Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body does not properly process glucose due to a lack of insulin or inability to use insulin effectively. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes results from the body not producing insulin; type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not properly use insulin; and gestational diabetes develops in some pregnant women and usually resolves after giving birth. Left untreated, high blood sugar levels from any type of diabetes can lead to serious health complications.

1. DIABETES

2. Diabetes
◦ Diabetes is a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how our body turns
food into energy.
◦ Most of the food we eat is broken down into sugar (also called glucose) and
released into our bloodstream. When our blood sugar goes up, it signals our
pancreas to release insulin. Insulin acts like a key to let the blood sugar into our
body’s cells for use as energy.
◦ if we have diabetes, our body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use the
insulin it makes as well as it should. When there isn’t enough insulin or cells stop
responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in our bloodstream. Over time,
that can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney
disease.

3. It is a metabolic disorder characterized by
hyperglycaemia,(fasting plasma glucose 126 mg/dL and/or
200 mg/dL 2 hours after 75 g oral glucose), glycosuria,
hyperlipidaemia, negative nitrogen balance and sometimes
ketonaemia.
A widespread pathological change is thickening of
capillary basement membrane, increase in vessel wall matrix
and cellular proliferation resulting in vascular complications
like lumen narrowing, early atherosclerosis, sclerosis of
glomerular capillaries, retinopathy, neuropathy and
peripheral vascular insufficiency

4. Types of Diabetes
There are three main types
of diabetes:
 Type 1 DM
 Type 2 DM
 Gestational diabetes

5. Prediabetes
If blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough yet to be
diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes raises our risk for type 2 diabetes,
heart disease, and stroke.

6. Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)/juvenile onset diabetes
mellitus. So, in this condition body does NOT produce insulin.
There is cell destruction in pancreatic islets; majority of cases are
autoimmune antibodies that destroy cells are detectable in blood, but some
are idiopathic- no beta cell antibody is found. In all type I cases circulating
insulin levels are low or very low, and patients are more prone to
ketosis.This type is less common and has a low degree of genetic
predisposition.
Approximately 5-10% of the people who have diabetes have type 1.
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes often develop quickly. It’s usually diagnosed
in children, teens, and young adults.

7. Type 2 Diabetes
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)/maturity onset diabetes mellitus.
Insulin resistance – body doesn’t use insulin properly
There is no loss or only moderate reduction in cell mass; insulin in circulation is low, normal or even high,
no anti-P-cell antibody is demonstrable; has a high degree of genetic predisposition; generally has a late
onset. Over 90% cases of diabetes are type 2 DM.
Causes may be:
 Abnormality in gluco-receptor of p cells so that they respond at higher glucose concentration or relative
p cell deficiency.
 Insulin secretion is impaired; may progress to p cell failure.
 Reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin
 Reduction in number of insulin receptors
 Excess of hyperglycaemic hormones.
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with healthy lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, eating
healthy food, and being active.

8. Some of the signs and symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
are:
•Increased thirst
•Frequent urination
•Extreme hunger
•Unexplained weight loss
•Presence of ketones in the urine
•Fatigue
•Irritability
•Blurred vision
•Slow-healing sores

9. Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes develops in pregnant women who have never
had diabetes. If pregnant women have gestational diabetes, her
baby could be at higher risk for health problems. Gestational
diabetes usually goes away after baby is born but increases risk for
type 2 diabetes later in life.baby is more likely to have obesity as a
child or teen, and more likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in
life too.

10. During pregnancy, the placenta produces
hormones to sustain in pregnancy. These
hormones make pregnant women cells more
resistant to insulin.
Normally, our pancreas responds by producing
enough extra insulin to overcome this resistance.
But sometimes our pancreas can't keep up.
When this happens, too little glucose gets into
our cells and too much stays in our blood,
resulting in gestational diabetes