“NRM and GCC – Cambodia example”, presented by Sambath Sak and Kimberley Lucas, USAID-Cambodia

1. 1
Integrating Agriculture & NRM:
USAID/Cambodia’s
Feed the Future and GCC
Kathmandu November 15, 2011

2. 2
FTF Cambodia has 3 integrated components
• Rice-fish-horticulture sectors
• Household agricultural
production
• Livelihoods diversification
• Post harvest activities
• Access to finance
• Behavior change nutrition
education
Reduced food insecurity for
100,000 households in rural
Tonle Sap focusing on:
Improved ability to adapt
to climate change by
targeting:
• Agricultural and fisheries
management techniques
• Community-based natural
resource management of
forests, fisheries, water
resources and protected
areas
• Ecosystem services
In collaboration with RGC, improved capacity
for national-level policy and research through:
1
2
3
Food security
Natural resource
management & GCC
• Applied research
• Inventory and valuation of key natural resources
• New SFFSN development (country investment)
National level capacity building

3. 3
Agricultural/Environmental Profile of Cambodia
Crop production concentrates around Mekong
river & Tonle Sap lake
High fertility
Medium fertility
Low fertility
Paddy rice
Forest
Orchards
Rainfall and seasonal floods are critical to soil
fertility and food production

4. 4
NRM/ GCC: Forest Zones: flooded, evergreen & dry deciduous

5. 5
Target pool of 70K food insecure households in key lowland & forest areas

6. 6
Rural Tonle Sap:
• 200K food insecure HH lean season
• 45% poverty rate
• 36% of Cambodia’s poor
• Highest concentration of stunting &
malnutrition
• Highest soil fertility
• Good water availability
• 2 of top 10 rice producing provinces
Preah
Viheear Stung
Treng
Ratanakiri
Mondul KiriKra
Cheh
Svay
Rieng
Kampong
Thum
Takev
Kampot
Kaoh Kong
Pursat
Siemreab
Batdambang
Kampong
Chhnang
Kampong
Spoe
Kampong
Cham
Kandal
Prey
Veng
Banteay
Meanchey
Phnom
Penh
Oldar Mean
Meanchey
Preah
Viheear Stung
Treng
Ratanakiri
Mondul KiriKra
Cheh
Svay
Rieng
Kampong
Thum
Takev
Kampot
Kaoh Kong
Pursat
Siemreab
Batdambang
Kampong
Chhnang
Kampong
Spoe
Kampong
Cham
Kandal
Prey
Veng
Banteay
Meanchey
Phnom
Penh
Preah
Viheear Stung
Treng
Ratanakiri
Mondul KiriKra
Cheh
Svay
Rieng
Kampong
Thum
Takev
Kampot
Kaoh Kong
Pursat
Siemreab
Batdambang
Kampong
Chhnang
Kampong
Spoe
Kampong
Cham
Kandal
Prey
Veng
Banteay
Meanchey
Phnom
Penh
Oldar Mean
Meanchey
Tonle Sap has highest soil fertility
& water availability
Tonle Sap is 2nd most populated
region
GCC: flooded, evergreen &
deciduous dry forests
Tonle Sap has highest share of
food insecure and is 2nd in poverty
Target pool of 70K food insecure households in key lowland and forest areas
Focus Areas
High
Medium
Low
Evergreen
Deciduous
Non forest
Viillage
center
Phom Penh (1.0%)
Costal zone (3.8%)
Plateau zone (17.6%)
Plains zone (37.1%)
Tonle Sap zone (40.6%)

7. 7
• Increased income
opportunities from NTFP
and conservation activities
• Improved resilience of
agricultural production to
climate stressors
• Improved watershed
management
Adaptation to
Climate Change
Impact on FTF target
population
Climate change: impacts and adaptation
• High vulnerability country
• Extremes in flooding and
drought
• Temperature increase of
0.5-2.5 degrees Celsius
• Change in vegetation
patterns
Potential Climate
Change impact
• Flooded, evergreen &
deciduous dry forests and
Tonle Sap basin
• Drought resistant & other
appropriate cultivars
• Certification and audit
requirements for the
CDM, REDD, REDD+ and
voluntary markets

8. Alignment with Royal Government of Cambodia Strategies
Strategic Framework for Food
Security & Nutrition
Strategy for Agriculture & Water
(e.g. Agriculture and livestock production, higher
incomes, capacity to cope with risks & shocks)
(e.g. Policy & regulation; capacity building;
agricultural research, extension &
education; food security; water & land
management; agriculture business
marketing)
• Agricultural productivity & economic
diversification
• Inputs, extension & post harvest
• Natural resource management and
climate change adaptation
• Access to finance (credit)
• Institutional capacity
RGC
investment
plan
programs
FTF/GCC
strategic
areas
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These links confirmed through ongoing TWG process and Food Policy Stocktaking Roundtable
• NRM (farms, forests, fisheries)
• Institutional capacity
• Sustainable economic benefits for
livelihoods
• Adaptive capacity to GCC
• Mitigation efforts to combat GCC/REDD+
National Forest Program (2010)
Protected Areas Law (2008)
Community Based Natural
Resource Management (CBNRM)
(20 year program)
(Mandates the National Protected Areas
Strategic Management Plan)
(Forestry, fisheries and protected area
strategies mandate CBNRM to reverse
forest loss and impact on local livelihoods.)

9. 9
Stocktaking roundtable prioritized areas for research & policy development
Agriculture Policy &
Strategy
Food security, nutrition &
social protection
Natural resources & climate
change
Priority research areas
• Agriculture census / survey; land
suitability analysis & crop zoning
• Rice value-chain differentiation
and horticulture analysis
• Groundwater research for Ag.
• Upland agriculture knowledge
• Trade offs: export vs. local FS
Priority policy capacity building
• Policy communication strategy
• Policy harmonization – across line
ministries
• Agriculture/Farm insurance policy
(crop, livestock and fisheries)
• Policy on agricultural services
quality control
• Policy on promotion of Ag. value-
addition and job creation
Priority research areas
• Analysis of food consumption and
utilization behavior (including root
causes of food insecurity and
nutritional deficiency)
• Impact of improvement of different
production systems on food
security and nutrition
• Nutritional impact of shocks such
as damming rivers
Priority policy capacity building
• Evaluation of efficiency of existing
programs for evidence-based
advocacy for more investment on
social protection
• Information (income and prices)
and data for efficient and effective
monitoring, evaluation and
targeting
Priority research areas
• Prediction of CC impacts on FS in
Cambodia
• Balance long-term CC risk & current
NRM/governance challenges
• Advantages & risks of large scale
concession vs. S/H systems
Priority policy capacity building
• Strategies for investment in
agriculture R&D in CC adaptation
and mechanisms to communicate
effectively to farmers
• Defining strategy for common pool
resources, including livelihoods
effects of community forestry and
community fishery reforms
• Strategies to support women roles
in CC adaptation

10. FTF & GCC interventions should be mutually reinforcing
• Value chain investments in nutrient rich crops
• Homestead gardening
• More efficient food processing and storage:
increase effective yields without increasing land
under cultivation.
• Increased access to piped, potable and
affordable water & sanitation (ongoing)
• Explore use of agriculture delivery platforms
to promote environmentally sound
interventions
Improved food
security & diversity
Environmental
health-related
behaviors improved
Support country
capacity and
ownership
• Advocacy to elevate agriculture and NRM on national agenda
• Capacity building for development, implementation and monitoring & evaluation of
agriculture, NRM and climate related programs
• Research to inform policy development and decision-making
• Inventory and valuation of key natural resources: both forest and agricultural
Examples of GCC related interventions
• Income diversification NTFPs (honey, resin,
rattan, cardamom, etc.)
• Watershed management (works to improve,
maintain, & grow fish stocks)
• Silviculture activities introduced in degraded
watersheds
Examples of FTF related interventions
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• Community-based water quality monitoring
systems developed
• Train community leaders to monitor and
protect community natural resources
• National & sub-national REDD+ dialogues

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Overall FTF goals (Forecast includes anticipated impact of other donors & RGC)
• Prevalence of poverty (under $1.25/day)
• Prevalence of underweight children under 5
National level (Focus will be on Tonle Sap region)
• Expenditures of rural households (by proxy)2
• Prevalence of wasted children under 5
• Prevalence of stunted children under 5
Cambodia Project Level Indicators
• Improved access to markets
– Value of incremental sales (collected at firm level) attributed to FTF implementation
• Increased agricultural sector jobs
– Number of jobs attributable to FTF implementation (firm level survey)3
• Private sector investment
– Value of new private sector investment in the ag sector or food chain leveraged by FTF
• Improved access to diverse & quality foods
– Prevalence of maternal anemia
• Improved nutrition related behaviors
– Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding of children under 6 months
FTF impact indicators

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Outcome Indicators
• Number of HA under improved NRM as result of USG Assistance
• Number of HA in areas of biological significance under improved management as a
result of USG Assistance
• Number of private enterprises, producers organizations, water users associations,
trade and business associations and community based organizations that applied
new technologies or management practices as a result of USG Assistance
• Number of policies, agreements or regulations promoting sustainable NRM and
conservation implemented as a result of USG Assistance
• Number of policies, agreements or regulations addressing climate change proposed,
adopted or implemented as a result of USG Assistance
Impact Indicators:
• Number of people with increased economic benefits derived from sustainable NRM
and conservation as a result of USG Assistance
• Number of people/households with increased adaptive capacity to cope with the
impact of climate change and climate variability as a result of USG Assistance
Output Indicators:
• Number of private enterprises, producers organizations, water users associations, trade
and business associations and community based organizations receiving USG Assistance
• Number of people trained in NRM/Conservation or GCC framework convention GHG
Inventories, mitigation analysis as result of USG Assistance (disaggregated)
• Number of climate change mitigation tools, technologies developed, tested, adopted as
result of USG Assistance
NRM/GCC Cambodia indicators Integrated with FTF programming

13. 13
• Lack of available and reliable data
• Limited number local NGOs in the
agriculture and NRM sectors able to
receive direct funding
• Technical and project management
capacity remains a challenge at
many levels
• Coordination challenges for cross-
sector & cross-strategy issues
• Agriculture and GCC are new fields
for USAID/Cambodia
Key constraints in Cambodia:
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THANK YOU!