3. According to physical nature
the matter can be classified in
to three groups .
– Solid
– Liquid
– Gas
4. According to chemical composition
the matter can be classified in to two
groups
• Pure substances
–Elements and Compounds
• Mixtures
–Homogeneous mixtures
–Heterogeneous mixtures
5. Atoms
• Atoms are the building units of
matter.
• The atom is composed of subatomic
particles.
• protons, electrons and neutrons are
the main subatomic particles.
6. • The electron is a negatively
charged particle.
• Proton has a positive charge
• While neutrons have no charge.
8. The nuclear model The Planetary Model of the Atom
• Their Is a nucleus at the centre of the atom.
• Protons and neutrons are accumulated in the
nucleus
• The nucleus is positively charged
• Electrons revole around the nucleus
• The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the
number of protons.
• the atom is electrically neutral.
This atomic model was introduced by
Ernest Rutherford in 1911
9. Bohr Model of the Atom
• Niels Bohr further elaborated the
Rutherford's model
According to Bohr Model ,
• The electrons move in definite paths or
shells around the positively charged
nucleus.
10. Energy levels
• There are four main energy levels or shells
around the nucleus .
• They are assigned either numbers 1, 2, 3, 4......
or letters K, L, M, N...... respectively starting
from the nearest to the nucleus.
• Each energy level has a specific energy
• When moving away from the nucleus this
energy increases. Nevertheless, the
difference between the energy levels
decreases
11. • In an atom, there is a maximum number of
electrons in any energy level.
12. Atomic number
The atomic number is the number of
protons in an atom of the element.
Atomic number = number of protons
Atomic number
symbol of the elemant
13. Mass number
The sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is
called the mass number
mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
symbol of the element
mass number
14.
15. Electronic Configuration
The arrangement of electrons
in the respective energy levels
of an atom
from the innermost level to
the outer most level
is known as
its electronic configuration
