This document provides an overview of key statistical concepts for evaluating medical research studies, including: 1) Different study designs such as RCTs, cohort studies, and systematic reviews each have their own reporting guidelines. 2) Statistical tests are chosen based on the type and distribution of the data. P-values and confidence intervals are used to determine if treatment effects or differences are statistically significant. 3) The impact of treatments is determined by measures like relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction, number needed to treat, which quantify clinical significance beyond just statistical significance.

1. 實證統計 楊宗翰 12/6, 2008

8. Baseline Characteristics

12. Describe Your Data II

34. Results - Treatment

36. Appraise - Impact CER = Control Event Rate, EER = Experimental Event Rate RRR = Relative Risk Reduction (CER-EER)/CER ARR = Absolute Risk Reduction (CER-EER) NNT/NNH = Number Needed to Treat/Harm (1/ARR) 5000 (1/0.02%) 0.02% (0.04-0.02)% 50% (0.04-0.02)/0.04 0.02% 0.04% B 50 (1/2%) 2% (4-2)% 50% (4-2)/4 2% 4% A NNT 益一需治數 ARR 絕對風險降低 RRR 相對風險 降低 EER 實驗組發生率 CER 對照組發生率

39. Results - Diagnosis

42. Diagnosis 診斷 敏感度 (Sensitivity) 特異度 (Specificity) 陽性預測值 (Positive predictive value) 陰性預測值 (Negative predictive value) 800 200 陰性結果 100 900 陽性結果 沒病 有病

43. Diagnosis 診斷 盛行率 Prevalence 800 200 檢查陰性結果 100 900 檢查陽性結果 沒病 有病

47. ROC curves

49. Results – Meta Analysis

53. Funnel Plot - Publication Bias

54. Results - Cohort

56. Survival Analysis

57. Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve