This document discusses the physics of sound waves including their generation, propagation through different mediums, and measurement. It covers topics such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, pitch, loudness, and the human range of hearing. It also discusses how sound is measured scientifically and concepts like interference, resonance, absorption, and reverberation in rooms.
Sound waves are produced by the vibration of material objects. A disturbance in the form of a longitudinal wave travels away from the vibrating source. High-pitched sounds are produced by sources vibrating at high frequency, while low-pitched sounds are produced by low-frequency sources Sound waves consist of traveling pulses of high-pressure zones, or compression, alternating with pulses of low-pressures zones, or rarefaction. Sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solid, but not through a vacuum.
Standing waves are caused by two waves interfering with each other, usually a wave and its reflection. A standing wave on a string is formed when the string length is a multiple of half wavelengths. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency at which a standing wave can form, which is equal to the wave speed divided by twice the string length. Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Nodes are points that always have zero amplitude, while antinodes are points that have maximum amplitude.
Waves can be transverse or longitudinal. Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of travel, like water waves. Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to travel, like sound waves. The characteristics of all waves include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and speed. Wavelength is the distance between two peaks, frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second, and speed equals wavelength times frequency.
Complete and comprehensive study of the entire chapter with attractive pictorial representation of topic being discussed and Studied. Ideal material for students to get a gist of the entire Chapter, make projects, complete ppt slide presentation for self study and group discussion.
This document is comprised of 15 pages that are each copyrighted by the Jnana Prabodhini Educational Resource Centre. No other substantive information is provided.
Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves from a vibrating object. It travels faster through solids than liquids or gases. The ear takes in sound waves and converts them into signals to the brain. Sound waves have alternating high and low pressure areas that move outward in all directions. The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency, with higher pitches having shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies. Musical instruments can change pitch by altering the length or thickness of the vibrating material.
The document discusses using vectors to determine relative motion and velocities between objects. It contains examples of calculating the relative velocity between two trains moving in opposite directions, an airplane's velocity relative to the ground when factoring in wind speed and direction, and determining the angle an airplane needs to fly to compensate for wind and travel due east relative to the ground. The document outlines two main types of relative motion problems - finding an object's velocity relative to the ground given its motion and a medium's motion, and calculating the angle an object needs to travel to compensate for a medium's velocity.
1. Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave that propagates through a medium such as air or water by compressions and rarefactions which create regions of high and low pressure.
2. The document discusses several properties of sound waves including that frequency determines pitch, amplitude determines loudness, and speed depends on the properties of the medium.
3. Wave interference and phenomena like resonance, standing waves, and the Doppler effect are also covered as they relate to the nature and perception of sound waves.
Sound waves are produced by the vibration of material objects. A disturbance in the form of a longitudinal wave travels away from the vibrating source. High-pitched sounds are produced by sources vibrating at high frequency, while low-pitched sounds are produced by low-frequency sources Sound waves consist of traveling pulses of high-pressure zones, or compression, alternating with pulses of low-pressures zones, or rarefaction. Sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solid, but not through a vacuum.
Standing waves are caused by two waves interfering with each other, usually a wave and its reflection. A standing wave on a string is formed when the string length is a multiple of half wavelengths. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency at which a standing wave can form, which is equal to the wave speed divided by twice the string length. Harmonics are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency. Nodes are points that always have zero amplitude, while antinodes are points that have maximum amplitude.
Waves can be transverse or longitudinal. Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the direction of travel, like water waves. Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to travel, like sound waves. The characteristics of all waves include amplitude, wavelength, frequency, period, and speed. Wavelength is the distance between two peaks, frequency is the number of waves passing a point per second, and speed equals wavelength times frequency.
Complete and comprehensive study of the entire chapter with attractive pictorial representation of topic being discussed and Studied. Ideal material for students to get a gist of the entire Chapter, make projects, complete ppt slide presentation for self study and group discussion.
This document is comprised of 15 pages that are each copyrighted by the Jnana Prabodhini Educational Resource Centre. No other substantive information is provided.
Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves from a vibrating object. It travels faster through solids than liquids or gases. The ear takes in sound waves and converts them into signals to the brain. Sound waves have alternating high and low pressure areas that move outward in all directions. The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency, with higher pitches having shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies. Musical instruments can change pitch by altering the length or thickness of the vibrating material.
The document discusses using vectors to determine relative motion and velocities between objects. It contains examples of calculating the relative velocity between two trains moving in opposite directions, an airplane's velocity relative to the ground when factoring in wind speed and direction, and determining the angle an airplane needs to fly to compensate for wind and travel due east relative to the ground. The document outlines two main types of relative motion problems - finding an object's velocity relative to the ground given its motion and a medium's motion, and calculating the angle an object needs to travel to compensate for a medium's velocity.
1. Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave that propagates through a medium such as air or water by compressions and rarefactions which create regions of high and low pressure.
2. The document discusses several properties of sound waves including that frequency determines pitch, amplitude determines loudness, and speed depends on the properties of the medium.
3. Wave interference and phenomena like resonance, standing waves, and the Doppler effect are also covered as they relate to the nature and perception of sound waves.
The document discusses the key characteristics of sound: intensity and loudness, pitch, and quality. It defines each characteristic, such as intensity depending on amplitude and loudness being a physiological sensation. Pitch refers to how high or low a sound is and depends on frequency. Quality or timbre allows distinguishing between sounds of the same pitch and loudness, determined mainly by harmonic content and dynamic characteristics.
In this presentation, I explain what a standing wave on a string is, the difference between a standing wave and a travelling wave, and go over some practice problems.
This document discusses concepts related to the perception of sound including loudness, pitch, and timbre. It defines key terms like intensity, loudness, frequency, pitch, phon, sone, mel, and timbre. Intensity is a physical property measured in decibels, while loudness, pitch and timbre represent human perception. The phon, sone and mel scales were developed through experiments with listeners adjusting tones to be equally loud or high in pitch. Understanding these concepts is important for audio engineering and applying amplification for hearing loss.
Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave that travels through air, liquids, and solids as vibrations of molecules. It can have different frequencies, velocities, and wavelengths. Frequency describes how often the vibrations occur per second and determines whether a sound is high or low pitched. Sound travels at different speeds depending on the medium and temperature, with the speed increasing in denser materials. Humans can detect sounds between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, while some animals can hear sounds outside this range. Intensity and amplitude measure the energy of sound waves, with louder sounds having higher intensities and amplitudes.
There are four types of triangles: equilateral triangles have three equal sides and three equal angles; isosceles triangles have two equal sides and two equal angles; scalene triangles have no equal sides and all different angles; right-angled triangles contain one 90 degree angle and can be either isosceles or scalene.
Echoes are sound waves that bounce back to their source after hitting an object. In Greek mythology, Echo was a nymph cursed by Hera to only repeat the last words of others. Animals like bats and dolphins use echolocation by emitting sounds and interpreting the echoes to locate prey, navigate, and learn about their surroundings. Sonar devices also make use of echoes by sending out sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return to calculate distances of underwater objects.
Sound is created by vibrations which move as longitudinal waves through a medium, transferring energy. The speed of sound depends on the temperature and density of the medium. Pitch is related to the frequency of the sound wave - higher frequencies have higher pitches. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the sound wave - louder sounds have higher amplitudes and more energy. Sound waves can interact through reflection, interference, and resonance.
This document discusses the characterization of sound through a review of key concepts. It defines sound physically as a wave motion and psychophysically as the excitation of hearing. Sound is transmitted through a medium and produced by a vibrating object contacting air. The attributes of sound - loudness, pitch, timbre and duration - have both subjective and objective physical definitions related to parameters like pressure, frequency and spectrum. The relationships between these physical parameters and perceptual qualities are explained, along with concepts like octaves and consonance/dissonance.
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with triangles, especially right triangles. It has been used for over 4000 years, originally to calculate sundials. Key trigonometric functions are the sine, cosine, and tangent, which relate the angles and sides of a right triangle. Trigonometric identities and the trig functions of complementary angles are also discussed. Trigonometry has many applications, including in astronomy, navigation, engineering, optics, and more. It allows curved surfaces to be approximated in architecture using flat panels at angles.
The document discusses the Doppler effect, which describes how the frequency of a wave (such as sound) is perceived differently by an observer depending on the relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer. Specifically, the frequency observed is higher if the source and observer are moving towards each other, and lower if they are moving away from each other. This phenomenon is illustrated with graphs and equations, and special cases are noted.
A wave is a repeating disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space. There are two main types of waves - longitudinal waves, where the matter moves parallel to the direction of the wave, and transverse waves, where energy is transferred without transferring matter. Sound is a form of energy caused by vibrations that transfers through longitudinal waves. Key properties of waves include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed. Sound waves can interfere constructively or destructively and be reflected, refracted, or absorbed.
The document discusses different types of waves including transverse waves, where the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of motion, and longitudinal waves, where the displacement is parallel. It defines key wave properties like speed, frequency, wavelength, and how speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength. It describes constructive and destructive interference from crests and troughs combining or canceling. It lists tsunamis as being caused by earthquakes, landslides, and volcanoes and mentions water circulation and ocean waves.
The document discusses the physics of sound and acoustics. It covers how sound is produced through vibrations, the speed of sound in different mediums, properties of sound like pitch, frequency, loudness and intensity. It also summarizes the anatomy of the human ear and how we perceive sound. Musical instruments are described based on how they produce sound through vibrating strings, reeds, lips or air columns. Interference patterns between sounds and concepts like resonance, beats, timbre and noise are also covered at a high level.
This document provides an overview of physical quantities and the International System of Units (SI) for measuring them. It defines physical quantities as things that can be measured with a magnitude and unit. The SI is standardized by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and uses seven base units: meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole. Derived quantities are defined in terms of base units, like speed being meters/second. Prefixes are used to modify units for very small or large numbers. The document gives examples of derived quantities and their units, like area being square meters.
- Progressive waves transfer energy from one place to another through a medium. Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the propagation direction, while longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel.
- For stationary waves formed by interference of progressive waves, nodes are points of no displacement and antinodes are points of maximum displacement. The distance between nodes and antinodes depends on the harmonic.
- Organ pipes produce musical tones through stationary waves in a air column. Closed pipes have odd harmonics while open pipes have even harmonics. The fundamental and harmonic frequencies depend on pipe length and speed of sound.
Here are the key points about rate of change of velocity:
- Rate of change of velocity is also known as acceleration.
- Acceleration is a vector quantity which indicates the rate at which the velocity of an object is changing.
- The SI unit of acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s2).
- If an object's velocity is increasing with time, it has a positive acceleration. If velocity is decreasing with time, acceleration is negative.
- Acceleration can be caused by a change in the object's speed, direction of motion, or both.
- Constant acceleration means the rate of change of velocity remains the same over time. This results in a linear relationship between velocity and time
Sound is produced by vibrations that travel in waves through a medium such as air. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that cause compressions and rarefactions as they propagate. The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency, with higher frequencies producing higher pitches. Loudness depends on factors like the amplitude of vibrations and the area and distance from the vibrating source. Humans can hear sounds between 20-20,000 Hz but ultrasound with frequencies above 20,000 Hz has many medical and industrial uses.
Physics 101 LO6 which explains the components of standing waves, generates its equation, and tests the understanding of students by creating a practice problem with a worked solution in the end.
The document discusses different aspects of sound including how it is produced, how it travels, and how the human ear perceives it. It defines sound as a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a medium composed of frequencies within the range of human hearing. It describes that sound is produced by vibration and travels in waves, pushing and pulling on particles in the transmission medium. The human ear detects these pressure variations and converts them into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
This document discusses acoustics and noise control. It begins by defining acoustics and describing the basics of sound, including properties like amplitude, frequency, wavelength. It then explains sound propagation principles such as reflection, refraction, diffraction and absorption. Different materials and their effects on sound are described. Noise control techniques like site planning, architectural design and sound barriers are discussed. Specific examples of architectural designs that enhance sound are provided.
Sound is a vibration that travels in air or other materials as a wave. The speed and wavelength of sound depends on factors like the medium and frequency. Sound is detected when vibrations reach the ear drum and are interpreted by the brain. Characteristics of sound include frequency, wavelength, loudness, quality, and amplitude. Sound can be measured in units like decibels and analyzed to understand acoustics, prevent hearing damage, and improve audio experiences.
The document discusses the key characteristics of sound: intensity and loudness, pitch, and quality. It defines each characteristic, such as intensity depending on amplitude and loudness being a physiological sensation. Pitch refers to how high or low a sound is and depends on frequency. Quality or timbre allows distinguishing between sounds of the same pitch and loudness, determined mainly by harmonic content and dynamic characteristics.
In this presentation, I explain what a standing wave on a string is, the difference between a standing wave and a travelling wave, and go over some practice problems.
This document discusses concepts related to the perception of sound including loudness, pitch, and timbre. It defines key terms like intensity, loudness, frequency, pitch, phon, sone, mel, and timbre. Intensity is a physical property measured in decibels, while loudness, pitch and timbre represent human perception. The phon, sone and mel scales were developed through experiments with listeners adjusting tones to be equally loud or high in pitch. Understanding these concepts is important for audio engineering and applying amplification for hearing loss.
Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave that travels through air, liquids, and solids as vibrations of molecules. It can have different frequencies, velocities, and wavelengths. Frequency describes how often the vibrations occur per second and determines whether a sound is high or low pitched. Sound travels at different speeds depending on the medium and temperature, with the speed increasing in denser materials. Humans can detect sounds between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz, while some animals can hear sounds outside this range. Intensity and amplitude measure the energy of sound waves, with louder sounds having higher intensities and amplitudes.
There are four types of triangles: equilateral triangles have three equal sides and three equal angles; isosceles triangles have two equal sides and two equal angles; scalene triangles have no equal sides and all different angles; right-angled triangles contain one 90 degree angle and can be either isosceles or scalene.
Echoes are sound waves that bounce back to their source after hitting an object. In Greek mythology, Echo was a nymph cursed by Hera to only repeat the last words of others. Animals like bats and dolphins use echolocation by emitting sounds and interpreting the echoes to locate prey, navigate, and learn about their surroundings. Sonar devices also make use of echoes by sending out sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echo to return to calculate distances of underwater objects.
Sound is created by vibrations which move as longitudinal waves through a medium, transferring energy. The speed of sound depends on the temperature and density of the medium. Pitch is related to the frequency of the sound wave - higher frequencies have higher pitches. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the sound wave - louder sounds have higher amplitudes and more energy. Sound waves can interact through reflection, interference, and resonance.
This document discusses the characterization of sound through a review of key concepts. It defines sound physically as a wave motion and psychophysically as the excitation of hearing. Sound is transmitted through a medium and produced by a vibrating object contacting air. The attributes of sound - loudness, pitch, timbre and duration - have both subjective and objective physical definitions related to parameters like pressure, frequency and spectrum. The relationships between these physical parameters and perceptual qualities are explained, along with concepts like octaves and consonance/dissonance.
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with triangles, especially right triangles. It has been used for over 4000 years, originally to calculate sundials. Key trigonometric functions are the sine, cosine, and tangent, which relate the angles and sides of a right triangle. Trigonometric identities and the trig functions of complementary angles are also discussed. Trigonometry has many applications, including in astronomy, navigation, engineering, optics, and more. It allows curved surfaces to be approximated in architecture using flat panels at angles.
The document discusses the Doppler effect, which describes how the frequency of a wave (such as sound) is perceived differently by an observer depending on the relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer. Specifically, the frequency observed is higher if the source and observer are moving towards each other, and lower if they are moving away from each other. This phenomenon is illustrated with graphs and equations, and special cases are noted.
A wave is a repeating disturbance that transfers energy through matter or space. There are two main types of waves - longitudinal waves, where the matter moves parallel to the direction of the wave, and transverse waves, where energy is transferred without transferring matter. Sound is a form of energy caused by vibrations that transfers through longitudinal waves. Key properties of waves include wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed. Sound waves can interfere constructively or destructively and be reflected, refracted, or absorbed.
The document discusses different types of waves including transverse waves, where the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of motion, and longitudinal waves, where the displacement is parallel. It defines key wave properties like speed, frequency, wavelength, and how speed equals frequency multiplied by wavelength. It describes constructive and destructive interference from crests and troughs combining or canceling. It lists tsunamis as being caused by earthquakes, landslides, and volcanoes and mentions water circulation and ocean waves.
The document discusses the physics of sound and acoustics. It covers how sound is produced through vibrations, the speed of sound in different mediums, properties of sound like pitch, frequency, loudness and intensity. It also summarizes the anatomy of the human ear and how we perceive sound. Musical instruments are described based on how they produce sound through vibrating strings, reeds, lips or air columns. Interference patterns between sounds and concepts like resonance, beats, timbre and noise are also covered at a high level.
This document provides an overview of physical quantities and the International System of Units (SI) for measuring them. It defines physical quantities as things that can be measured with a magnitude and unit. The SI is standardized by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and uses seven base units: meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole. Derived quantities are defined in terms of base units, like speed being meters/second. Prefixes are used to modify units for very small or large numbers. The document gives examples of derived quantities and their units, like area being square meters.
- Progressive waves transfer energy from one place to another through a medium. Transverse waves have vibrations perpendicular to the propagation direction, while longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel.
- For stationary waves formed by interference of progressive waves, nodes are points of no displacement and antinodes are points of maximum displacement. The distance between nodes and antinodes depends on the harmonic.
- Organ pipes produce musical tones through stationary waves in a air column. Closed pipes have odd harmonics while open pipes have even harmonics. The fundamental and harmonic frequencies depend on pipe length and speed of sound.
Here are the key points about rate of change of velocity:
- Rate of change of velocity is also known as acceleration.
- Acceleration is a vector quantity which indicates the rate at which the velocity of an object is changing.
- The SI unit of acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s2).
- If an object's velocity is increasing with time, it has a positive acceleration. If velocity is decreasing with time, acceleration is negative.
- Acceleration can be caused by a change in the object's speed, direction of motion, or both.
- Constant acceleration means the rate of change of velocity remains the same over time. This results in a linear relationship between velocity and time
Sound is produced by vibrations that travel in waves through a medium such as air. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that cause compressions and rarefactions as they propagate. The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency, with higher frequencies producing higher pitches. Loudness depends on factors like the amplitude of vibrations and the area and distance from the vibrating source. Humans can hear sounds between 20-20,000 Hz but ultrasound with frequencies above 20,000 Hz has many medical and industrial uses.
Physics 101 LO6 which explains the components of standing waves, generates its equation, and tests the understanding of students by creating a practice problem with a worked solution in the end.
The document discusses different aspects of sound including how it is produced, how it travels, and how the human ear perceives it. It defines sound as a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure transmitted through a medium composed of frequencies within the range of human hearing. It describes that sound is produced by vibration and travels in waves, pushing and pulling on particles in the transmission medium. The human ear detects these pressure variations and converts them into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
This document discusses acoustics and noise control. It begins by defining acoustics and describing the basics of sound, including properties like amplitude, frequency, wavelength. It then explains sound propagation principles such as reflection, refraction, diffraction and absorption. Different materials and their effects on sound are described. Noise control techniques like site planning, architectural design and sound barriers are discussed. Specific examples of architectural designs that enhance sound are provided.
Sound is a vibration that travels in air or other materials as a wave. The speed and wavelength of sound depends on factors like the medium and frequency. Sound is detected when vibrations reach the ear drum and are interpreted by the brain. Characteristics of sound include frequency, wavelength, loudness, quality, and amplitude. Sound can be measured in units like decibels and analyzed to understand acoustics, prevent hearing damage, and improve audio experiences.
Sound waves are caused by vibrations that create regions of high and low pressure in air molecules. Longitudinal waves propagate through fluids by relying on pressure forces between molecules. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity of the medium - more elastic media allow sound to travel faster. Pitch is perceived as the frequency of a sound wave, while loudness depends on the amplitude. Timbre, which allows distinction between sounds of the same pitch and loudness, is influenced most by the harmonic content or overtones present in the sound waveform.
Sound is a form of energy that travels through air or other substances in waves. The wavelength is the distance between wave peaks and the amplitude is the height of the wave. Sound waves are caused by vibration and consist of variations in air pressure that travel through air or other materials. The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency, which is measured in Hertz (cycles per second). Higher frequencies are perceived as higher pitches while lower frequencies are lower pitches. Reflection and absorption of sound waves impact how sound is perceived in a space.
Sound is traveling compressed air or other material that transfers energy. It has properties like amplitude (volume), wavelength (distance between compressed regions), and frequency (number of wavelengths passing a point over time). Ultrasound refers to sounds above the normal human hearing range. Bats and ultrasonic sensors use ultrasound for echolocation to detect distant objects by sending out sound waves and receiving the echo. The speed of sound is approximately 340 m/s.
Sound travels as longitudinal waves that carry energy through a medium such as air, water or other materials. It is produced by vibrations that create variations in pressure. The pitch of a sound depends on its frequency, with higher frequencies producing higher pitches. Loudness depends on amplitude, with greater amplitudes producing louder sounds. Different sounds at the same pitch and loudness can be distinguished by their timbre. The human ear can detect sounds from 20-20,000 Hz. Sound propagates more efficiently through denser materials like liquids and solids than gases, and travels at different speeds depending on the material.
The document discusses various topics related to architectural acoustics including:
- The definition of architectural acoustics as the study of sound generation, propagation, and transmission in buildings.
- The importance of applying acoustic principles to improve quality of life through work and leisure environments.
- The need to both enhance desirable sounds like music, while reducing undesirable noise.
The document discusses sound and how it is produced through vibrations. It describes how different instruments produce sound through vibrating strings, lips, reeds or air columns. It also discusses properties of sound including frequency, pitch, loudness, intensity, harmonics, resonance, the human ear, and how sounds are perceived.
Introduction to Music Production- Audio Basics- CourseraAspa Papadimitriou
Sound is a form of energy that propagates as pressure waves through a medium such as air. It has key properties including propagation, amplitude, frequency, and timbre. Propagation refers to how sound moves through a medium at different speeds depending on factors like temperature. Amplitude is the extent of the sound wave and is measured in decibels, relating to loudness. Frequency is how quickly the sound vibrates and is measured in Hertz, relating to pitch. Timbre is the combination of frequencies that make up an instrument's unique sound. Understanding these properties is essential for music production.
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound that is loud or unpleasant. Sound becomes noise when it reaches unbearable levels and causes irritation or damage to the ear. The speed of sound depends on factors like the type of medium and temperature, traveling faster in liquids, solids, and at higher temperatures. Noise can harm hearing by causing temporary or permanent threshold shifts. The decibel scale is used to measure sound pressure levels, with prolonged exposure to sounds over 85 dB posing risk of noise-induced hearing loss. NIHL arises from repeated exposure in noisy areas and damages the inner ear over time.
This document discusses sound waves and room acoustics. It explains that sound travels as longitudinal waves through air and other substances. When sound waves hit surfaces in an enclosed space, they are reflected and create reverberation over time. The time it takes for reverberation to decay by 60dB is known as the reverberation time or RT60, which provides an objective measurement of room acoustics. Room reflections are important for both the direct sound picked up by microphones and the diffuse room tone, which conveys information about the size and surfaces of the space.
Acoustics is the scientific study of sound, including how it behaves and is perceived. It deals with properties of sound waves like reflection, refraction, absorption, and interference. Acoustics is important for learning environments and other spaces where noise can be distracting or carry too much. Good acoustics involve distributing sound well, creating a sense of intimacy, and having proper reverberation times. Factors like reverberation time, loudness, echoes, and sound reflections off surfaces can impact architectural acoustics. A variety of materials like sound absorbers, reflectors, and diffusers are used to control sound.
Sound can propagate as longitudinal waves through air and solids, and as transverse waves through solids. The velocity of sound in air depends on temperature. Common units used to measure sound include decibels (loudness), hertz (frequency), and sone and phon (perceived loudness). Sound reflects off hard surfaces similarly to light, while diffraction causes bending around obstacles. The amount of sound absorbed versus reflected by a material is quantified by its absorption coefficient. Reverberation is the prolongation of sound after the source stops due to reflections, and reverberation time is used to characterize how long reflections are audible in a space.
Sound is a form of energy that travels in longitudinal waves, requiring matter to transmit vibrations between particles. The speed of sound varies according to the medium, being fastest in solids and slowest in gases. Our ears can detect frequencies between 20-20,000 Hz, perceiving variations in pitch from low to high frequencies and loudness from soft to loud amplitudes. Musical instruments produce sound through vibration of different materials, while other technologies like sonar use sound waves for applications such as locating objects underwater.
Sound is a form of energy that travels in longitudinal waves, requiring matter to transmit vibrations between particles. The speed of sound varies according to the medium, being fastest in solids and slowest in gases. Our ears can detect frequencies between 20-20,000 Hz, perceiving variations in pitch from low to high frequencies and loudness from soft to loud amplitudes. Musical instruments produce sound through vibration of different materials, while other technologies like sonar use sound waves for applications such as locating objects underwater.
Sound travels through reflection in auditoriums. Echoes occur when sound reflects off obstacles at a distance of at least 17 meters from the source. Reverberation, or prolonged sound, is controlled through sound absorption materials and curved ceilings and surfaces to distribute sound evenly throughout the hall.
The document discusses key concepts in acoustics including:
1. Acoustics is the science of sound, including its production, propagation, and effects. Sound is a wave motion consisting of compressions and rarefactions in an elastic medium.
2. For sound to be produced, there must be a vibrating body, transmitting medium, and receiving medium. The audible frequency range for humans is 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
3. Physical properties of sound waves include amplitude, period, frequency, wavelength, and velocity of propagation. The velocity of sound depends on the properties of the medium it is traveling through.
4. When a sound wave encounters an obstruction, it can be reflected,
The document discusses several topics related to sound:
1. Reflection of sound follows the same laws as light reflection, with the incident, reflected, and normal waves lying in the same plane. Echoes are produced by sound reflections off large, hard, smooth surfaces.
2. Reverberation occurs when the original and reflected sounds are so close in time that they cannot be heard separately, making the sound seem prolonged.
3. Applications of echoes include locating submarines, fish shoals, and sunken objects underwater through echolocation.
CHAPTER 12 (SOUND 9th central board).pptxAtharShaikh20
1. Sound is a form of energy that travels as longitudinal waves, causing variations in pressure and density in a medium.
2. A sound wave is characterized by properties like amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and speed. The speed of sound depends on the medium and is calculated as wavelength multiplied by frequency.
3. Sound waves can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed. The reflection of sound leads to echoes and is used in applications like enhancing sound in concert halls.
The document outlines key topics related to online safety, security, and ethics. It discusses protecting one's reputation and avoiding internet threats like malware, spam, and phishing. The learning objectives are for students to consider safety and reputation when sharing information online, determine and avoid internet dangers, be responsible on social media, and efficiently research online through proper referencing.
The document outlines key topics related to online safety, security, and ethics. It discusses protecting one's reputation and avoiding internet threats like malware, spam, and phishing. The learning objectives are for students to consider safety and reputation when sharing information online, determine and avoid internet dangers, be responsible on social media, and efficiently research online through proper referencing.
L1 introduction to information and communication technologyrowenick
This document discusses key topics in information and communication technologies (ICT) including online platforms, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, trends in ICT, and how ICT affects everyday lives. It aims to improve students' understanding of how ICT is used, compare online platforms and content, explain features of Web 2.0 like social media, and understand future directions like Web 3.0.
Intensity determines loudness - a sound wave with higher amplitude and energy is louder. Frequency determines pitch - a higher frequency wave is higher in pitch, while a lower frequency wave is lower in pitch. Intensity is measured in watts per meter squared and describes the energy of a sound wave. Loudness is how intense a sound is perceived by humans. Frequency is measured in Hertz and refers to the number of vibrations per second. Pitch is a description of how high or low a sound seems.
1. The document discusses the basic structure and function of cells, including the cell theory that all living things are made of cells, which are the basic functional units of life.
2. It describes the key components of cells including the cell membrane, nucleus that contains DNA, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
3. The main organelles and structures of plant and animal cells are outlined like the cell wall, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, and how each structure carries out important functions for the cell.
This document provides an overview and introduction to Microsoft Excel. It covers topics such as the Excel interface including ribbons, working with cells, formatting text, conditional formatting, inserting and deleting rows/columns, sorting data, cell referencing, functions, and shortcut keys. The document is submitted by Mridul Bansal to Mr. Sandeep Tyagi as an assignment on MS Excel.
L1 introduction to information and communication technologyrowenick
This document discusses key topics in information and communication technologies (ICT) including online platforms, Web 2.0, Web 3.0, trends in ICT, and how ICT affects everyday lives. It aims to improve students' understanding of how ICT is used, compare online platforms and content, explain features of Web 2.0 like social media, and understand future directions like Web 3.0.
This document provides guidance on developing an information and communications technology (ICT) project for social change. It outlines two learning objectives: 1) planning and conceptualizing an ICT project for social change, and 2) identifying platforms to help ensure the project's success. It then describes the key elements of a concept paper to convince potential funders, including an introduction, purpose, description, budget, and contact information. Finally, it presents an overview of the simplified ICT project process, involving planning, development, release and promotion, and ongoing maintenance.
This document provides an overview of advanced spreadsheet skills taught in a lesson, including commonly used Microsoft Excel functions, conditional functions, and using Excel for market research. The lesson aims to familiarize students with common Excel functions, teach several conditional functions, and demonstrate how to use Excel for market research and product development. It introduces basic Excel formulas like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and explains example functions including average, COUNTIF, SUMIF, and AVERAGEIF.
This document provides an introduction to formulas and functions in Microsoft Excel. It discusses entering formulas using cell references, which allows the formulas to automatically update when data changes. Functions are predefined formulas that come with Excel. The document reviews common functions like SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, and MIN. It also explains how to copy formulas to other cells and how cell references can be relative, absolute, or mixed. Practice exercises are provided to help illustrate key concepts.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
2. Sound Waves
Generation and Propagation
Sound wave = changes in pressure caused by
vibrating object
Compression = High pressure
Rarefaction = Low pressure
Sound needs a medium to “vibrate”
Usually air, but could be anything
Speed of sound depends upon the medium
Air = 1130 ft/sec Water = 5000 ft/sec Steel = 13000 ft/sec
3. Measuring sound waves
Sound waves are longitudinal waves
Vibrating object compresses the air around it.
Pushes air away leaving an area of low pressure
Vibrating object then compresses more air to create a
“chain”
4. Measuring methods
Cycle
A single push and pull of the vibrating object
One are of compression followed by one area of
rarefaction
An initial increase in atmospheric pressure from the
norm, followed by a drop below the norm and then a
return to normal
Mathematically displayed by a sine curve
Pressure on Y axis
Time on X axis
5. Measuring methods
Period (T) and Frequency (f)
Period - The time it takes to create one cycle
Frequency - The number of cycles in one second
1
f
T
=
Measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
7. Measuring methods
Frequency will determine pitch
High frequency = high pitch
Low frequency = low pitch
Octave – a doubling of halving of the
frequency
8. Measuring methods
Human hearing range
Low range between 15 to 30 Hz
With enough power lower than 15 Hz can be felt, but
not heard as “sound”
High range varies with age and gender
Women - up to 20 kHz
Men – between 15 to 18 kHz
High frequency range will lower with exposure to high
levels of sound and age
9. Tuning
Traditional orchestra would tune First Chair Violin A first.
Remaining instruments would tune relative to that
A above middle C was tuned to about 420 Hz
As halls grew larger it was found to be desirable to tune sharper
1939 A was established to be 440 Hz
Corresponds to the 49th
key on a full size piano
Tuning is not a science. The relative frequency difference is
what is important
10. Measuring methods
Wavelength
The distance from one area of compression
to the next or one area of rarefaction to the
next v
f
λ =
l=wave length
V = velocity of sound in medium
usually 1130 ft/sec
f = frequency
11. Measuring methods
Amplitude
How high the pressure goes above and below
normal atmospheric pressure
Corresponds to how loud the sound is
“loudness” is relative to frequency and dependant
on the listener.
12. Timber and Harmonics
Harmonics – multiples of a base frequency
Timber – the characteristics of a particular sound or
instrument
Different harmonics combined in different levels
13. Physics of Sound
Part 2
Basic Acoustics
Inverse square law
Reinforcement/cancellation
14. Interference
Phase
measurement of where the amplitude of a wave is
relative to another wave
A cycle can start at any point in a waveform
Two waves with the same frequency can start at
different times
Measured as an angle in degrees
Related to the sine wave representation of the wave
16. Beats
Happens when two
slightly different
frequencies interfere
Often used in tuning
17. Standing waves
When sound waves bounce off
of obstructions, they can
interfere with themselves
Tends to reinforce some
frequencies and attenuate
others
Prevented by using
Non- Parallel walls, ceilings
Convex surfaces
Multi-level ceiling sections
18. Reverberance (Reverb)
Consisting of multiple, blended sound images caused by
reflections from walls, ceilings and other structures which do not
absorb sound
NOT echo
Echo consists of individual, non-blended sound images
Reverb time is related to
The time it takes for a sound to reduce to an inaudible level
Loudness of sound relative to background noise
Ratio of loudness of reverberant to direct sound
Short reverb time (less than 1.5 sec) is better for speech or
drama
Long reverb time (more than 1.5 sec.) is better for music
19. Absorption
Controlling reflections can reduce or increase reverb
time
Air tends to absorb frequencies above 2K Hz
Sight line obstructions
Frequencies above 10 kHz tend to not bend around
corners well or other obstructions
l=1.3 inches for 10 kHz tone
Frequencies below 1kHz do very well
l=5.65 feet for 200 Hz tone
Specialists are often hired to “tune” a space
acoustically
20. Acoustic attributes
Defined by Leo Beranek after a 6 year study
of 54 concert halls
Used to define acoustic properties in terms
that other trained professionals can
understand
21. Acoustic attributes
Intimacy – Indicates the size of a room
How it sounds to the listener, not actual size
Determined by the initial-time-delay-gap (ITDG)
Interval between the sound that arrives directly at the
ear and the first reflection
Usually considered to be the most important
attribute
22. Acoustic attributes
Liveness
Related to Reverberance
Room size is related
More reflections is live. Less reflections is dry or
dead
Warmth
More low frequency sound relative to mid
frequency
Too much low frequency sound is said to be
“Boomy”
23. Acoustic attributes
Loudness of direct sound
Inverse square law
Loudness of sound will decrease by one quarter
every time the distance from the source is
doubled
Definition or Clarity
Good definition when sound is clear.
Related to intimacy, liveness, loudness of direct
and reverberant sound
24. Acoustic attributes
Brilliance
A hall that has liveness, clarity and intimacy
Diffusion
Relates to the orientation of reverberant sound
Where is the reflected sound coming from
It is preferable to have reverb sound coming from
all directions
25. Intensity
Like pitch, loudness is a sensation in the
consciousness of a listener
To produce a sound twice as loud requires 10
times the power
Inverse square law
Sound level is reduced by a factor of the square
of the distance away from the source
If you move double the distance from the source, the
sound intensity will by one quarter
26. Intensity
Intensity is a measurable quantity
SPL – Sound Pressure Level
dB – deciBel
A system of measuring a ratio between two powers
1dB change – Imperceptible change
3dB change – Barely perceptible
5dB change – Clearly noticeable
10dB change – About twice as loud
20dB change – About four times as loud
27. dB SPL Sound
150 dB Jet engine at 1m
140 dB Rock and Roll stack at 1m
130 dB Thunderclap, Air Raid Siren 1 Meter
120 dB Jet takeoff (200 ft)
110 dB Rock Concert
100 dB Train passing up close
90 dB Heavy traffic
80 dB Hair Dryer
70 dB City street
60 dB Noisy bar or restaurant
50 dB Open plan office environment
40 dB Normal conversation level
30 dB Library, Soft Whisper (5 Meter)
20 dB Quiet domestic environment
10 dB Broadcasting Studio, Rustling Leaves
0 dB Threshold of hearing in young adult
28.
29. Sound Envelope
Listener does not hear individual cycles of sound waves
Attack – Time it takes for sound to rise from nothing to its
greatest intensity. Usually short.
Decay – Time it takes for a sound to fall from its attack level to its
sustaining level. Decay time is usually short
Sustain – The time during which the initial vibrating source
continues to supply energy to the sound. Usually perceived as
the duration and intensity of the sound
Release – Time it takes for the sound to drop from its sustain
level to inaudibility after vibrating object stops supplying energy
31. Interaction of Sound
with other Show Elements
Script
Identification of motivational cues - sounds listed in
the script (cues that actors react to)
Identification of environmental cue opportunities –
locations, time of day, season, era,
Identification of emotional cue opportunities – What
do you want to say about actor, situation. . .
32. Interaction of Sound
with other Show Elements
Acting
Collaborate on what is “heard” on stage - Actors
need to understand what sounds are part of the
physical environment shared with the set and props.
Some sounds are there for them to react to (Motivational)
Some sounds need to be originated by a performer’s
action (ring a bell, turn on a radio, etc...)
Monitoring of stage action to off-stage locations
Placement of wireless mics and stage monitoring /
fold back
33. Interaction of Sound
with other Show Elements
Costumes
Musicals – wireless mics that need to be
accommodated within costumes and hair
Scenic
Location of on-stage devices (speakers, mics)
Collaboration on scene shifts (needs/opportunities to
cover transitions using sound cues – “Functional”
sound cues)
Identification of cues that support each other (sound
used to reinforce scenic element that would normally
make noise (car, train station, rain, etc. . .)
34. Interaction of Sound
with other Show Elements
Props
“Active” on-stage devices that may be props
Lights
Identification of cues that support each other
Thunder and lightning,
Day time or night time,
Lights used to represent outdoors and other items/times
that would normally have a recognizable sound associated
with it.
Identification of transitions where cues should go
together
35. Interaction of Sound
with other Show Elements
Music direction
Vocal reinforcement (micing)
Music reinforcement (micing, direct feeds and
mixing)
Vocal/music monitoring for performers and/or band
Choreography
Music cues
Reinforcement of foot fall (Mic cues for tap dancing)
Music monitoring for dancers
36. Interaction of Sound
with Other Show Elements
Stage Management
Cueing
Monitoring of stage action to booth
Intercom systems
37. Use of Sound in the Theatre
What Audience Hears – Company Hears
Elements that are part of the show
What an audience hears.
Cues, Aural Reinforcement
Support for the Overall Production
What the company hears
Monitoring, Communications
Recording
38. Use of Sound in the Theatre
What Audience Hears – Company Hears
Sound Cues - “created” sounds that
advance the story
Sound effects, music transitions and underscoring.
Produced / reproduced through mechanical or
electronic means
Mechanical – real sounds (sheet metal for thunder, crash
box for breaking glass, ½ coconuts for horse galloping,
actors making bird calls)
Also called practical
Electronic reproduction
Sounds stored as signals on CDs, Minidisks,
computer files
39. Use of Sound in the Theatre
What Audience Hears – Company Hears
Reinforcement of aural elements of
production
Mic cues for vocal and musical performance
Orchestra Mics
Instrument direct feeds
40. Use of Sound in the Theatre
What Audience Hears – Company Hears
Monitoring – Providing performers and members of the
company a portion of the sound from the performance to assist
with their performance.
Stage monitors for singers to hear the band – and
themselves – Fold back
Pit monitors for band to hear vocals – and themselves
House monitoring for crew positions, back stage and
dressing rooms so company can hear “what’s going on”
41. Use of Sound in the Theatre
What Audience Hears – Company Hears
Communications
Intercoms for cueing and communications among the
company
Recording
Live feeds of performance for film, video and audio
recording
42. Paper work, paper work, paper
work….
CUE DEVICE INPUT CH LEVEL DEVICE OUTPUT CH LEVEL FADE TIME NOTES
SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE
SOUND CUE SHEET
Show:_________________________________________ Sem / Year _____/_____
Page _____ of _____
43. Paper work, paper work, paper
work….
CUE # Sound Cue Placement PG. Type Location
A Preshow music At house opening 7 Called Cluster / BOH
B Preshow announcement with house to half 7 Called Cluster
C Preshow fade with blackout 7 Called Cluster / BOH
D Narrator with lights up 7 Called Cluster
E "Loser" with lights up 9 Called USC
F music cut Chuck: "…the fuck!" 9 Called USC
G Awesome sound Agnes: "Go." 13 Called cluster
H Mission Impossible theme Agnes: "…the intro music!" 14 Called cluster
I music cut ??? 14 Called cluster
J Narrator TOS 18 Called cluster
K T.V. with lights up 18 Called USC
L T.V. fade Tilly: "…not good at all." 19 Called USC
M magic Agnes: "What are you doing?" 23 Called cluster
N fight music Chuck: "…what happens next - " 24 Called cluster
O music cut end of fight 24 Called cluster
P Narrator into LL Cool J Lilith: "…kicketh some ass." 26 Called cluster
R "Waterfalls" with lights up 28 Called cluster
S Voice Over Tilly: "…Let's do this!" 29 Called cluster
T magic missle with spell 29 Called cluster
U Farrah explodes Farrah: "Oh no." 29 Called cluster
V Cheerleader enterance Agnes: "…would be a bad thing, right?" 34 Called Cluster
W music cut 34 Called Cluster
X cube eats Steve: "…oh neat, a jello mold!" 47 Called USC
Y cube transforms Tilly: "…call it Miles." 49 Called Cluster
Z "Gonna Make you Sweat" Chuck: "…Cheerleaders!!!" 59 Called Cluster
AA Footsteps with blackout 69 Called SL
BB Tiamat Roar 69 Called SL
CC Tiamat fight 69 Called SL
DD Curtain call with lights up 71 Called Cluster