The document provides guidance on improving the chances of getting a manuscript accepted for publication. It discusses key methodological concepts like uncertainty of measurement and sampling, statistical assumptions, multiplicity, and proper reporting of different study types including case reports, experiments, observational studies, and randomized trials. The key recommendations are to 1) clearly describe statistical methods and sample sizes, 2) present both data and interpretation of results considering clinical and statistical significance, and 3) properly adjust for confounding and comply with reporting standards for different study designs.
Biostatistics are widely used in clinical trials to collect and organize and describe and interpret these result and then give to us proves to take appropriate clinical decisions
Biostatistics are widely used in clinical trials to collect and organize and describe and interpret these result and then give to us proves to take appropriate clinical decisions
the role of Cochrane collaboration and specifically the menstrual disorder & subfertility group is illustrated . simple explanation how to use cochrane reviews is done.
the role of Cochrane collaboration and specifically the menstrual disorder & subfertility group is illustrated . simple explanation how to use cochrane reviews is done.
Medical research relies heavily on statistical inference for generalization of findings, for assessing the uncertainty in applying these findings on new patients. SPSS and similar packages has made complex statistical calculations possible with no or very little understanding of statistical inference. As a consequence, research findings are misunderstood, the presentation of them confusing, and their reliability massively overestimated.
Biostatistics in clinical research involves the application of statistical methods to analyze and interpret data from clinical trials. It plays a crucial role in study design, sample size determination, data analysis, and result interpretation. Biostatisticians ensure that clinical research findings are valid, reliable, and meaningful, contributing to evidence-based medicine. Their expertise helps researchers make informed decisions, assess treatment efficacy, and draw accurate conclusions about the safety and effectiveness of interventions.
The two statistical cornerstones of replicability: addressing selective infer...jemille6
Tukey’s last published work in 2020 was an obscure entry on multiple comparisons in the
Encyclopedia of Behavioral Sciences, addressing the two topics in the title. Replicability
was not mentioned at all, nor was any other connection made between the two topics. I shall demonstrate how these two topics critically affect replicability using recently completed studies. I shall review how these have been addressed in the past. I shall
review in more detail the available ways to address selective inference. My conclusion is that conducting many small replicability studies without strict standardization is the way to assure replicability of results in science, and we should introduce policies to make this happen.
basic lecture on literature types, importance of primary literature (papers,article) , study designs, and organization of scientific paper. p value and assessment of a new test is additional topic.
Unveiling the Secrets How Does Generative AI Work.pdfSam H
At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024
Copenhagen 23.10.2008
1. How to improve the chance of getting your manuscript accepted for publication Jonas Ranstam PhD
2.
3. Anecdotal evidence (Case reports) Evidence based medicine (The Cochrane collaboration 1993) Cohort study of smoking and lung cancer (1954) (Bradford Hill) Case-control study of smoking and lung cancer (1950) (Bradford Hill) Randomised clinical trial of streptomycin and tubercolosis (1948) (Bradford Hill)
4. EU directive (2001) ICH GCP (1996) CONSORT (1996) WHO CIOMS (1993) ICMJE Uniform Requirements (1978) Helsinki declaration (1964) Nürnberg convention (1949) Trial registration (2005) Mandatory disclosure of trial results (2008)
5. Plan 1. Methodological background 2. General guidelines 3. Special recommendations a) case reports b) mechanical experiments c) in vitro/cadaver experiments d) cross-sectional studies e) epidemiological studies f) randomized trials 4. Summary
7. What is statistics used for? 1. Describing data (statistics in the plural) 2. Interpreting uncertain data (statistics in the singular)
8. Two kinds of uncertainty 1. Uncertainty of measurement 2. Uncertainty of sampling
9. 1. Uncertainty of measurement The precision of the used measurement instrument. The precision of the Finapres non-invasive blood pressure monitor is on the average 12.1 mm Hg.
10. 2. Uncertainty of sampling Individual effects vary between subjects. Different samples of subjects yield different observed mean effects.
11. Example Assume that the cumulative 10-year revision rate of the Oxford knee prosthesis is 8% and that two groups of 100 patients receiving the prosthesis are randomly selected and followed over time. The two groups are likely to get different numbers of patients revised during follow up.
15. 6% revised 12% revised H 0 : The two samples represent the same population H 1 : The two samples represent different populations
16. P-value The probability that an observed effect only reflects sampling uncertainty. 12/100 vs. 6/100, Fisher's exact test p = 0.22
17. P-values are often misunderstood They cannot - describe clinical relevance (they depend on sample size) - show that a difference “does not exist”, because n.s. is absence of evidence, not evidence of absence
18. Confidence interval A range of values, which with the specified confidence level describes how likely it is that the estimated population parameter is included. 12/100 vs. 6/100, RR = 2.0 (95%Ci: 0.7 - 5.6) 1 Relative Risk 2 1/2
19. Confidence interval A range of values, which with the specified confidence level describes how likely it is that the estimated population parameter is included. 12/100 vs. 6/100, RR = 2.0 (95%Ci: 0.7 - 5.6) 1 Relative Risk 2 1/2 p < 0.05 n.s.
20. Important assumptions Many statistical methods like the Student's t-test and ANOVA are based on the assumption of Gaussian distribution and homogeneous variance.
21. Important assumptions Many statistical methods like the Student's t-test and ANOVA are based on the assumption of Gaussian distribution and homogeneous variance. If the assumptions are not met, use alternative (non-parametric) methods, like the Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric anova).
22. Important assumptions Most conventional methods (both parametric and non-parametric) require independent observations.
23. Important assumptions Most conventional methods (both parametric and non-parametric) require independent observations. - Patients are independent - Patients' knees, hips, shoulders, feet, etc. are not
25. How Many Patients? How Many Limbs? Analysis of Patients or Limbs in the Orthopaedic Literature: A Systematic Review Bryant et al. JBJS Am. 2006;88:41-45. Our findings suggest that a high proportion (42%) of clinical studies in high-impact-factor orthopaedic journals involve the inappropriate use of multiple observations from single individuals, potentially biasing results. Orthopaedic researchers should attend to this issue when reporting results.
26. Important assumptions Most conventional methods (both parametric and non-parametric) require independent observations. Include only one observation per patient, or use a statistical method that can handle dependant data, e.g. multilevel or mixed effects models. Always present both number of observations and patients.
27. Multiplicity In contrast to many other forms of precision, statistical precision depends on the number of performed measurements (significance tests).
28. Multiplicity Each significance test at a 5% significance level has 5% risk of a false positive test. Repeated testing increases the risk of at least one false positive test. Number of tests Risk of at least one false positive 1 0.05 2 0.10 5 0.23 10 0.40
35. Statistical Methods “ Describe statistical methods with enough detail to enable a knowledgeable reader with access to the original data to verify the reported results.”
36. Statistical Methods “ Describe statistical methods with enough detail to enable a knowledgeable reader with access to the original data to verify the reported results.” Required for analytical methods (statistical models, hypothesis tests, confidence intervals). Descriptions are often unclear, vague or ambiguous. They need to be clear and detailed.
37. Results “ When possible, quantify findings and present them with appropriate indicators of measurement error or uncertainty (such as confidence intervals).”
38. Results “ When possible, quantify findings and present them with appropriate indicators of measurement error or uncertainty (such as confidence intervals).” Statistical precision (p-values and confidence inter-vals) are necessary for generalization of results beyond examined patients.
39. Results “ Avoid relying solely on statistical hypothesis testing, such as the use of P values, which fails to convey important information about effect size.”
40. Results “ Avoid relying solely on statistical hypothesis testing, such as the use of P values, which fails to convey important information about effect size.” Describe both your observations and how you interpret them (use confidence intervals or p-values).
41. Clinically Statistically significant significant yes no yes a b no c d There was, or was no, (statistically significant) difference is too simplistic
42. Example Two side effects with a new osteoporosis treatment: - A statistically significant reduction in body hair growth rate by 5% (p = 0.04) - A statistically insignificant increase in systolic blood pressure by 25 mmHg (p = 0.06)
43. Confidence intervals are better than p-values In contrast to p-values they do - relate to clinical significance - show when a difference “does not exist” because they present lower and upper limits of potential clinical effects/differences
44. 0 Effect Clinically significant effects Statistically and clinically significant effect Statistically, but not necessarily clinically, significant effect Inconclusive Neither statistically nor clinically significant effect Statistically significant reversed effect p < 0.05 p < 0.05 n.s. n.s. p < 0.05 P-values Conclusion from confidence intervals [2 alternatives] [6 alternatives] P-value and confidence interval Statistically but not clinically significant effect p < 0.05
45. When there is a difference in data Do not write that there is not a difference!
47. There were indeed differences, they are 0.45 and 0.57 Better alternative: “ The observed differences in extraction torques between the two types of uncoated distal pins can be explained by chance.”
48. Avoid non-technical use of technical terms and use clear expressions - significant clinically or statistically? - no difference statistically insignificant? - statistical difference statistically significant? - matched selected or just comparable? - correlation relation, regression? - normal Gaussian distribution? - random mathematical algorithm? - etc.
55. Mechanical experiments What do p-values and confidence intervals relate to? - Measurement uncertainty (Perhaps) - Sampling uncertainty (No, there is no information on subject variation. The findings cannot be generalized beyond the device).
57. In vitro/cadaver experiments What do p-values and confidence intervals relate to? - Measurement uncertainty (Perhaps) - Sampling uncertainty (Perhaps, if the observations provide information on variation between subjects)
58. Example In a study with 60 observations 20 specimens had been taken from each of 3 subjects. The specimens were distributed randomly between one control group and one experimental group. What do significance tests of these two groups tell us?
62. Epidemiological studies - Exploratory, hypothesis generating, multiplicity issues considered less important than validity issues - External validity (source of subjects) - Internal validity (confounding)
63. Results Uniform Requirements: “Where scientifically appropriate, analyses of the data by variables such as age and sex should be included.”
64. Results Uniform Requirements: “Where scientifically appropriate, analyses of the data by variables such as age and sex should be included.” Observational studies require adjustment for known and suspected confounding factors to produce valid effect estimates. This adjustment is usually performed using statistical modelling (e.g. ANCOVA or regression analysis). The purpose is to increase validity.
65. Results Automatic stepwise regression (forward or backward) is not an adequate method for confounding adjustment.
67. Clinical trials “ The ICMJE member journals will require, as a condition of consideration for publication in their journals, registration in a public trials registry.” “ The ICMJE recommends that journals publish the trial registration number at the end of the Abstract.”
68. Clinical trials “ When reporting experiments on human subjects, authors should indicate whether the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (5).”
69. WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DECLARATION OF HELSINKI Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects 27. ...Reports of experimentation not in accordance with the principles laid down in this Declaration should not be accepted for publication.
70. Purpose of a randomized trial To test a hypothesis with control of random and systematic errors. - No bias (randomization & blinding) - No multiplicity problems
72. Study populations Intention-to-treat Analyze all randomized subjects (ITT) principle according to planned treatment regimen. Full analysis set The set of subjects that is as close (FAS) as possible to the ideal implied by the ITT-principle. Per protocol The set of subjects who complied (PP) set with the protocol sufficiently to ensure that they are likely to exhibit the effects of treatment according to the underlying scientific model.
73. FAS vs. PP-set FAS + no selection bias - misclassification problem (effect dilution) PP-set + no contamination problem - possible selection bias (confounding) When the FAS and PP-set lead to essentially the same conclusions, confidence in the trial is supported.
74. Endpoints Primary The variable capable of providing the most clinically relevant evidence directly related to the primary objective of the trial Secondary Either measurements supporting the primary endpoint or effects related to secondary objectives
75. Statistical analyses Confirmatory The result concerns a primary endpoint and the p-value or confidence interval accounts for potential multiplicity. The result can support a claim of superiority, equivalence or non- inferiority. Exploratory All other analyses. The result is either supporting or explanatory, or simply just a new hypothesis.
76. Reporting “ For reports of randomized controlled trials authors should refer to the CONSORT statement.”
77.
78.
79.
80. Include with the manuscript Study Protocol Statistical Analysis Plan
81. Clinical trials International regulatory guidelines ICH Topic E9 - Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials EMEA Points to consider: baseline covariates - missing data - multiplicity issues - etc. and similar documents from the FDA These guidelines can all be found on the internet.
83. The responsibilities of a statistical reviewer “ To make sure that the authors spell out for the reader the limitations imposed upon the conclusions by the design of the study, the collection of data, and the analyses performed.” Shor S. The responsibilities of a statistical reviewer. Chest 1972;61:486-487.
84. Read the manuscript from end to beginning, and look for weaknesses in the links between: 1. Conclusion 2. Discussion (Discussion section) 3. Results (Results section) 4. Methods (Material & methods section) 5. Data (Material & methods section) 5. Hypothesis (Introduction) Make sure the chain holds all the way!
85. Summary 1. Present statistical methods in detail, and the number of observations included in each analysis. 2. Present data, statistical results and your conclusions - data description vs. results interpretation - clinical vs. statistical significance - absence of evidence is not evidence of absence 3. Adjust for confounding factors in observational studies (but do not use stepwise regression) 4. Comply with the CONSORT checklist in randomized studies