Studies of heats of reactions of binary liquid mixtures are given a considerable importance in understanding the nature of molecular interactions. Such studies mainly help to know the enthalpies of liquid mixtures. The present study deals with design of a simple embedded based system for measuring heat of mixing of binary liquid mixtures. The system consists of two units, cell assembly and data acquisition system. One of the components of the binary mixture is taken into the cell, other component is injected in to the cell through appropriate mechanical arrangement. The reaction on mixing causes the thermal changes which are sensed by the thermal sensor, that can be measured up to 10-4oC. The entire unit is interfaced to LPC 2366 ARM based controller (A less power consumption device made by philips). The ARM controller sends the data to the Personal Computer through the serial port and software is developed to calculate enthalpy values. A comparison of the results obtained with the literature data showed good agreement. The designed system can be used as an alternative for the measuring heats of mixing of binary liquid mixtures. The paper deals with the design aspects both hardware and software features of the system.
1.embedded based system for the study of heats of mixing of binary liquid mix...k srikanth
The document describes the design of an embedded system to measure the heat of mixing of binary liquid mixtures. Key aspects include:
- The system consists of a calorimeter cell assembly containing a test cell and Dewar flask for insulation, and a data acquisition system.
- One liquid is placed in the test cell and the other is added using a motorized syringe controlled by an ARM processor. A thermistor senses temperature changes from mixing.
- The processor sends temperature data to a PC via serial port. Software calculates enthalpy values using a heat balance equation.
- The system was tested on mixtures like cyclohexane-hexane and benzene-carbon tetrachloride to determine the
Differential thermal analysis and it's pharmaceutical applicationJp Prakash
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to a controlled temperature program. DTA can detect physical and chemical changes that involve endothermic or exothermic processes, such as melting, crystallization, oxidation, and decomposition. DTA is widely used in pharmaceutical applications to characterize materials and determine phase transitions, decomposition temperatures, and thermal stability. The document provides examples of DTA studies on sulfur, benzoic acid, and the antihypertensive drug telmisartan to illustrate how DTA can identify physical and chemical changes that occur as temperature is varied.
Isobaric vapor liquid equilibrium for binary mixtures of 3 methyl 1 butanol 3...Josemar Pereira da Silva
This document presents experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary mixtures of 3-methyl-1-butanol + 3-methyl-1-butyl ethanoate and 1-pentanol + pentyl ethanoate at 101.3 kPa. Vapor pressure measurements were made for the pure components using a Swiestoslawski apparatus. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data were obtained using an equilibrium still. Activity coefficients were calculated and correlated using thermodynamic models like Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC. The mixtures were found to not form azeotropes.
It encloses a brief information about ITC its experimental instrumentation, working, results, and applications to other fields like pharmaceuticals, drug discovery etc.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santal...IJERA Editor
Pterocarpus species has been admired for centuries for its dye, beautiful color, hardness and durability. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus wood materials. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of dye. Factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio were identified to be significantly affecting natural dye extraction efficiency. By using three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design, the optimized conditions for dye extraction by different techniques such as Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave extraction method. Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent.
Thermal methods of analysis involve measuring physical properties of substances as a function of temperature under controlled heating. Techniques commonly used in pharmacy include thermogravimetry, thermo-microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermogravimetry measures the mass of a substance as a function of temperature using a furnace, microbalance, and recorder to heat the substance and record weight changes. It can reveal details about decomposition temperatures and reactions.
1.embedded based system for the study of heats of mixing of binary liquid mix...k srikanth
The document describes the design of an embedded system to measure the heat of mixing of binary liquid mixtures. Key aspects include:
- The system consists of a calorimeter cell assembly containing a test cell and Dewar flask for insulation, and a data acquisition system.
- One liquid is placed in the test cell and the other is added using a motorized syringe controlled by an ARM processor. A thermistor senses temperature changes from mixing.
- The processor sends temperature data to a PC via serial port. Software calculates enthalpy values using a heat balance equation.
- The system was tested on mixtures like cyclohexane-hexane and benzene-carbon tetrachloride to determine the
Differential thermal analysis and it's pharmaceutical applicationJp Prakash
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as both are subjected to a controlled temperature program. DTA can detect physical and chemical changes that involve endothermic or exothermic processes, such as melting, crystallization, oxidation, and decomposition. DTA is widely used in pharmaceutical applications to characterize materials and determine phase transitions, decomposition temperatures, and thermal stability. The document provides examples of DTA studies on sulfur, benzoic acid, and the antihypertensive drug telmisartan to illustrate how DTA can identify physical and chemical changes that occur as temperature is varied.
Isobaric vapor liquid equilibrium for binary mixtures of 3 methyl 1 butanol 3...Josemar Pereira da Silva
This document presents experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the binary mixtures of 3-methyl-1-butanol + 3-methyl-1-butyl ethanoate and 1-pentanol + pentyl ethanoate at 101.3 kPa. Vapor pressure measurements were made for the pure components using a Swiestoslawski apparatus. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data were obtained using an equilibrium still. Activity coefficients were calculated and correlated using thermodynamic models like Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC. The mixtures were found to not form azeotropes.
It encloses a brief information about ITC its experimental instrumentation, working, results, and applications to other fields like pharmaceuticals, drug discovery etc.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santal...IJERA Editor
Pterocarpus species has been admired for centuries for its dye, beautiful color, hardness and durability. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus wood materials. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of dye. Factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio were identified to be significantly affecting natural dye extraction efficiency. By using three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design, the optimized conditions for dye extraction by different techniques such as Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave extraction method. Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent.
Thermal methods of analysis involve measuring physical properties of substances as a function of temperature under controlled heating. Techniques commonly used in pharmacy include thermogravimetry, thermo-microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermogravimetry measures the mass of a substance as a function of temperature using a furnace, microbalance, and recorder to heat the substance and record weight changes. It can reveal details about decomposition temperatures and reactions.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a sample as it is heated. It can be used to detect decomposition, oxidation, and solvent loss. Some key applications of TGA include analyzing ceramics, metals, polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods, and printed circuit boards. For example, TGA can measure the thermal stability and oxidation kinetics of ceramic materials like silicon carbide, determine the composition of metal alloys, and analyze the effects of additives and optimization of polymer materials.
This document provides an overview of thermal methods of analysis, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It describes the basic principles, instrumentation, and applications of each technique. TGA measures changes in a sample's mass with temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated. DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during heating or cooling. All three techniques are used to study physical and chemical changes that occur in materials with temperature changes.
The document discusses different thermal analysis techniques. It describes the principles, instrumentation, and applications of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DTA involves measuring the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated. DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during heating or cooling. Both techniques can identify phase transitions, crystallization events, and chemical reactions in materials.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on preformulation studies using thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The presentation introduces various thermal analysis techniques including thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Applications of thermal analysis in preformulation are discussed such as characterization of hydrates and solvates, study of polymers, detection of impurities, drug-excipient compatibility studies, polymorphism, prediction of drug stability, and degree of crystallinity. The document provides an overview of the techniques and their uses in preformulation studies.
DSC ( differential scanning calorimetry) is a thermo-analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative assessment of our analyte on the basis of heat provision and heat withdrawn from pan with compensation of both pans.
This document provides an overview of thermometric titration. Some key points:
- Thermometric titration measures temperature changes that occur during chemical reactions to locate endpoints precisely. It has advantages over subjective visual methods.
- The temperature change observed is directly proportional to the heat of reaction and moles of analyte. Second derivatives of temperature curves can precisely locate inflection points.
- Parameters like mixing, probe placement, data density, and software filtering must be optimized for accurate results.
- Applications include acid-base, redox, precipitation, and complexometric titrations. Common determinations include acids, bases, and metal ions.
This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA). It begins by defining thermal analysis and classifying different techniques. DTA principles and instrumentation are then explained. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of DTA, as well as several applications including identification of substances and detection of impurities. Thermal analysis can provide information about physical and chemical changes that occur as a substance is heated. DTA specifically measures the temperature difference between a substance and an inert reference as both are heated. This temperature difference corresponds to exothermic or endothermic reactions occurring in the substance.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) measures the temperature difference between a sample and a reference material as both are heated. The apparatus consists of a sample holder with thermocouples, a furnace, temperature programmer, and recording system. The sample and reference are placed in identical cavities in a heating block within an oven. Thermocouples contact each to measure any temperature difference. Changes appear as endothermic or exothermic curves on a graph. DTA allows accurate determination of transition temperatures and is highly sensitive even at very high temperatures.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a technique that measures how the weight of a material changes as it is heated. TGA provides information about decomposition temperatures, thermal degradation properties, and quantitative weight losses. The key components of a TGA instrument are a furnace, balance, temperature controller, and recorder. Samples are heated and their weight changes are measured continuously as a function of increasing temperature. Weight loss curves can indicate decomposition reactions and be used to determine composition. TGA has applications in characterizing materials used in various industries.
Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry are thermal analysis techniques that involve measuring physical properties of a sample as it is heated or cooled. In differential thermal analysis, the temperature difference between a sample and inert reference is measured as the sample undergoes physical or chemical changes. Differential scanning calorimetry directly measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated or cooled. Both techniques provide information about phase transitions, purity, crystallinity, and reactions in polymers, pharmaceuticals, minerals, and other materials.
In DSC the heat flow is measured and plotted against temperature of furnace or time to get a thermo gram. This is the basis of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
The deviation observed above the base (zero) line is called exothermic transition and below is called endothermic transition.
Thermal analysis techniques measure physical properties as a function of temperature. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) compare the temperature of a sample to an inert reference as each is subjected to a heating or cooling program. In DTA, any temperature difference between sample and reference indicates a chemical or physical change in the sample. DSC directly measures heat flow into or out of the sample, allowing determination of transition temperatures and heats of reactions. Both techniques find applications in chemistry, materials science, polymers, pharmaceuticals and more.
Differential Thermal Analysis Introduction, Reference and Standard material, Instrumentation in that Furnace, Sample holder, Furnace temperature controller, DC amplifier and Recorder. Principle, Factors Affecting, Working, Physical and chemical reactions (Endotherm and Exotherm), Advantages and Disadvantages, Applications
I. Thermal analysis is a technique used to study the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature. It provides information about phase transitions and thermal decomposition.
II. Common thermal analysis methods include TGA, DTA, DSC, TMA, DMA, dilatometry, and laser flash analysis. TGA measures weight changes upon heating, DTA/DSC detect endothermic and exothermic reactions, and TMA/DMA analyze dimensional changes and viscoelastic properties.
III. Thermal analysis finds applications in materials characterization, stability evaluation, compositional analysis, and determination of properties like glass transition temperatures.
This document discusses the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to analyze various materials including ice melting points, specific heat capacity measurements of materials, starch gelatinization and retrogradation, protein denaturation, oil and fat crystallization, gel formation and melting, glass transition temperatures, and microbial growth measurements. DSC can be used to characterize many phase transitions and thermal properties of foods, polymers, and other materials.
It include all the thermal methods widely used in large and small scale industries with detailed applications and examples for explanations.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
1) The document discusses an experiment that used differential scanning calorimetry to characterize various phase change materials, including fatty acid mixtures, for their potential use in thermal energy storage.
2) DSC was used to determine the specific heat capacity, melting point, and latent heat of fusion of the materials, which indicate their thermal energy storage properties.
3) A phase diagram was constructed for a mixture of lauric and stearic acids that showed a eutectic point at 75% lauric acid by weight and 42°C, which makes this mixture unsuitable for applications where people are present due to its high melting temperature.
This document discusses thermometric titration, where the endpoint of a titration reaction is determined by measuring the temperature change. Key points:
- Titrant is added continuously and the temperature change is measured, with the endpoint identified by an inflection point on the temperature curve.
- The temperature change observed is directly related to the enthalpy change of the reaction.
- Factors like heat losses, temperature differences between titrant and analyte, and stirring must be controlled for accurate results.
- Automated systems use burets for precise titrant addition, a thermistor probe for temperature measurement, and software for data collection and endpoint determination.
- Parameters like mixing, probe placement,
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as they are heated or cooled. DTA can detect physical or chemical changes in a sample as they occur, such as fusion, crystallization, oxidation, or decomposition. Changes are detected based on the temperature difference that develops between the sample and reference material. DTA provides a characteristic "fingerprint" curve for a sample that can be used to identify materials. Common applications of DTA include quantitative identification and purity assessment of materials.
Thermal analytical techniques measure physical properties of substances as a function of temperature. This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA), which compares the temperature of a sample to an inert reference as both are heated. DTA can detect exothermic or endothermic physical or chemical changes in a sample, such as melting, crystallization, or decomposition, as these processes cause the sample's temperature to increase or decrease relative to the reference. The temperature difference between sample and reference is plotted versus temperature or time to produce a DTA curve that can identify materials and characterize thermal processes.
2.a neuro fuzzy based svpwm technique for pmsm (2)EditorJST
In the present scenario, static frequency converter based variable speed synchronous motors has
become very familiar and advantage to other drive system, especially low speed and high power applications.
Unlike the induction motor, the synchronous motor can be operated at variable power factor (leading, lagging
or unity) as desired. So, there is an increasing use of synchronous motors as adjustable speed drives. The PWM
technique is very useful to VSI drive for achieving efficient and smooth operation and free from torque
pulsations and cogging, lower volume and weight and provides a higher frequency range compared to CSI
drives. Even for voltage source inverter, the commutation circuit is not needed, if the self-extinguishing
switching devices are used. This paper proposes a concept of Neuro-fuzzy based control strategy which is used
for controlling the PMSM. The total work mainly concentrates on optimum control of PMSM with maximum
voltage utilization with less switching losses.
1.a fuzzy based pv apf controller for compensating current harmonics (2)EditorJST
The main aim of this paper is to compensate a current harmonics in PV-APF system using Fuzzy Logic Controller. A 3- Ф 3-wire system is proposed in this paper which consists of PV system, a dc/dc converter which is controlled by MPPT, three phase VSC to act as APF and Non-Linear Load. The main theme of this INC MPPT is to efficiency from the PV system. For reliable performance of active power filter and better harmonic compensation this paper propose a concept of instantaneous power theory. Also, a comparison analysis is performed for improving THD by PI/Fuzzy controllers. The proposed system is simulated and verified in MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a sample as it is heated. It can be used to detect decomposition, oxidation, and solvent loss. Some key applications of TGA include analyzing ceramics, metals, polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods, and printed circuit boards. For example, TGA can measure the thermal stability and oxidation kinetics of ceramic materials like silicon carbide, determine the composition of metal alloys, and analyze the effects of additives and optimization of polymer materials.
This document provides an overview of thermal methods of analysis, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It describes the basic principles, instrumentation, and applications of each technique. TGA measures changes in a sample's mass with temperature. DTA measures the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated. DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during heating or cooling. All three techniques are used to study physical and chemical changes that occur in materials with temperature changes.
The document discusses different thermal analysis techniques. It describes the principles, instrumentation, and applications of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DTA involves measuring the temperature difference between a sample and reference material as they are heated. DSC measures the heat flow into or out of a sample during heating or cooling. Both techniques can identify phase transitions, crystallization events, and chemical reactions in materials.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on preformulation studies using thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The presentation introduces various thermal analysis techniques including thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Applications of thermal analysis in preformulation are discussed such as characterization of hydrates and solvates, study of polymers, detection of impurities, drug-excipient compatibility studies, polymorphism, prediction of drug stability, and degree of crystallinity. The document provides an overview of the techniques and their uses in preformulation studies.
DSC ( differential scanning calorimetry) is a thermo-analytical technique for qualitative and quantitative assessment of our analyte on the basis of heat provision and heat withdrawn from pan with compensation of both pans.
This document provides an overview of thermometric titration. Some key points:
- Thermometric titration measures temperature changes that occur during chemical reactions to locate endpoints precisely. It has advantages over subjective visual methods.
- The temperature change observed is directly proportional to the heat of reaction and moles of analyte. Second derivatives of temperature curves can precisely locate inflection points.
- Parameters like mixing, probe placement, data density, and software filtering must be optimized for accurate results.
- Applications include acid-base, redox, precipitation, and complexometric titrations. Common determinations include acids, bases, and metal ions.
This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA). It begins by defining thermal analysis and classifying different techniques. DTA principles and instrumentation are then explained. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of DTA, as well as several applications including identification of substances and detection of impurities. Thermal analysis can provide information about physical and chemical changes that occur as a substance is heated. DTA specifically measures the temperature difference between a substance and an inert reference as both are heated. This temperature difference corresponds to exothermic or endothermic reactions occurring in the substance.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) measures the temperature difference between a sample and a reference material as both are heated. The apparatus consists of a sample holder with thermocouples, a furnace, temperature programmer, and recording system. The sample and reference are placed in identical cavities in a heating block within an oven. Thermocouples contact each to measure any temperature difference. Changes appear as endothermic or exothermic curves on a graph. DTA allows accurate determination of transition temperatures and is highly sensitive even at very high temperatures.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a technique that measures how the weight of a material changes as it is heated. TGA provides information about decomposition temperatures, thermal degradation properties, and quantitative weight losses. The key components of a TGA instrument are a furnace, balance, temperature controller, and recorder. Samples are heated and their weight changes are measured continuously as a function of increasing temperature. Weight loss curves can indicate decomposition reactions and be used to determine composition. TGA has applications in characterizing materials used in various industries.
Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry are thermal analysis techniques that involve measuring physical properties of a sample as it is heated or cooled. In differential thermal analysis, the temperature difference between a sample and inert reference is measured as the sample undergoes physical or chemical changes. Differential scanning calorimetry directly measures the heat flow into or out of a sample as it is heated or cooled. Both techniques provide information about phase transitions, purity, crystallinity, and reactions in polymers, pharmaceuticals, minerals, and other materials.
In DSC the heat flow is measured and plotted against temperature of furnace or time to get a thermo gram. This is the basis of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
The deviation observed above the base (zero) line is called exothermic transition and below is called endothermic transition.
Thermal analysis techniques measure physical properties as a function of temperature. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) compare the temperature of a sample to an inert reference as each is subjected to a heating or cooling program. In DTA, any temperature difference between sample and reference indicates a chemical or physical change in the sample. DSC directly measures heat flow into or out of the sample, allowing determination of transition temperatures and heats of reactions. Both techniques find applications in chemistry, materials science, polymers, pharmaceuticals and more.
Differential Thermal Analysis Introduction, Reference and Standard material, Instrumentation in that Furnace, Sample holder, Furnace temperature controller, DC amplifier and Recorder. Principle, Factors Affecting, Working, Physical and chemical reactions (Endotherm and Exotherm), Advantages and Disadvantages, Applications
I. Thermal analysis is a technique used to study the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature. It provides information about phase transitions and thermal decomposition.
II. Common thermal analysis methods include TGA, DTA, DSC, TMA, DMA, dilatometry, and laser flash analysis. TGA measures weight changes upon heating, DTA/DSC detect endothermic and exothermic reactions, and TMA/DMA analyze dimensional changes and viscoelastic properties.
III. Thermal analysis finds applications in materials characterization, stability evaluation, compositional analysis, and determination of properties like glass transition temperatures.
This document discusses the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to analyze various materials including ice melting points, specific heat capacity measurements of materials, starch gelatinization and retrogradation, protein denaturation, oil and fat crystallization, gel formation and melting, glass transition temperatures, and microbial growth measurements. DSC can be used to characterize many phase transitions and thermal properties of foods, polymers, and other materials.
It include all the thermal methods widely used in large and small scale industries with detailed applications and examples for explanations.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
1) The document discusses an experiment that used differential scanning calorimetry to characterize various phase change materials, including fatty acid mixtures, for their potential use in thermal energy storage.
2) DSC was used to determine the specific heat capacity, melting point, and latent heat of fusion of the materials, which indicate their thermal energy storage properties.
3) A phase diagram was constructed for a mixture of lauric and stearic acids that showed a eutectic point at 75% lauric acid by weight and 42°C, which makes this mixture unsuitable for applications where people are present due to its high melting temperature.
This document discusses thermometric titration, where the endpoint of a titration reaction is determined by measuring the temperature change. Key points:
- Titrant is added continuously and the temperature change is measured, with the endpoint identified by an inflection point on the temperature curve.
- The temperature change observed is directly related to the enthalpy change of the reaction.
- Factors like heat losses, temperature differences between titrant and analyte, and stirring must be controlled for accurate results.
- Automated systems use burets for precise titrant addition, a thermistor probe for temperature measurement, and software for data collection and endpoint determination.
- Parameters like mixing, probe placement,
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as they are heated or cooled. DTA can detect physical or chemical changes in a sample as they occur, such as fusion, crystallization, oxidation, or decomposition. Changes are detected based on the temperature difference that develops between the sample and reference material. DTA provides a characteristic "fingerprint" curve for a sample that can be used to identify materials. Common applications of DTA include quantitative identification and purity assessment of materials.
Thermal analytical techniques measure physical properties of substances as a function of temperature. This document discusses differential thermal analysis (DTA), which compares the temperature of a sample to an inert reference as both are heated. DTA can detect exothermic or endothermic physical or chemical changes in a sample, such as melting, crystallization, or decomposition, as these processes cause the sample's temperature to increase or decrease relative to the reference. The temperature difference between sample and reference is plotted versus temperature or time to produce a DTA curve that can identify materials and characterize thermal processes.
2.a neuro fuzzy based svpwm technique for pmsm (2)EditorJST
In the present scenario, static frequency converter based variable speed synchronous motors has
become very familiar and advantage to other drive system, especially low speed and high power applications.
Unlike the induction motor, the synchronous motor can be operated at variable power factor (leading, lagging
or unity) as desired. So, there is an increasing use of synchronous motors as adjustable speed drives. The PWM
technique is very useful to VSI drive for achieving efficient and smooth operation and free from torque
pulsations and cogging, lower volume and weight and provides a higher frequency range compared to CSI
drives. Even for voltage source inverter, the commutation circuit is not needed, if the self-extinguishing
switching devices are used. This paper proposes a concept of Neuro-fuzzy based control strategy which is used
for controlling the PMSM. The total work mainly concentrates on optimum control of PMSM with maximum
voltage utilization with less switching losses.
1.a fuzzy based pv apf controller for compensating current harmonics (2)EditorJST
The main aim of this paper is to compensate a current harmonics in PV-APF system using Fuzzy Logic Controller. A 3- Ф 3-wire system is proposed in this paper which consists of PV system, a dc/dc converter which is controlled by MPPT, three phase VSC to act as APF and Non-Linear Load. The main theme of this INC MPPT is to efficiency from the PV system. For reliable performance of active power filter and better harmonic compensation this paper propose a concept of instantaneous power theory. Also, a comparison analysis is performed for improving THD by PI/Fuzzy controllers. The proposed system is simulated and verified in MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Embedded Based System For The Study Of Heats Of Mixing Of Binary Liquid MixturesEditorJST
Studies of heats of reactions of binary liquid mixtures are given a considerable importance in understanding the nature of molecular interactions. Such studies mainly help to know the enthalpies of liquid mixtures. The present study deals with design of a simple embedded based system for measuring heat of mixing of binary liquid mixtures. The system consists of two units, cell assembly and data acquisition system. One of the components of the binary mixture is taken into the cell, other component is injected in to the cell through appropriate mechanical arrangement. The reaction on mixing causes the thermal changes which are sensed by the thermal sensor, that can be measured up to 10-4oC. The entire unit is interfaced to LPC 2366 ARM based controller (A less power consumption device made by philips). The ARM controller sends the data to the Personal Computer through the serial port and software is developed to calculate enthalpy values. A comparison of the results obtained with the literature data showed good agreement. The designed system can be used as an alternative for the measuring heats of mixing of binary liquid mixtures. The paper deals with the design aspects both hardware and software features of the system.
6.a fuzzy based sfcl for fault current limiter in distribution system (2)EditorJST
In the modern power system, as the utilization of electric power is very wide, and it is very easy for occurring any fault or disturbance, which causes a high short circuit current flows. More over the increase in the power generation results in an increase in the system fault current levels. The high current due to this fault large mechanical forces and these forces causes overheating of the equipment. If the large size equipment are used in power system then they need a large protection scheme from severe fault conditions. Generally, the maintaince of electrical power system reliability is more important. But the elimination of fault is not possible in power systems, so, the only alternate solution is to reduce the fault current levels. For this a fuzzy based Super Conducting Fault Current Limiter is the best electric equipment which is used for reducing the severe fault current levels. In this paper, we simulated the unsymmetrical faults with fuzzy based superconducting fault current limiter. In our analysis we had the following conclusions.
3. simulation of 11 level hybrid cascade stack (hcs) inverter with reduced nu...EditorJST
This paper presents a new multilevel topology based on cascaded hybrid multi-level (HCS)
inverter. There are different topologies for cascaded inverters for reducing the switches, power loss. The output
voltage is increased and the number of switches is reduced with the HCS inverter. Due to this reduction in
number of on-state switches, power loss and voltage drop is reduced. Simulation results for 11 level symmetric
form of converter is described.
4. comparision of pifuzzy techniques for compensation of unbalanced voltages ...EditorJST
This paper proposes an effective controller for grid connected wind turbine based permanent magnet synchronous machine for improving unbalanced voltages. In this paper, we proposed a comparative analysis under different controllers like PI and Fuzzy Controller to PMSG system. A control structure is designed based on the positive sequence reference signals. With the help of these controllers, the double frequency oscillations in DC-link voltages and variations in active power can be eliminated. More ever, the proposed system can be implemented in Matlab/Simulink and the performance of the proposed Grid based PMSG wind system under grid fault conditions is verified.
5. multi level inverter with simplified control strategy for distributed ener...EditorJST
Distributed generation (DG) provides stability to system reducing the power generation from plants
running with fossil fuels. With the advancements in power electronics, integration of distributed generation
became simple and cost effective. This paper illustrates the scheme of integrating of photo-voltaic (PV) system
as distributed generation to micro-grid. PV system is integrated to grid with three-level inverter and five-level
cascaded H-Bridge inverter to invert the type of supply synchronized to grid. Inverter will be controlled with
simple current control strategy. Results were presented for the proposed work considering cases like DG
sending only active power and DG injecting both active and reactive power through three-level and five-level
inverter topologies. Total harmonic distortion in source current and voltage of grid reduce when using multilevel
topology. Rate of change in voltage also reduces resulting in reduced filters when level at output of
inverter is increased.
6.design fabrication and analysis of tri wheeled electric vehicle (2)EditorJST
In daily life we can observe the difficulties of carrying the patients, old people, physically handicapped in public places like airports, railway stations, bus stands, hospitals, college campuses etc. To aid such people we prepared an electric tri-car to ease the task of carrying them. Moreover, it is a multipurpose vehicle to carry pilgrims in pilgrim places, to carry inspection teams in industries, estates or campuses etc. The seating arrangement of this tri-car is such a way that the disabled can easily get into the vehicle and also get down. This tri-car is designed and analyzed with the help of the soft ware called PROE. Then analysis is done in Statistical and Modal Analysis. We modeled and fabricated a tri-car into a three wheeled electric powered vehicle with three seats and can accommodate two pillions and a driver. We designed the vehicle to be propelled by an electric hub motor mounted in the front wheel and powered by 48V Lithium-ion battery.
7.significance of software layered technology on size of projects (2)EditorJST
The objective of the software engineering is committed to build software projects within the budget, time and required quality. Software engineering is a layered paradigm comprised of process, methods, tools and quality focus as bedrock to develop the product. Software firms build software projects of varying sizes constrained on resources, time and functional requirement. Impact of software engineering layered technology may vary according to the size of the projects during their development. Quantitative evaluation of layer significance on size of the software project could be categorized as a complex task because it involves a collective decision on multiple criteria. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) provides an effective quantitative approach for finding the significance of software layered technology on size of the projects. This paper presents the estimations through quantitative approach on real time data collected from several software firms. These findings help for a better project management with respect to the cost, time and resources during building a software project.
This document summarizes the application of pinch technology to optimize heat integration in a crude organic distillation unit. It provides an overview of the unit's process and existing heat exchanger network. A heat and material balance is developed from available data. Pinch analysis techniques are then applied, including constructing composite curves from extracted stream data and determining minimum hot and cold utility targets. The analysis identifies opportunities to reduce utility usage through improved heat recovery and exchange network design according to pinch analysis principles.
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1.embedded based system for the study of heats of mixing of binary liquid mixtures (4)
1. Journal of Science and Technology
Volume 1, Issue 1, December2016, PP 01-12
www.jst.org.in
www.jst.org.in 1 | Page
Embedded Based System For The Study Of Heats Of Mixing Of
Binary Liquid Mixtures
P.S.S Sushama1
, K.Malakondaiah 2
, C.Nagaraja3
123
(Department of Instrumentation and USIC, SKDU, Ananthapur, India)
______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract : Studies of heats of reactions of binary liquid mixtures are given a considerable importance in
understanding the nature of molecular interactions. Such studies mainly help to know the enthalpies of liquid
mixtures. The present study deals with design of a simple embedded based system for measuring heat of mixing
of binary liquid mixtures. The system consists of two units, cell assembly and data acquisition system. One of the
components of the binary mixture is taken into the cell, other component is injected in to the cell through
appropriate mechanical arrangement. The reaction on mixing causes the thermal changes which are sensed by
the thermal sensor, that can be measured up to 10-4o
C. The entire unit is interfaced to LPC 2366 ARM based
controller (A less power consumption device made by philips). The ARM controller sends the data to the
Personal Computer through the serial port and software is developed to calculate enthalpy values. A
comparison of the results obtained with the literature data showed good agreement. The designed system can be
used as an alternative for the measuring heats of mixing of binary liquid mixtures. The paper deals with the
design aspects both hardware and software features of the system.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Keywords - liquids, mixtures, ARM Processor, embedded
I. INTRODUCTION
Heat of mixing data for binary liquid systems is useful for both chemists and engineers to know the
nature of the solutions and design the heat transfer equipment (heat exchangers). As the data of the non ideal
systems are very limited and the effect of temperature are very rarely has been investigated. Based on heat
transfer theory, the relations between the heat effect generated and the quantity measured in the calorimeter
known as the heat balance equation is established, which expresses the change of temperature directly as a
function of the heat produced in a calorimeter and is applied to design different types of calorimeters. A number
of calorimeter is available micro to macro and simple to complex in design. The calorimeters are differed by
their principle, heat flow calorimeter, Benson et. al.1
Picker flow calorimeter, Fortier and Benson2
in this type
of calorimeter excess heat capacities of mixtures of non-electrolytes were determined from volumetric heat
capacity. Steady state and composition scanning differential flow micro calorimeters by Patrick Picker et. al.3,4
They developed two different flow micro calorimeters, one is of the adiabatic type and can be used to
measure ΔT mixing for liquid phase reactions, and other can be operated under either adiabatic or isothermal
conditions and serves for either gas or liquid phase investigations. The available commercial calorimeters like
Parr5,6
and ITC are sophisticated and very costly. Hence an attempt is made to design adiabatic micro
calorimeter which is simpler and versatile for a rapid and fairly accurate measurement of exothermic and
endothermic heats of mixing for binary liquid mixtures. The proposed system shows a new approach which is
attached with all the advantages of any embedded based system in speed and compatibility. These
measurements assume a great significance because of diversified applications of these measurements in
industries and R&D purposes.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The chemicals used in the present work Carbon tetrachloride, n-hexane, Cyclohexane , Dimehyl
formamide, methyl-tert-butylethane (MTBE), Chlorobenzene, Nitrobenzene, Carbontettachloride are obtained
from M/s Fulka Ltd.,Bombay. Benzene (Spectroscopic grade) was obtained from M/s SD Fine Chemicals,
Boisar, India. Dimethoxyethane are obtained from SD Fine Chemicals, Boisar, India The chemicals used here
are used without any further purification. methyl-isobutyl ketone, methyl-ethylketone obtained from BDH Ltd.,
and dried over 4A molecular sieves for 4 – 5 days and purified by fractional distillation. Pure component
properties used to calculate excess enthalpies such as molecular weight, density and heat capacity are collected
and tabulated in Table 1. Measured density, boiling point and refractive index of the the compounds and
compared with literature values reported by Riddick et al7
and Ian M. Smallwood8
to ensure the purity of the
compounds. The data is tabulated in Table2. From Table2, it is found that the measured properties are in good
agreement with literature values9,10
. The purity of the compounds are checked and further confirmed by GC, a
2. Journal of Science and Technology
www.jst.org.in 2 | Page
single sharp peak. The vibrator, Nokia 1100 (range is 500 milli volts to one volt) is used as a device to stir the
mixture inside the cell, the ARM7TDMI based LPC2366 controller (NXP Philips), 12V and 2Amp stepper
motor similar to that used in HP printer, constant current source REF200 and 5 k thermistor are purchased
from local electronic shop, Ahmedabad, India. Micro syringe (Borosil) of 10 ml capacity, Dewar flask (Eagle)
of 20 ml capacity are obtained from Ahmedabad, India. Insulating materials is Polytherific foam (PUF) from
M/s Bharathi Refrigeration systems from Ahmedabad, India.
The heats of mixing is calculated using the equation.
Where T temperature difference, w is weight and CP is heat capacity of the components, C.C is cell
constant. Suffixes represent components 1 and 2 respectively. The pure component data is collected from
literature is tabulated in Table2.
Table 1 Properties of pure components from literature value
Table 2 Comparison of properties of pure components
Sl.
No.
Name of
the
compoun
d
Mole
cular
weig
ht
Density
g/cc
Cp,
Cal/
mol/o
C
Chemical
Formula
Re
fer
en
ces
1 DMF 73 0.945 36 C4H10O2 5
2 MIBK 100 0.801 46 C6H12O
3 MEK 72 0.805 38 C4H10O
4 MTBE 88 0.741 44.8 C5H12O
5 Benzen
e
78 0.790 31 C6H6
6 Chloro
Benzen
e
113 1.106 35 C4H5cl
7 Nitro
benzen
e
123 1.204 44 C6H5NO2
8 Hexane 86 0.659 42.0 C6H14
9 Cyclo
hexane
84 0.778 36.4 C6H12
10 Ethanol 46 0.789 27 C6H5O
11 Water 18 0.998 18 H2O
12 Carbon
tetrachl
oride
154 1.580 32 CCl4
Sl.
N
o.
Name of
the
compoun
d
Density g/cc Boiling point,
o
C
Refractive Index Ref.
Expt. Lit. Expt. Lit. Expt. Lit.
1 DMF 0.9453 0.945 152.6 153 1.4276 1.427 5
2 MIBK 0.8007 0.801 116.3 116 1.3945 1.394
3 MEK 0.8039 0.805 79.8 80 1.3772 1.377
4 MTBE 0.7402 0.741 55.2 55 1.3686 1.369
5 Benzene 0.7896 0.790 79.8 80 1.4978 1.498
6 ChloroBe
nzene
1.1062 1.106 131.7 132 1.5236 1.523
7 Nitro
benzene
1.2038 1.204 210.8 211 1.5488 1.550
8 Hexane 0.6578 0.659 69.4 69 1.3725 1.372
9 Cyclo
hexane
0.7782 0.778 80.6 81 1.4242 1.424
10 Ethanol 0.7886 0.789 78.2 78 1.3586 1.359
11 Water 0.9982 0.998 99.8 100 1.3323 1.332
12 Carbon
tetrachlor
ide
1.5796 1.580 75.6 76 1.4592 1.459
CCCwCwTH PP
E
.2211
3. Journal of Science and Technology
www.jst.org.in 3 | Page
III. APPARATUS
The calorimeter was designed to operate adiabatically and to allow the heats of mixing at room
temperature to determine for the entire composition range. The designed system consists of two units. One is
calorimeter cell assembly and other is data acquisition system. The Cell design is as shown in fig.1.
The cell assembly consists of a test cell of 10 ml capacity inserted in a Dewar flask, which is insulated
with Polytherific foam material about 2 mm thickness. One of the components of binary mixture is taken into
the test cell and other component is added by means of dispensing unit. The dispensing unit consist of 12 V
stepper motor, gear rod, coupling and micro syringe. Syringe is taken and attached to a gear rod. Stepper motor
is plugged to a 12 V power supply and interfaced to LPC 2366 ARM controller. The syringe is connected to a
feed tube at one end and the other end is kept in to the cell inside Dewar flask. A 5 k thermistor was taken.
The thermistor is a glass covered probe with a resistance of 5 k at room temperature was sealed in the end of a
piece of glass tubing which carried the leads a out of the calorimeter. One of the lead is connected to constant
current source REF200 and the other lead is grounded to the power supply. The thermistor is inserted in the
solution. Thermistor senses the temperature changes produced on adding second component to the other
component which was held in the calorimeter cell. The sensed voltages are sent to the ADC channle2 of the port
pin 24 of ADC of LPC 2366 ARM controller and data is acquired from the PC through the serial port .A tiny
DC motor is taken and the leads are taken out and plugged to 900 mV power supply. A small glass tube is taken
and bended at the edge to act this as a stirrer. The glass tube is fixed to the tip of the motor. Stirrer runs at a very
low speed, so that the heat produced due to the stirrer is negligible. Here the designed tiny stirrer will not
produce any frictional heat while stirring.
Fig 1 Calorimeter Design
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The designed specification of calorimeter used for the measurement of heat of mixing for binary liquid
mixtures is as shown in Fig.1. First data point is obtained by taking known quantity (5 ml) of component 1 into
test cell and the 0.5 ml of component 2 is added through dispensing unit. A Vibrator is used to provide uniform
distribution of the component 2 into component 1 in the cell. The temperature change is recorded at every 5
seconds. Experiment is stopped after reaching thermal equilibrium, i.e., no temperature change. 0.5 ml of
component 2 is added to the mixture (5.5 ml) in the cell. The temperature change is recorded at every 5 seconds
and stopped after reaching thermal equilibrium. The procedure is repeated till total amount of component 2
added is 5 ml with a 0.5 ml increment. . The temperature difference (T) is obtained by plotting time vs.
temperature. Up to 50% weight percent range is covered in this way. To obtain the data over entire composition
4. Journal of Science and Technology
www.jst.org.in 4 | Page
range, the procedure is repeated by interchanging components 2 and 1, by taking 5 ml of component 2 in the cell
and added component 1 in the increments of 0.5 ml.
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The designed calorimeter is tested with a number of binary systems.
Table 3A Determination of cell constants using Cyclo Hexane + n-Hexane system
Table 3B Determination of cell constants using Benzene + CCl4 system
No adiabatic calorimeter is fully adiabatic, some heat will be lost by the sample to the sample holder. A
mathematical correction factor, known as the cell constant, can be used to adjust the calorimetric result to
account for these heat losses. Every calorimeter has a unique calorimeter constant. It may be calculated by
applying a known amount of heat to the calorimeter and measuring the calorimeter's corresponding change
in temperature. The calorimeter constant is then calculated by dividing the change in enthalpy (ΔH) by the
change in temperature (ΔT). In our study we have determined calorimeter constant from the experiment results
with the literature values for two different binary systems, cyclo alkane and normal chain alkane system, i.e.,
Mole
fraction
Temp
diff HE
, ca/g
Cell
const.
X1 DT Expt Lit Diff Diff/ DT
0.1085 -0.0988 0.1988 2.3047 2.1060 21.3199
0.1958 -0.0589 0.1139 1.3839 1.2700 21.5664
0.2675 -0.0714 0.1501 1.6880 1.5380 21.5415
0.3275 -0.0964 0.2188 2.2971 2.0782 21.5661
0.3784 -0.1207 0.2945 2.8867 2.5922 21.4734
0.4221 -0.1389 0.3625 3.3584 2.9959 21.5644
0.4601 -0.1519 0.4221 3.6979 3.2758 21.5635
0.4934 -0.1599 0.4715 3.9204 3.4489 21.5625
0.5228 -0.1643 0.5122 4.0481 3.5359 21.5178
0.5490 -0.1642 0.5396 4.1030 3.5634 21.7014
0.5490 -0.1640 0.5613 4.1030 3.5417 21.5956
0.5750 -0.1661 0.5402 4.1010 3.5608 21.4378
0.6035 -0.1645 0.5071 4.0346 3.5275 21.4452
0.6349 -0.1597 0.4650 3.8862 3.4212 21.4257
0.6699 -0.1503 0.4120 3.6385 3.2264 21.4673
0.7089 -0.1363 0.3503 3.2776 2.9273 21.4791
0.7527 -0.1171 0.2812 2.8032 2.5220 21.5304
0.8023 -0.0959 0.2138 2.2488 2.0350 21.2275
0.8589 -0.0738 0.1529 1.7249 1.5720 21.3011
0.9241 -0.0656 0.1209 1.5116 1.3907 21.2090
429.4956
Average Value 21.4748
mole
fraction temp dif Qmix , cal/g Diff Diff/DT
X1 DT Expt. Lit.
0.9080 -0.0237 0.0411 0.554664 -0.51356 21.66934
0.8315 -0.0426 0.080877 0.995101 -0.91422 21.46067
0.7669 -0.0576 0.118819 1.356356 -1.23754 21.48502
0.7116 -0.0698 0.155455 1.659999 -1.50454 21.55507
0.6638 -0.0810 0.193709 1.920077 -1.72637 21.31319
0.6220 -0.0897 0.229178 2.146178 -1.917 21.37839
0.5851 -0.0974 0.264939 2.345107 -2.08017 21.35696
0.5524 -0.1036 0.298827 2.521859 -2.22303 21.45784
0.5231 -0.1095 0.333726 2.680204 -2.34648 21.43627
0.4968 -0.1142 0.366933 2.823053 -2.45612 21.50718
0.0898 -0.0221 0.039784 0.518298 -0.47851 21.65221
0.1649 -0.0404 0.07907 0.943367 -0.8643 21.39349
0.2285 -0.0560 0.118393 1.300488 -1.18209 21.10883
0.2831 -0.0680 0.154438 1.606293 -1.45185 21.35081
0.3305 -0.0792 0.192308 1.872179 -1.67987 21.21049
0.3720 -0.0880 0.227491 2.106235 -1.87874 21.34937
0.4086 -0.0950 0.2605 2.314384 -2.05388 21.61982
0.4413 -0.1020 0.295708 2.501076 -2.20537 21.62126
0.4705 -0.1099 0.335864 2.669737 -2.33387 21.23633
0.4968 -0.1106 0.355366 2.823053 -2.46769 22.31182
429.4744
Average value 21.4772
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cyclohexane + n-Hexane and aromatic and chlorinated alkanes, i.e., Benzene + Carbontetrachloride (CCl4)11
.
Average value of the differences between experimental and literature values over the entire composition range
was taken as the cell constant. It was found that the cell constant for both the systems is similar. The results are
tabulated in Table 3A and Table 3B. The detailed calculation procedure is given in Appendix A.
The recorded temperature values are smoothened for finding the temperature difference (ΔT) values and the
enthalpy calculations done by using the C++ program.
Appendix A
Steps to calculate the cell constant
The pure component data, molecular weight, heat capacity and density are collected from the literature.
Cyclohexane (1) + n-Hexane (2)
Component Molecular weight Heat capacity Density (g/cc)
(cal/g. K)
Cyclohexane 84.61 0.43251 0.7785
n-Hexane 86.18 0.48735 0.6548
First Data Point
Weight of 5 ml of component 1 (w1) = 5 x 0.7785 = 3.8925 g
Weight of 0.5 ml of component 2 (w2)= 0.5x 0.6548 = 0.3274 g
Weight fraction = w1/(w1+w2)
= 3.8925/(3.8925+0.3274)= 0.9224
Mole fracton of component 1,
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
MW
w
MW
w
MW
w
X
=
18.86
3274.0
611.84
8925.3
611.84
8925.3
= 0.9241
Average molecular weight = x1*MW1 + (1-X1)*MW2
= 0.9241x84.61 + (1-0.9241)*86.18
= 84.3133
Totals Moles in the mixture = Moles of component 1 (n1) + Moles of component 2 (n2)
= w1/MW! + w2/MW2
= 3.8925/84.61 + 0.3274/86.18
= 0.0501
Q1 = 0.0
Q2, (cal/g k) = -T(w1cp1 + w2cp2) T
Q2 = -( -0.0656(3.8925 0.43251 + 0.3274 0.48735))
= 0.1209
QMixt = Q1 + Q2 = 0 + 0.1190 = 0.1190 Cal/g K
Qmix, (Lit value)= 1.5116
Difference = Qmix, (Expt) - Qmix(Lit)
= 0.1209 - 1.5116
= - 1.3907Cell Constant = Difference / T
= - 1.3907/(-0.0656)
= 21.2090
Second Data Point
Weight of 5.5 ml mixture = 3.8925 + 0.3274 = 4.2199 g
Weight of 0.5 ml component2 = 0.3274 g
Step wise calculation of weight of each component in the mixture:
Step 1: weight of mixture x weight fraction of component 1/average molecular weight of mixture (as in data
point 1)
Weight of component 1 = 4.2199 x 0.9224 = 3.8925 g
Weight of component 2 in the mixture= 4.2199 x (1-0.9224) = 0.3274 8
Total weight of component 2 for second point = weight in the mixture and added weight
= 0.3274 +0 .3274 = 0.6548 g
Weight fraction = 3.8925/(3.8925 + 0.6548)
= 0.8560
Mole fraction = 3.8925/84.16 +0.6548/86.18 = 0.8589
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Average molecular weight = 0.8589 x 84.61 + (1-0.8589) x 86.18 = 84.4450
Total moles = 3.8925/84.61 + 0.6548/86.18 = 0.0538
Q1 is the heat of mixing
Q1 = QMixt of data point 1 x weight fraction of component1/average molecular weight
Q1 = 0.1209 x 0.9224/84.3133
= 0.0051
Q2, (cal/g k) = -T(w1cp1 + w2cp2 )
= - (-0.0738 x (3.8925 x 0.43251 + 0.3274 x 0.48735))
= 0.1478
Qmix = 0.0051 + 0.1478 = 0.1529 cal/g K
Qmix, (Lit value)= 1.7249
Difference = Qmix, (Expt) - Qmix(Lit)
= 0.1529 - 1.7249 = - 1.5720
Cell Constant = Difference / T
= - 1.5720/(-0.0738)
= 21.301
Third Data Point
Weight of mixture (6ml) = 4.2199 + 0.3274 = 4.5473 g
Weight of component 1 in the mixture = 4.5473 x 0.8560 = 3.8925
Weight of component 2 in the mixture = 4.5473 x (1-0.8560) = 0.6548
Total weight of component 2 for second point = weight in the mixture and added weight
= 0.6548 + 0.3274 = 0.9822 g
Weight fraction = 3.8925/(3.8925 + 0.9822)
= 0.7985
Mole fraction = 3.8925/84.16 +0.9822/86.18 = 0. 8023
Average molecular weight = 0.7985 x 84.61 + (1-0.7985) x 86.18) = 84.5594
Total moles = 3.8925/84.61 + 0.9822/86.18 = 0.0576
Q1 = QMixt of data point 2 x weight fraction of component1/average molecular weight
Q1 = 1.529 x 0.8560/84.4450
= 0.065
Q2, (cal/g k) = -T(w1cp1 + w2cp2 + E)
= -(-0.09486 x (3.8925 x 0.43251 + 0.9822 x 0.48735))
= 0.2073
Qmix = 0.0065 + 0.2073 = 0.2138 cal/g K
Qmix, (Lit value)= 2.488
Difference = Qmix, (Expt) - Qmix(Lit)
= 0.2138 – 2.488 = - 2.035
Cell Constant = Difference / T
= - 2.035/(-0.0959)
= 21.2275
The procedure is followed for all data points and taken average value. Which is 21.4739
The step wise calculation procedure is presented in Appendix B. The graphs on mole fraction vs.
enthalpy of binary liquid mixtures are drawn using excel sheet.
The measured values of Excess enthalpies using the designed calorimeter for various systems are
compared with the literature values. In this study MTBE with substitute compounds are taken and tabulated
below.
Appendix B
The pure component data, molecular weight, heat capacity and density is collected from the literature.
Methyl Tertiary Buty Ethane (MTBE)(1)_+ Benzene (2)
Component Molecular weight Heat capacity Density (g/cc)
cal/mol K (cal/g. K)
MTBE 88.15 44.79 0.5081 0.7410
Benzene 78.00 31.00 0.3974 0.8675
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First data point
Weight of 5 ml of component 1 (w1) = 5 x 0.741 = 3.702g
Weight of 0.5 ml of component 2 (w2)= 0.5x 0.8675= 0.4338 g
Weight fraction = w1/(w1+w2)
= 3.702/(3.702+0.4338) = 0.8951
Mole fracton of component 1,
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
MW
w
MW
w
MW
w
X
=
78
4338.0
15.88
702.3
15.88
702.3
= 0.8831
Average molecular weight = x1*MW1 + (1-X1)*MW2
= 0.8831x88.15 + (1-0.8831)*78
= 87.0
Totals Moles in the mixture = Moles of component 1 (n1) + Moles of component 2 (n2)
= w1/MW! + w2/MW2
= 3.702/88.15 + 0.4388/78
= 0.0476
Q1 = 0.0
Q2, (cal/g k) = -T(w1cp1 + w2cp2 + E)
where E = cell constant = 21.4739
Q2 = -( -0.06457(3.8925 0.43251 + 0.3274 0.48735 + 21.4739))
= 0.5530
QMixt = Q1 + Q2 = 0 + 0.0553 = 0.05530 Cal/g K
QMixt, ( Cla/mol K) = QMixt, ( Cla/g K) /total moles = 0.0553/0.0476
= 11.6825
QMixt = 11.6825x 4.186 = 48.9771 J/mol K
Second Data Point
Weight of 5.5 ml mixture = 4.1358 g
Weight of 0.5 ml component2 = 0.4388 g
Step wise calculation of weight of each component in the mixture:
Step 1: weight of mixture x weight fraction of component 1/average molecular weight of mixture(as in data
point 1)
Weight of component 1 = 4.1358 x 0.8951/87 = 3.702 g
Weight of component 2 in the mixture= 4.1358 – 3.702 + 0.4338 = 8.8675 g
Total weight of component 2 for second point = weight in the mixture and added weight
= 4.1358 – 3.702 + 0.4338 = 0.8675 g
Weight fraction = 3.702/(3.702+0.8675)
= 0.8102
Mole fraction =
78
8675.0
15.88
702.3
15.88
702.3
= 0.7906
Average molecular weight = 0.7906x88.15 + (1-0.7906)*78
= 86.0
Total moles = 3.702/88.15 + 0.8675/78
= 0.531
Q1 is the heat of mixing
Q1 = QMixt of data point 1 x weight fraction of component1/average molecular weight
Q1 = 0.533*0.8951/87
= 0.0235
Q2, (cal/g k) = -T(w1cp1 + w2cp2 + E)
= -( 3.702*0.5081+0.8675*0.3974+ 21.4739))
= 0.9926
Qmix = 0.0235 + 0.9926 cal/g K
= 1.0162
QMixt, ( Cla/mol K) = QMixt, ( Cla/g K) /total moles = 1.0162/0.0531 = 19.1303
QMixt =4.186* 19.1303 = 80.0796 J/mol K
The procedure is followed for all data points.
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Fig 2: MTBE + Benzene substituted compounds
The comparison for three binary systems methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) with benzene,
chlorobenzene and Nitrobenzene12
is as shown in the figure 2. From the Tables 4 – 6, it is observed that the
excess enthalpy values for MTBE and benzene are positive (156.3, 153.3 and 48.7, 50.2 maximum and
minimum values for experimental and literature values respectively). The percent average absolute deviation
(PAAD) calculated using eqn. (2) is 4.6%. For MTBE and chlorobenzene, it is negative with -76.6, -66.9 and -
414.4, -402.6 maximum and minimum values for experimental and literature values respectively and PAAD is
4.3%. The values for nitrobenzene are positive to negative with a PAAD of 7.6%. The maximum and minimum
values for experimental and literature are 103.5 , 3.9 & -31.0. The higher percent deviation (7.6%) is due to the
small values of excess enthalpies.
Table 6 Comparison of HE
values for MTBE + Nitro
Benzene system
mole
fraction temp dif HE
, Expt. HE
, Lit. % dev
%
Abs.
dev
0.0790 -0.03460 64.9066 57.12924 11.982 11.982
0.1465 -0.05047 88.6246 83.18271 6.140 6.140
0.2047 -0.05184 85.5674 93.53545 -9.312 9.312
0.2555 -0.06652 103.5125 95.70375 7.544 7.544
0.3002 -0.06061 89.4404 93.53582 -4.579 4.579
0.3399 -0.06734 94.4018 89.08179 5.635 5.635
0.3753 -0.06627 88.6210 83.47089 5.811 5.811
0.4070 -0.05681 72.6937 77.34162 -6.394 6.394
0.4357 -0.05516 67.6311 71.06154 -5.072 5.072
0.4618 -0.04823 61.6576 64.84383 -5.168 5.168
0.4881 -0.04726 61.8176 58.15572 5.924 5.924
0.5175 -0.03460 47.8459 50.24988 -5.024 5.024
0.5507 -0.02999 43.0956 40.93145 5.022 5.022
0.5885 -0.02176 32.4054 30.00963 7.393 7.393
0.6318 -0.00983 15.3460 17.36053 -13.128 13.128
0.6821 -0.00280 3.9234 3.0949 21.116 21.116
0.7409 0.00670 -13.1272 -12.0003 8.584 8.584
0.8110 0.01315 -26.4091 -25.2766 4.288 4.288
0.8956 0.01474 -31.0094 -28.9053 6.785 6.785
144.9
PAAD 7.6%
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Similar observation were made (Tables7, 8) with dimethyl formamide(DMF) with methyl ethyl ketone
(MEK) and mehyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)13
systems. The PAAD are 3.9 % and 4.3% for DMF + MEK and
DMF+MIBK respectively. From the figs.2 and 3, it can be seen that the experimental values are in good
agreement with literature values.
Table 9 Experimental values of HE
for DME + Benzene System
Mole
fraction temp dif
HE
,
Expt. HE
, Lit. % dev
% Abs.
dev
0.0950 -0.1013 201.26 197.705 1.766 1.766
0.1735 -0.0958 174.28 189.773 -8.890 8.890
0.2395 -0.0956 161.37 160.594 0.481 0.481
0.2957 -0.1003 158.1 142.251 10.025 10.025
0.3442 -0.0912 136.77 134.310 1.798 1.798
0.3865 -0.1034 144.62 132.089 8.665 8.665
0.4236 -0.1023 137.16 132.161 3.644 3.644
0.4565 -0.0976 125.33 132.721 -5.897 5.897
0.4858 -0.1018 124.22 133.028 -7.091 7.091
0.5121 -0.1095 127.82 132.911 -3.983 3.983
0.5121 -0.1086 126.16 132.911 -5.351 5.351
0.5384 -0.0946 115.82 132.377 -14.296 14.296
0.5675 -0.0983 125.7 131.442 -4.568 4.568
0.6000 -0.1101 144.37 130.395 9.680 9.680
0.6363 -0.0997 137.33 130.095 5.269 5.269
0.6774 -0.0965 139.2 132.326 4.938 4.938
0.7241 -0.088 135.98 140.051 -2.994 2.994
0.7777 -0.1034 166.91 156.547 6.209 6.209
0.8400 -0.0982 169.25 179.709 -6.180 6.180
0.9130 -0.1023 179.57 177.836 0.966 0.966
112.690
5.63%
Fig. 4 DME + Benzene
The binary mixtures for Dimethoxyethane( DME) +Benzene set of results was fitted by the flowing equation to
calculate the enthalpy.
HE
(j/mol) = 3553.1(x1-x2)4
- 159.31(x1-x2)3
+ 221.25(x1-x2)2
- 10.094(x1-x2) + 532.07 (2)
Excess enthalpy data is generated for a binary system dimethoxyethane and benzene at room
temperature. Fig. 4 represents the experimental data and polynomial equation (2). The data along with the
calculated values using equation (2) is reported in Table 8. The percet average absolute deviation over the entire
composition range is 4.3%.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank my professor K. Malakondaiah. For his guidance and I would equally extend my
dexterous attitude to Dr.Y.V.L. Ravikumar, Technical officer IICT and Dr. B. Satyavathi, Principal Scientist
IICT for their assistance and constant backup by helping throughout for the development of project because of
which this project could be completed successfully.
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