and perspectives on inequalities based on ethnicity and race. It discusses three main theoretical approaches to understanding ethnicity and race: primordialist theories which see ethnic identity as fixed at birth, instrumental theories which view ethnicity as something that can be manipulated for political or economic ends, and constructivist theories which see ethnic identity as fluid and constructed in social contexts. It also examines functionalist and conflict perspectives on inequalities, with functionalism focusing on assimilation and pluralism, and conflict theory emphasizing how dominant groups use power to divide groups along racial and ethnic lines for their own benefit.
David Gauntlett argues that the media plays an important role in how individuals construct their identity. It provides models and representations that people can use to think through questions about their identity, lifestyle, and ways of expressing themselves. However, the process of identity formation is complex, as identities can change depending on circumstances and media messages. Gauntlett also questions whether the idea of individual uniqueness is an illusion, suggesting that people may be more similar than they think.
This document discusses several topics related to maintaining social hierarchies, including:
1) How stereotypes can become self-fulfilling prophecies that push people into stereotyped roles.
2) How women's worth and access to resources is often determined by their ability to attract men and get married.
3) How institutions in the US tend to be organized in ways that promote capitalist and corporate interests over democracy.
Feminism and Citizenship: Multiculturalism and GlobalisationStar Lyngdoh
Feminism and citizenship were once distinct areas, but feminism argues that without basic rights and duties, women cannot truly be considered citizens. Multiculturalism encourages cultural diversity and global integration, while globalization leads to interconnectedness between nations and the spread of ideas, goods, and people. Together, multiculturalism and globalization can create opportunities by embracing diversity, but they also risk weakening morality and centralized decision-making. Modern changes have supported greater gender equality and participation in public life as full citizens.
This document discusses the relationship between the African communitarian conception of personhood and gender. It makes four key points:
1) It argues that the supposed gender-neutrality of the African communitarian idea of personhood ignores issues of gender violence and discrimination.
2) It surveys literature on communitarian personhood in African thought and argues it is often construed as gender-neutral.
3) It contends that the relational and community-based nature of communitarian personhood indicates it is actually a gendered notion, in conflict with assumptions of gender-neutrality.
4) It examines Ifi Amadiume's position that gender in traditional African cultures was fluid and complementary,
The document discusses intersectionality and feminism, covering several topics:
1) It introduces the waves of feminism, including first wave, second wave, and third wave feminism.
2) It discusses the works and views of Silvia Federici, the Combahee River Collective, and Audre Lorde regarding the importance of considering gender as well as race, class, sexuality and other identities.
3) Federici, the Collective, and Lorde argue that the major systems of oppression are interlocking and you cannot have a feminist politics without also having an anti-racist politics.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The document provides an overview of several key feminist theorists and concepts in feminist theory. It discusses the work and ideas of theorists including Dorothy Smith, Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, Carol Gilligan, Joan Brumberg, and Barbara Risman. Some of the main concepts covered include liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, postmodern feminism, and doing gender. It also discusses Gilligan's work on gender differences in moral development and Risman's concept of "gender vertigo."
Week 5 book group Race Matters by Dr. Cornel WestPaul Wickline
This summary provides the key details about Cornel West's book "Race Matters" in 3 sentences:
Cornel West examines the systemic racism and white supremacy ingrained in American society that inflicts "ontological wounds and emotional scars" on Black Americans. He argues that the loss of effective Black cultural, religious, and civic institutions combined with the influence of the media and consumerism have led to a decline in values and meaning for Black communities. West calls for a new ethical framework centered around acknowledging the humanity in all people in order to address the racial inequalities and moral failings of American society.
48-110 (Foundations of Social Life) - Lesson Objectives:
1. Define culture;
2. Identify and describe the components of culture;
3. Identify and describe key concepts relating to cultural diversity;
4. Recognize components of culture and cultural diversity in popular culture examples;
5. Provide examples of subcultures and countercultures;
6. Differentiate cultural exchange from cultural appropriation;
7. Describe what is meant by 'cyberculture'
The document summarizes a talk given by John Powell on structural racialization. Powell discusses how, despite the election of Barack Obama, racial inequalities persist in areas like education and the criminal justice system. He argues that prematurely declaring a post-racial status ignores the continued barriers that marginalized groups face. Powell also examines how implicit biases, institutional arrangements, and public policies have collectively contributed to ongoing racial disparities, even without explicitly racist actors.
John A. Powell discussed structural racialization and opportunity structures. Structural racialization refers to how institutions interact to produce racialized outcomes, even without racist intent. Opportunity structures like housing, employment, education are not equally available to all people. Some benefit from structures that act like an "up escalator" while others face structures like a "down escalator". A systems approach is needed to address how global trends and changing conditions impact opportunity.
The document discusses the role of government and structural racialization. It begins by noting that government policies and decisions have created the conditions for current racial disparities. It then discusses how the Federal Housing Administration promoted segregation through redlining and other discriminatory policies. The document also discusses shifting views of the role of government, both domestically in the US and globally, noting tensions between anti-government sentiment and desire for job creation. It concludes by contrasting views of poverty and the role of the state between the US and European countries.
1) The document discusses structural racialization, which examines how systems and institutions interact to create and maintain racial inequalities and disparate outcomes, beyond individual racism.
2) An example is given of how segregated housing leads to unequal access to quality education, employment, healthcare, and other opportunities.
3) The legacy of policies like the GI Bill is discussed, which provided benefits that widened the racial wealth and education gaps by how benefits were implemented at the local level.
4) The document argues for a systemic analysis of interconnected institutions, rather than focusing on individual actors, to understand and address racial inequalities.
The document discusses structural racialization, implicit bias, and systems thinking in relation to race. It notes that implicit bias resides in our unconscious networks and influences our perceptions in ways we are often unaware of. Tests have shown widespread implicit bias against non-whites. The document advocates considering how people are situated within relationships and processes, and recognizing that racialized outcomes do not require racist actors.
This document summarizes strategies for having effective inter-racial dialogues about race. It discusses why talking about race is important, why it is difficult, and strategies that can make discussions more productive. These include not blaming individuals, rejecting false dichotomies, focusing on desired outcomes rather than disparities, and acknowledging implicit bias and structural racialization. The goal is to have a transformative dialogue that promotes equal opportunity and democratic values.
1. The document discusses building a multiracial movement through transformation, not just transactions, by recognizing our interconnectedness and linked fate across racial groups.
2. It emphasizes the need to have honest discussions about race, understand how implicit biases and framing shape perceptions, and work towards arrangements where all groups benefit through targeted universalism.
3. True transformation requires changing individual mindsets and rearranging institutions to be more equitable and mutually supportive of diversity, rather than just negotiating the current unequal systems.
1. The document discusses the need to think and talk about race in transformative ways to address racial disparities and promote social justice. It argues that race plays a critical role in social structures and outcomes.
2. It outlines four common frames used to minimize discussions of race and challenges the need to confront these frames. It also discusses how affirmative action addresses racial inequalities and the negative impacts of bans on affirmative action.
3. The document emphasizes the need for a transformative approach that changes societal structures, as opposed to just assisting individuals, to create fair access to opportunities.
This document discusses racism and tools to identify and undo it. It defines racism as systemic oppression of one race by another through economic, political, social, and psychological means. Racism is prejudice plus power operating through institutions and structures. Dismantling racism requires simultaneously addressing economic oppression. Racism persists in areas like education, housing, criminal justice, and opposition to affirmative action and immigrants. Overcoming racism is a lifelong struggle that requires self-education, listening to people of color, and challenging privilege and unearned advantage that perpetuates injustice.
John Powell presented on thinking transformatively about race, opportunity, and social justice. He discussed how race is a social construction and the need to address structural racial inequities rather than blame individuals or cultures. Powell also outlined how poverty impacts communities of all races through "linked fate" and presented data showing racial disparities in poverty rates. He argued for moving beyond individual-focused, transactional approaches to addressing racial inequities through structural and institutional transformation.
The document summarizes a speech given by John Powell on race, place, and access to opportunity. Powell discusses how structures and policies can interact to create and perpetuate racial disparities, even without racist actors. He argues that opportunity is unevenly distributed based on race due to a history of discriminatory policies across domains like housing, education, and transportation. Changing implicit biases and aligning values and structures are important for promoting equitable access to opportunities for all.
Structural racialization is a process by which inter-institutional interactions produce racialized group disparities. It provides a lens for understanding how subtle interactions between institutions can maintain racial inequality, even without racist actors. The case of Thompson v. HUD illustrates this concept, showing how the lack of affordable housing, segregated schools, and employment barriers interacted over decades through the actions of housing, education, and employment institutions as well as government agencies like HUD to create and perpetuate racial segregation in Baltimore. Analyzing issues through the framework of structural racialization rather than just individual racism can provide greater insight into how racial inequality persists systemically.
This document summarizes key points from a talk on spirituality, identity, and social justice. It discusses how identities are complex and intersectional. It argues for moving beyond an isolated view of self towards an interdependent model of connectedness. It explores how existential and social suffering are interrelated, and how spiritual development involves working for social transformation and justice. It examines the social construction of racial categories and how race operates as a fluid social space rather than fixed biology.
This document summarizes John Powell's keynote presentation on effectively talking about race at the YWCA Leadership Forum on Equity and Inclusion in Cleveland, Ohio. Powell discussed three main areas for transformative change in the racial paradigm: how we talk about race through language and messaging; how framing and implicit biases impact thinking; and linking understandings of race to institutional arrangements and policies. He emphasized that the question is not whether we should talk about race, but how to do so constructively by considering effective messaging strategies and moving beyond false dichotomies.
This document summarizes a presentation given by John Powell on implicit bias and achieving true integration in schools. It discusses how implicit bias can influence racial categorization and perceptions. It also defines true integration as going beyond representation to transform institutions and bring about intergroup relations based on equality. The benefits of diverse educational settings are outlined, and examples are provided of what true integration looks like within classrooms, schools, and districts. Legal considerations after the Parents Involved decision are also addressed.
The document discusses the need to change how we talk about, think about, and act on issues of race. It notes that implicit or unconscious biases related to race are difficult to address when discussing race openly. The author advocates reframing discussions around shared values like unity, fairness and opportunity to create an empathetic space. He also argues that transformative change requires understanding how language shapes perceptions of race and how framing impacts racial thinking on both explicit and implicit levels. By linking individual fates instead of separating them along racial lines, progress can be made.
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John A. Powell discussed structural racialization and opportunity in Seattle. He explained that structural racialization involves mutually reinforcing policies and institutions that restrict opportunity and perpetuate racial disparities, often through spatial segregation. Considering how institutions interact as systems is important to understand opportunity and racialized outcomes. Analyzing specific regions requires thinking about structures and social relationships that mediate access to resources like housing, employment, education and transportation.
This document discusses critical race theory and the intersection of race and class. It makes three key points:
1) Race and class are co-constitutive and intersect at individual, group, and societal levels, shaping identity and inequality over time. The exclusion of non-whites from New Deal programs entrenched structural racial inequality.
2) Opportunity structures in domains like housing, employment, education sort individuals and groups in racialized ways. A shift is needed to examine how institutions collectively racialize opportunities.
3) Corporate power increasingly shapes key areas of life and diminishes public and private spaces, with implications for civil rights that are debated in issues like Citizens United.
True integration goes beyond just representation and involves strengthening commitment to collaboratively identify inter-district best practices. It requires understanding how cumulative disadvantages interact within systems to place students of color at an early academic disadvantage. Moving from confusion to understanding and action on integration requires stressing its importance for developing effective citizens and social cohesion in an increasingly globalized world. It also means understanding that true integration positively accepts desegregation and involves genuine intergroup participation.
Similar to Challenging Racialized Structures and Moving Toward Social Justice (20)
The Kirwan Institute’s past year was marked by wide-ranging accomplishments which touched all three U.S. coastlines and many areas in between, with significant impact right here at The Ohio State University.
This document summarizes a presentation on broadband availability and its relationship to race, income, and location. It explores these relationships through case studies of Los Angeles, Chicago, and South Carolina. The main findings are that income was a more significant determinant of broadband deployment than race alone, availability varies between urban and rural areas, and adoption remains an issue even with some level of competition and availability. Going forward, the researchers intend to further examine availability versus adoption, the role of cost and service type, and speed. Data and technical challenges for the analysis are also discussed.
This document discusses the role of federal policy in promoting or limiting opportunities for low-income people and people of color in America. It provides historical examples of how policies around schooling, housing, transportation and lending influenced racial inequities that persist today. It also examines unemployment insurance and finds that while Black and Latino Americans face higher unemployment rates, they are underrepresented among recipients of unemployment benefits compared to their share of the unemployed population. Geographic distribution of minority groups in states with less generous unemployment systems as well as ineligibility factors may partially explain these disparities.
This document provides recommendations for updating Ohio's 1980 diversity policy. It recommends reaffirming commitment to diversity and reducing racial isolation. It also recommends supporting voluntary diversity policies, conducting diversity assessments of new schools/closures, diversifying staff, expanding diversity training, limiting zero tolerance policies, expanding successful magnet programs, monitoring referral rates and representation in advanced courses, and promoting comprehensive counseling programs. The goal is to foster inclusive, equitable and diverse learning environments.
The document discusses using a targeted universalism approach to promote racial equity by changing the geography of opportunity. It provides examples of how targeted universal policies in Portland and the Neighborhood Stabilization Program invested in communities hardest hit by crises while also providing access to higher opportunity areas. The document advocates for a multi-faceted approach including opportunity mapping to coordinate regional investments in people, places, and connections to expand access to high opportunity communities.
This document summarizes the history of school desegregation efforts in the United States following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that ruled racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. It discusses the phases of desegregation including massive resistance in the South, courts enforcing desegregation through rulings like Green v. County School Board and Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg, desegregation moving to northern states through cases like Keyes v. School District No. 1 and Penick v. Columbus Board of Education, and the limiting of desegregation through rulings like Milliken v. Bradley. It also examines trends of resegregation and the impacts of segregation on opportunities and outcomes.
This document discusses potential reasons for the underrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos among unemployment insurance (UI) beneficiaries. It finds that:
1) African Americans and Latinos experienced higher unemployment during the recession but were also overrepresented among the long-term unemployed.
2) While recipiency rates were around 40% for whites, they were lower for African Americans and Latinos, ranging from 32-39%.
3) Geographic distribution of racial groups may play a role, as African Americans and Latinos are more concentrated in states with lower UI recipiency rates. Implicit bias and discretion in the UI system could also potentially contribute to underrepresentation of minorities.
This document summarizes a seminar on access to higher education presented by Jason Reece at Ohio State University. The seminar discussed unequal access to higher education in Ohio as a form of inequity and examined what drives disparate educational outcomes in the state and what can be done to improve access. Reece, a senior researcher at the Kirwan Institute, explored how systemic barriers to higher education represent inequity in Ohio and how providing greater access promotes greater equity.
This document discusses facing issues of race and humanity. It notes that while we may unconsciously think about and hold biases related to race even with sincerely egalitarian attitudes, avoiding discussions of race does not make bias go away. Having open conversations about race, though difficult, is important. It concludes by providing information about the Kirwan Institute and its work related to issues of race.
Jason Reece gave a lecture on using GIS and mapping for advocacy and promoting equity. He discussed how maps can effectively display spatial inequities related to race, class, and other social factors. He provided examples of opportunity mapping projects conducted by the Kirwan Institute to analyze access to education, jobs, housing and other opportunities. Reece explained how these maps have informed programs and policies to improve opportunities for disadvantaged communities.
This document discusses using mapping and spatial analysis to advance advocacy and social justice. It provides examples of how opportunity mapping has been used in litigation, research, and policymaking to illustrate disparities, propose solutions, and measure impact. Opportunity mapping combines quantitative data analysis with narrative to identify gaps in access to critical resources and structures. The approach has informed fair housing legal cases, program evaluation, and efforts to direct investment to disadvantaged communities.
Community engagement builds social capital by cultivating long-term relationships and developing a shared community vision. However, community engagement has declined as private life replaces public life and diversity decreases social capital. Disadvantaged communities face additional challenges to engagement like decades of disinvestment, poverty, and underperforming schools. To rebuild engagement requires long-term efforts that empower local leadership, allow diverse voices to be heard, and foster trust through shared responsibility between community groups.
The document discusses structural barriers to opportunity and how they disproportionately impact marginalized communities. It provides an overview of the Kirwan Institute's work studying how systems produce racial inequities and analyzing neighborhoods' access to opportunities like education and employment. It then examines how policies historically enforced inequity and how racial segregation persists spatially and in schools. The document concludes by analyzing disparate impacts of the recent recession, like higher unemployment rates for Black and Latino communities in Ohio.
I apologize, upon further reflection my previous statement about "conscious or unconscious" was an oversimplification. Implicit biases are complex and exist within social, historical, and institutional contexts that shape our perceptions and behaviors in ways that are not always conscious or intentional. A more nuanced understanding is needed.
The document discusses the disproportionate impacts of the recession on minorities and calls for a more equitable recovery. It summarizes data showing higher unemployment rates among minorities, in areas with larger minority populations, and at the intersections of geography and race. While the stimulus provided relief, more targeted investments are needed to assist communities hardest hit and develop opportunities for minorities. The Kirwan Institute advocates for policies that combine universal goals with targeted approaches to promote a fair recovery.
This document discusses the impacts of the recession and economic crisis. It notes that the recession has hit communities unevenly across states and demographics. Certain groups, such as Black and Latino youth, have faced particularly high unemployment rates. The response to the recession through policies like the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act aimed to stimulate the economy and assist those most impacted, but there are questions around whether the recovery has reached all communities equally and how future policies and investments can better promote equity.
Jason Reece from the Kirwan Institute presented on using mapping to advocate for equity issues, explaining how maps can effectively display spatial inequities and discussing opportunity mapping projects in various states and regions to analyze access to education, jobs, housing and other opportunity indicators. The presentation covered case studies of how opportunity mapping has informed legal services, housing programs, and other advocacy efforts to address racial and social inequities.
This document discusses approaches to diversity in the 21st century United States. It notes that the U.S. population is highly diverse, with the largest ethnic groups being non-Hispanic whites, Latinos, African Americans, and Asians. In higher education, 64.4% of students are white with the remaining being various minority groups. The document advocates moving beyond a numerical definition of diversity to a contextual approach that considers power structures and marginalization. It argues for recognizing how differences are socially constructed rather than natural in order to implement meaningful diversity initiatives.
The document provides an overview of the challenges facing black males in the areas of economics, education, and family structure based on research data. It then discusses some community assets and strengths that can help address these challenges, such as the growth of black-owned businesses, political representation, coalitions between black and immigrant communities, and potential funders interested in supporting black male achievement initiatives.
The document discusses the interconnected issues of fair housing and fair credit. It notes that unequal dual housing and credit markets developed together due to discriminatory policies like redlining. Moving forward, the document argues that reforming the financial system requires addressing its racial inequities and ensuring all communities have access to fair and affordable credit. Local context matters, so solutions require input from communities most affected by lending abuses and lack of access to financial services and homeownership opportunities.
More from Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity (20)
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
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Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
Chandra Dev: Unveiling the Mystery of the Moon GodExotic India
Shining brightly in the sky, some days more than others, the Moon in popular culture is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty. The ancient Hindu texts, however, mention the Moon as an intriguing and powerful being, worshiped by sages as Chandra.
Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...Cometan
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
The Vulnerabilities of Individuals Born Under Swati Nakshatra.pdfAstroAnuradha
Individuals born under Swati Nakshatra often exhibit a strong sense of independence and adaptability, yet they may also face vulnerabilities such as indecisiveness and a tendency to be easily swayed by external influences. Their quest for balance and harmony can sometimes lead to inner conflict and a lack of assertiveness. To know more visit: astroanuradha.com
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31JL de Belen
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
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Challenging Racialized Structures and Moving Toward Social Justice
1. CHALLENGING RACIALIZED STRUCTURES
AND MOVING TOWARD SOCIAL JUSTICE
john a. powell
Executive Director, Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity
Williams Chair in Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, Moritz College of Law
CWRU Social Justice Institute: Intergenerational Think Tank
November 20, 2010
2. Overview
Racial Possibilities, Identities
Structural Racialization, Systems Thinking
Opportunity and Situatedness
Mind Sciences
Moving Forward
Changing the way we think, talk, and act on race
2
3. The Continuing Relevance of Race
Why does race continue to play
such a critical role in determining
societal outcomes?
Haven’t we entered a post-racial
moment with the election of
Barack Obama?
While significant, Obama’s
victory does not erase the
persistent inequalities that
hinder the life chances for
marginalized groups 3
4. A Post-Racial Society? (or Not?)
Black and Latino children are much more likely than white
children to attend high-poverty schools
A white man with a criminal record is three times more likely
than a black man with a record to receive consideration for a
job
Minority home-seekers with good credit scores steered to
high-cost, sub-prime mortgages thus devastating their
communities in light of the foreclosure crisis
By prematurely proclaiming a post-racial status, we
ignore the distance we have yet to travel to make this
country truly a land of equal opportunity for all,
regardless of racial identity.
4
5. Possibilities around Race
President Obama’s election “suggests that a sea change in
race relations has already occurred”
However, his “exceptional racial background” and the fact
he was elected in the midst of national crises indicates “race
hasn’t been overcome so much as temporarily superseded.”
These crises could worsen racial resentment
“race forms a basis for the exploitation and hoarding of
material, political, and cultural resources; in turn, the same
processes that facilitate racial stratification continually
reconstitute race.”
Source: Lopez, Ian Haney. Post-Racial Racism: Crime Control and Racial Stratification in the Age of Obama 5
6. Race as Social Space
We have fluidity in terms of racial identities
Situations affect who you are, how you identify.
For example, it may not be until you’re in a room
with full of people of a different race that you
become truly aware of your own race.
The British did not become “white” until Africans
became “black.”
• In order to notice race, society has to create this
category/idea of race. After it is created, individuals can
negotiate it using the social tools created by society.
6
7. Identity: White Identities
In the past, non-whites sometimes tried to “pass” as whites
in order to reap the benefits associated with whiteness
Honorary whites:
“are extended the status of whiteness despite public recognition
that, from a bio-racial perspective, they are not fully white.”
More recently, non-whites have been accused of trying to
“cover,” meaning they are acting as though they are white
Source: “Colorblind White Dominance” by Ian Haney López (2006)
7
9. Racial Inequity
Although racial attitudes are improving, racial disparities
persist on every level.
Inequity arises as disenfranchised groups are left out of the
democratic process.
Source: www.cartoonstock.com
9
10. Membership in a Legitimate Democratic State
Membership, the most important
good that we distribute to one
another in human community
(Michael Walzer)
◦ Prior in importance even to freedom
◦ Citizenship, a precondition to
freedom
◦ Membership, a precondition to
citizenship
Distribution of membership
Cost to not belong
10
11. What does it cost to not belong?
The cost of membership in a democratic society
Current estimate for family of four: $48,778*
Over three times as many families fall below family budget
thresholds as fall below the official poverty line
How far do you fall (children in extreme poverty,
skyrocketing bankruptcy rates, family homelessness)?
Are all neighborhoods are neighborhoods of
sustainable opportunity?
Source: James Lin and Jared Bernstein, What we need to get by. October 29, 2008 |
EPI Briefing Paper #224 11
12. “The New Jim Crow”
by Michelle Alexander
More African American men are in correctional
control today than were enslaved in 1850
“more African American men were
disenfranchised due to felon disenfranchisement
laws than in 1870”
Drug War has had devastating impact and
contributed to the increase of incarceration
“From the outset, the war had little to do with drug
crime and nearly everything to do with racial politics”
African Americans make up 80-90% of all drug
offenders in some states
Source: Michelle Alexander. “The New Jim Crow: How the War on Drugs Gave Birth to a
Permanent American Undercaste.” TomDispatch.com 12
13. Process of Social Stratification:
Who gains access to what resources...
Conscious and Pattern
Unconscious (i.e. recognition and
implicit bias) generalization
Categorization
Inequality This may
change over
time, but the
Hoarding and Emulation and whole
Exploitation Adaptation
structure is
highly inert
Source: Douglas Massey. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2007. 13
15. Structural Racialization
How race works today
There are still practices, cultural norms and institutional
arrangements that help create and maintain
(disparate) racialized outcomes
Structural racialization addresses inter-institutional
arrangements and interactions
Itrefers to the ways in which the joint operation of
institutions produce racialized outcomes
In this analysis, outcomes matter more than intent
15
16. Structural Racialization
Context: The Dominant Consensus on Race
National values Contemporary culture
Current Manifestations: Social and Institutional Dynamics
Processes that maintain racial hierarchies Racialized public policies and institutional
practices
Outcomes: Racial Disparities
Racial inequalities in current levels of well- Capacity for individual and community
being improvement is undermined
Ongoing Racial Inequalities
Adapted from the Aspen Roundtable on Community Change. “Structural Racism and Community Building.” June 2004 16
17. From a one- dimensional understanding…
• One variable can explain
why differential outcomes.
…to a multi-dimensional understanding….
• Structural Inequality
– Example: a Bird in a cage.
Examining one bar cannot
explain why a bird cannot fly.
But multiple bars, arranged in
specific ways, reinforce each
other and trap the bird.
17
18. ...to an understanding of processes and relationships
• Understanding the
relationships among
these multiple
dimensions, and how
these complex intra-
actions change
processes
• Relationships are
neither static nor
discrete
18
19. Systems Thinking
We are all situated within “opportunity structures”
Physical
Social Cultural
Outcomes
These structures interact in ways that produce racialized outcomes for
different groups…
19
20. Opportunity is….
Racialized… Spatialized… Globalized…
• In 1960, African- • marginalized people • Economic
American families in of color and the very
poverty were 3.8 times globalization
poor have been
more likely to be spatially isolated from
concentrated in high- opportunity via • Climate change
poverty neighborhoods reservations, Jim
than poor whites. Crow, Appalachian
mountains, ghettos, • the Credit and
• In 2000, they were 7.3 barrios, and the Foreclosure crisis
times more likely. culture of
incarceration.
20
21. A Tale of Two Neighborhoods…
Low Opportunity High Opportunity
• Less than 25% of students in • The year my step daughter
Detroit finish high school finished high school, 100% of the
students graduated and 100%
• More than 60% of the men will went to college
spend time in jail
• Most will not even drive by a jail
• There may soon be no bus service
in some areas • Free bus service
• It is difficult to attract jobs or • Relatively easy to attract capital
private capital
• Very safe; great parks
• Not safe; very few parks
• Easy to get fresh food
• Difficult to get fresh food
21
23. Opportunity pathways vary…
How can we be sensitive to inter-
and intra-group differences?
How do the ladders or pathways
of opportunities differ for
different people?
Every institution has built in
assumptions, i.e. “stairways” are
a pathway – but not for people
in wheelchairs, baby strollers.
23
24. The highly uneven
Geography of Opportunity…
…Some people ride the …Others have to run up
“Up” escalator to reach the “Down” escalator to
opportunity get there
24
25. People are “differentially situated”
Not only are People are
people situated impacted by the
differently with relationships
regard to between
institutions, institutions and
people are systems…
situated
differently with …but people
regard to also impact these
infrastructure relationships and
can change the
structure of the
system.
25
26. Understanding “Situatedness”
We come from different places. Illuminating people’s
different and shared experiences of oppression
encourages collective action with others whose
experiences may be slightly different.
Young’s 5 Faces of Oppression: Different
groups/people experience one or more of these faces
throughout their lives
Exploitation
Marginalization
Powerlessness
Cultural Dominance
Violence
Source: Grassroots Policy Project. “Faces of Oppression.” http://www.grassrootspolicy.org/node/85 26
27. The Cumulative Effects of Racial and
Opportunity Segregation
Segregation impacts a number of life-opportunities
Impacts on Health
School Segregation
Impacts on Educational Achievement
Exposure to crime; arrest
Transportation limitations and other
inequitable public services
Neighborhood Job segregation
Segregation
Racial stigma, other psychological
impacts
Impacts on community power and
individual assets
Source: Barbara Reskin (http://faculty.washington.edu/reskin/) 27
28. The Cumulative Effects of Racial and
Opportunity Segregation
Zoning laws prevent affordable housing
development in many suburbs
Municipalities subsidize the relocation of businesses
out of the city
Transportation spending favors highways,
metropolitan expansion and urban sprawl
Court decisions prevent metropolitan school
desegregation
School funding is tied to property taxes
28
29. The Arrangement of Structures
How we arrange structures matters
The order of the structures
The timing of the interaction between them
The relationships that exist between them
We must be aware of how structures are arranged in
order to fully understand social phenomena
29
30. Spatial Racism and Inequality
The government plays a central role in the
arrangement of space and opportunities
These arrangements are not “neutral” or “natural” or
“colorblind”
Social and racial inequities are geographically
inscribed
There is a polarization between the rich and the
poor that is directly related to the areas in which
they live
30
31. Policies and Structures
Racialized policies and structures:
Promoted sprawl
Concentrated subsidized housing
Led to disparities between schools
Achievement gap
Discipline rates
Funding disparities
Economic segregation
Graduation rates
Racial segregation
31
33. Today,
Institutions and structures
continue to support, not
dismantle, the status quo.
This is why we continue to
see racially inequitable
outcomes even if there is
good intent behind policies,
or an absence of racist
actors. (i.e. structural
racialization)
33
34. Historic Government Role
A series of mutually reinforcing federal policies
across multiple domains have contributed to the
disparities we see today
School Desegregation
Homeownership/Suburbanization
Urban Renewal
Public Housing
Transportation
34
36. Implicit Bias
Only 2% of emotional
cognition is available to us
consciously
Racial bias tends to reside in
the unconscious network
Messages can be framed to
speak to our unconscious
36
37. The Location of Implicit Racism
Racialattitudes operate in our “unconscious” (also
called “subconscious”) mind
Usuallyinvisible to us but significantly influences our
positions on critical issues
Negative unconscious attitudes about race are called
“implicit bias” or “symbolic racism.”
37
38. Framing
How
messages are
framed
affects how
they are
perceived.
38
40. Implicit Bias Against Nonwhites is Pervasive.
Distributions of Responses on Explicit
(Self-reported) and Implicit Measures
Groups Explicit Implicit
Compared
Nonwhite Neutral White Nonwhite Neutral White
Blacks/Whites 12% 56% 32% 12% 19% 69%
Asians/Whites 16% 57% 27% 11% 26% 63%
Note: Percentages represent the percent biased in favor of group.
Source: 94 California Law Review (2006), p. 957. 40
43. Where is this family sitting?
When scientists showed a similar sketch to people from East Africa - a culture containing
few angular visual cues - the family is seen sitting under a tree. The woman is
balancing an item on her head.
Westerners are accustomed to the corners and box-like shapes of architecture. They
are more likely to place the family indoors and to interpret the rectangle above the
woman's head as a window through which shrubbery can be seen. 43
44. Social Categories and Meanings
Race is a social reality.
While we are hardwired to categorize in-group
vs. out-group, we are “softwired” for the content
of those categories.
Softwiring is social.
Racial categories and meaning
can be constantly be reconfigured.
44
45. Social Cognition
Warmth and Competence
High
Pitied Esteemed
Out-Group In-Group
Warmth
Despised Envied
Out-Group Out-Group
Low
Low High
Competence
Source: Douglas Massey. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2007. 45
46. Social Cognition: Warmth and Competence
High
Pity : Esteemed:
women, elderly, Your own group,
disabled who you identify
with
Warmth
Despised: Envied:
African Americans, Competent, but
Undocumented don’t really like
immigrants them: Asians
Low
Low High
Competence
Source: Douglas Massey. Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2007. 46
47. Persistent Prejudices
Unconscious biases are reflected in institutional
arrangements.
Prejudice leads to outcomes, and the outcomes reinforce
the stereotypes / prejudice.
Ex: Females aren’t good at math.
Many females don’t take math classes.
47
48. Priming & Stereotype Threat
Our environment affects our unconscious networks
Priming activates mental associations
Telling someone a scary story activates a frame of fear
Claude Steele’s “stereotype threat”:
For example, tell students about to take a test that Asian
students tend to do better than whites, and the whites will
perform significantly worse than if they had not been
primed to think of themselves as less capable than Asians.
Source: http://www.eaop.ucla.edu/0405/Ed185%20-Spring05/Week_6_May9_2005.pdf 48
49. Priming
Experiment with 7th graders; ~50% white & 50% Black
Given a list of values
Experimental group: Choose the values that are most important to
you and write why they are important
Control group: Choose the values that are the least important to
you and explain why
End of semester – While Black students still did not do as
well as whites, the Black students in the experimental group
showed a 40% reduction in the racial achievement gap.
Experiment was repeated with a group of college
students and yielded a 50% reduction in the racial
achievement gap.
Source: Cohen, Geoffrey L.., Julio Garcia, Nancy Apfel, and Allison Master. (2006). “Reducing the Racial Achievement Gap: A
Social-Psychological Intervention.” Science 313(5791): 1307-1310, 49
50. How to Change Our Implicit Biases
Be aware of implicit bias in your life. We are
constantly being primed.
Debias by presenting positive alternatives.
Consider your conscious messaging & language.
Affirmativeaction support varies based on whether it’s
presented as “assistance” or “preference.”
Engage in proactive affirmative efforts – not only on
the cultural level but also the structural level.
50
51. 51 Renewing our Communities
Growing opportunity for all
52. Conditions for Change
Moving from a transactional to a transformational
paradigm requires structural change:
Institutions
should allow for participation and dissent of
individuals in a democratic society.
For those in poverty, this participation is denied as they
lack access to power, influence, and choice; thus, poverty is
maintained.
Structures act as filters, creating cumulative barriers to
opportunity.
Reorganization of institutions to encourage the “emergence
of differences” is one example of transformative thinking.
52
53. “Situatedness” and Interests
Our interests are Solutions?
“situational” Transactional: “Discovering”
common interests
Not all tensions are But this operates within the
personal, some are current structure, may limit
structural our choices
Targeted Universalism Transformational:
We may have common “Creating” common
goals, but because we interests
are differently situated This changes our
we may be in sharp situatedness, in turn
contrast. changes our interests and
ultimately the structure
53
54. Strategies for Growing Together
Think in new ways
Talk in new ways
Act in new ways
54
55. Transformative Thinking
Transformative thinking to combat structural
racialization; we need to find new approaches.
Personal and social responsibility are important: we
should maintain them in our advocacy and analysis
Approaches should consider the structures and
systems that are creating and perpetuating these
disparities and work to reform them for lasting
change.
Challenging policies, processes, and assumptions
55
56. How to Talk about Race
Focus on structures and systems rather than explicit
individual action/reaction
Focus on the subconscious—the implicit bias that is
stored within the mind
Focus on relationships—build collaborations and
engage in real discussion
56
57. Language Matters
Using “minority” to refer to people of color is
outdated and tends to carry a subordinate
connotation.
Whites are projected to no longer be a statistical
majority by 2042.
○ Context: Numeric or Sociological?
○ We already have “minority-majority” cities, states
57
58. Talk about race can reinforce our
conscious beliefs or challenge our
implicit biases
58
59. Targeted universalism as
communication strategy
Moves beyond the disparities frame
Focuses on the universal goals shared by all the
communities while being sensitive to the targeted
strategies that are responsive to the situation of
marginalized communities
59
60. Promote Universal Policies in Targeted Ways
There is no “one size fits all”
One vision, many paths
Process: What is the goal?
How do we tailor
strategies to different
groups, who are
differently situated, to lift
them to that goal.
60
62. Reframing as a Strategy
Portland, OR.
Chasm between social justice
advocacy organizations and the
planning community. Recent
dialogue changed the frame from
“disparities” to a “universal but
targeted” frame that moved all
groups closer to the target.
Outcome: Advocacy organizations
are now involved in the planning
process to develop Metro's
regional plan that will shape
investment and development over
the next 50 years.
Source: Metro Regional Government. “Making the Greatest Place.” Brochure.August 2009. 62
63. Reframing Cont’d
Cleveland, OH.
Inner suburbs afraid would
lose resources to the city, but
city recognized that they
needed to work with the
suburbs. Reframed from fight
over current resources, to
future distribution.
Outcome: No current resources
would be redistributed
between city and suburbs, but
future development would be
shared more equitably.
63
64. Strategy: Changing the Situatedness
SEIU Union in LA. and undocumented immigrant
organizing
Black tensions with Latinos in unions
Union concerned that not including undocumented workers in
union would decrease its effectiveness.
When union included undocumented immigrants into its
ranks, this changed the structure of tensions among these
different groups
No longer Blacks against Latinos, etc.
Outcome: “Silent structure” that had been operating was
revealed—the real beneficiary from tensions among
workers were corporations.
Workers’ situations were changed, interests were changed,
structure was changed.
64