This document provides guidelines for fluid and electrolyte management of newborn infants in the intensive care nursery. It discusses the unique fluid and electrolyte requirements of newborns, how these requirements vary based on factors like gestational age and weight. The document provides detailed guidance on initial fluid administration, electrolyte management, and treatment of common electrolyte abnormalities in newborns such as hyponatremia.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte requirements in neonates. It notes that total body water is 0.7 L/kg in newborns and 0.6 L/kg at 1 year of age. Fluids are required for infants under 30 weeks gestation or under 1250g, sick term neonates, those with severe birth asphyxia, apnea, respiratory distress syndrome, or sepsis. Fluid amounts range from 100 ml/kg for infants under 1kg to 60 ml/kg for those over 1.5kg on the first day, increasing amounts over subsequent days. Electrolyte requirements for sodium, potassium, and calcium are also outlined. Glucose requirements are noted to be an optimal 4-
- Neonates requiring IV fluid therapy include those with lethargy/refusal to feed, breathing difficulties, shock, severe asphyxia, or abdominal issues. The aims of fluid therapy are to identify babies needing IV fluids, calculate daily intake, administer measured volumes, and monitor babies receiving IV fluids. Fluid requirements vary based on weight and age, and monitoring includes checking infusion sites, volumes, blood glucose, weight, urine output, and electrolyte levels to properly adjust fluid intake.
Neonatal fluid requirements and specials conditionsRakesh Verma
This document provides an overview of neonatal fluid and electrolyte requirements, including physiological changes affecting balance in fetuses and neonates. It discusses developmental changes in total body water, extracellular and intracellular fluid during gestation and after birth. Maturation of organs like the cardiovascular system and kidneys that regulate fluid compartments is also covered. Guidelines are provided for calculating total fluid needs as well as maintenance, deficit and ongoing loss replacement in both term and preterm infants of different weights. Electrolyte supplementation amounts and choices of IV fluids are also summarized.
This document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and nutrition management in neonates. It covers the essential principles of fluids and electrolytes, including total body water, extracellular fluid, and goals of fluid management. It also discusses factors to consider like normal changes in body water and renal function in neonates. Guidelines are provided for fluid intake and electrolyte replacement in term and preterm infants. Common fluid and electrolyte issues like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium abnormalities are outlined. Management of fluids and electrolytes in various neonatal conditions is also reviewed.
This document discusses three methods for calculating maintenance fluid requirements: the caloric expenditure method, Holliday-Segar method, and body surface area method. The caloric expenditure method estimates fluid needs based on calories metabolized, with 100-120mL of water needed per 100 calories. The Holliday-Segar method estimates needs based on weight categories. The body surface area method relates caloric expenditure to body surface area. An example calculation is provided for a 2-year old child using each method.
The document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and nutrition (FEN) management in neonates. It covers the importance of proper FEN management for babies in the NICU. Key aspects include maintaining appropriate fluid volumes and electrolyte/ionic concentrations. Factors like insensible water loss, renal function, and growth requirements must be considered. Proper assessment and individualized management are needed to avoid issues like dehydration, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in neonates. It outlines the physiological changes in neonates that impact fluid needs, including higher total body water and immature kidney function. It provides guidelines for calculating daily fluid requirements based on gestational age and weight. It describes the use of IV fluids for initial resuscitation and maintenance, adjusting for enteral feedings and weight changes. Conditions requiring IV fluids and formulas for replacing various fluid losses are also summarized.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in newborns. It covers physiological aspects like changes in body water and electrolyte composition during development. It also discusses factors that affect insensible water loss in newborns like maturity, respiratory distress, and environment. The principles of fluid therapy include estimating fluid and electrolyte deficits, calculating replacement and maintenance needs, administering IV fluids, and monitoring the newborn. Specific clinical conditions that require special management like prematurity, respiratory distress, and diarrhea are also covered.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte requirements in neonates. It notes that total body water is 0.7 L/kg in newborns and 0.6 L/kg at 1 year of age. Fluids are required for infants under 30 weeks gestation or under 1250g, sick term neonates, those with severe birth asphyxia, apnea, respiratory distress syndrome, or sepsis. Fluid amounts range from 100 ml/kg for infants under 1kg to 60 ml/kg for those over 1.5kg on the first day, increasing amounts over subsequent days. Electrolyte requirements for sodium, potassium, and calcium are also outlined. Glucose requirements are noted to be an optimal 4-
- Neonates requiring IV fluid therapy include those with lethargy/refusal to feed, breathing difficulties, shock, severe asphyxia, or abdominal issues. The aims of fluid therapy are to identify babies needing IV fluids, calculate daily intake, administer measured volumes, and monitor babies receiving IV fluids. Fluid requirements vary based on weight and age, and monitoring includes checking infusion sites, volumes, blood glucose, weight, urine output, and electrolyte levels to properly adjust fluid intake.
Neonatal fluid requirements and specials conditionsRakesh Verma
This document provides an overview of neonatal fluid and electrolyte requirements, including physiological changes affecting balance in fetuses and neonates. It discusses developmental changes in total body water, extracellular and intracellular fluid during gestation and after birth. Maturation of organs like the cardiovascular system and kidneys that regulate fluid compartments is also covered. Guidelines are provided for calculating total fluid needs as well as maintenance, deficit and ongoing loss replacement in both term and preterm infants of different weights. Electrolyte supplementation amounts and choices of IV fluids are also summarized.
This document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and nutrition management in neonates. It covers the essential principles of fluids and electrolytes, including total body water, extracellular fluid, and goals of fluid management. It also discusses factors to consider like normal changes in body water and renal function in neonates. Guidelines are provided for fluid intake and electrolyte replacement in term and preterm infants. Common fluid and electrolyte issues like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium abnormalities are outlined. Management of fluids and electrolytes in various neonatal conditions is also reviewed.
This document discusses three methods for calculating maintenance fluid requirements: the caloric expenditure method, Holliday-Segar method, and body surface area method. The caloric expenditure method estimates fluid needs based on calories metabolized, with 100-120mL of water needed per 100 calories. The Holliday-Segar method estimates needs based on weight categories. The body surface area method relates caloric expenditure to body surface area. An example calculation is provided for a 2-year old child using each method.
The document discusses fluid, electrolyte, and nutrition (FEN) management in neonates. It covers the importance of proper FEN management for babies in the NICU. Key aspects include maintaining appropriate fluid volumes and electrolyte/ionic concentrations. Factors like insensible water loss, renal function, and growth requirements must be considered. Proper assessment and individualized management are needed to avoid issues like dehydration, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in neonates. It outlines the physiological changes in neonates that impact fluid needs, including higher total body water and immature kidney function. It provides guidelines for calculating daily fluid requirements based on gestational age and weight. It describes the use of IV fluids for initial resuscitation and maintenance, adjusting for enteral feedings and weight changes. Conditions requiring IV fluids and formulas for replacing various fluid losses are also summarized.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte management in newborns. It covers physiological aspects like changes in body water and electrolyte composition during development. It also discusses factors that affect insensible water loss in newborns like maturity, respiratory distress, and environment. The principles of fluid therapy include estimating fluid and electrolyte deficits, calculating replacement and maintenance needs, administering IV fluids, and monitoring the newborn. Specific clinical conditions that require special management like prematurity, respiratory distress, and diarrhea are also covered.
Fluids and Electrolytes in Infants and ChildrenNorthTec
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in infants and children. It covers normal fluid regulation, increased and decreased fluid needs, signs of dehydration and fluid overload, diagnostic tests including electrolyte levels, treatment for dehydration including oral and IV rehydration, and acid-base imbalances including causes and management of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
1) Maintenance fluid therapy aims to prevent dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and protein degradation in sick infants and children whose oral intake is uncertain.
2) Fluid requirements are calculated based on weight and age using the "4-2-1 rule" or Holliday-Segar formula. Common maintenance fluids include 0.45% saline with potassium chloride.
3) Careful monitoring of weight, urine output, and serum sodium is important when administering intravenous fluids to avoid complications like hyponatremia. Replacement fluids should promptly replace ongoing losses from vomiting, diarrhea, or altered renal output.
Fluid and electrolyte management in neonates. By Dr Rabab Hashemmohamed osama hussein
Fluid and electrolyte management is important in neonates as their kidneys are not well equipped to handle imbalances. Proper assessment of an infant's fluid status and ongoing losses is needed to determine the appropriate amount and composition of intravenous fluids. Neonates have high total body water at birth that decreases rapidly. They also have relatively large surface areas and high insensible water losses. Careful monitoring of weight, clinical signs, lab values, and fluid intake/output is necessary to avoid issues like hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Electrolyte requirements vary based on gestational age and postnatal age. Conditions like prematurity, respiratory distress, or renal impairment require special consideration in fluid and electrolyte
This document discusses maintenance and replacement fluid therapy. It begins by defining maintenance fluids as intravenous fluids given to children who cannot be fed enterally. It then discusses the goals of maintenance fluid therapy, how to calculate fluid requirements, and variations in electrolyte needs. Common intravenous fluids used for maintenance like normal saline, lactated ringers, and dextrose solutions are described. The document provides guidelines for monitoring patients on intravenous fluids and discusses replacing fluid losses from conditions like diarrhea. It also covers fluid management for dehydration.
Fluid management in the paediatric patient anaesthetist consideration...drriyas03
This document discusses fluid management in paediatric patients. It covers water physiology and fluid compartments in the body. Fluid volumes change with age from premature neonates to adults. Daily fluid losses are outlined. Methods for determining fluid requirements and correcting dehydration are presented. Intraoperative fluid replacement depends on the type and severity of surgery. Blood loss and transfusion thresholds are addressed. Selection of intravenous fluids must be tailored to the individual patient's needs.
This document provides guidance on fluid management for well and sick children. It discusses the symptoms of dehydration at different percentage levels of fluid loss. It also outlines the types of dehydration and steps for rehydration, including calculating fluid deficits and replacements. The document then presents three clinical cases involving dehydration and discusses the appropriate fluid management strategies for each case.
This document discusses maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in children. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the differences in pediatric physiology and the goals of maintenance fluid therapy. It then covers topics like the vulnerability of infants, the distribution of body water, electrolyte concentrations, commonly used IV fluids, and calculating fluid requirements using the 4-2-1 rule. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring weight, urine output, and serum electrolytes when administering fluids. It also provides guidance on choosing appropriate replacement fluids for issues like diarrhea, vomiting, and altered renal output.
This document discusses fluid management in pediatric patients. It covers the following key points:
- Body fluids are composed of intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Total body water varies with age.
- Intravenous fluids aim to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance. Common IV fluids include normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose solutions.
- Maintenance fluid rates are calculated based on weight and age to replace insensible water losses and electrolytes. Fluid deficits from conditions like diarrhea are replaced in addition to maintenance needs.
This document provides an overview of fluid therapy in pediatric intensive care. It discusses fluid distribution in the body, regulation of fluid exchange, principles of fluid therapy including maintenance and replacement of deficits. It covers fluid therapy for different conditions like dehydration (isonatremic, hyponatremic, hypernatremic), diarrhea, emesis, altered renal output, shock, risk of decreased circulating volume, postoperative care, renal failure, cardiac failure, stress hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, and raised intracranial pressure. The key principles are restoring intravascular volume using isotonic fluids, calculating fluid deficits and electrolyte requirements, and adjusting ongoing fluid losses based on their composition.
This document provides information on fluid and electrolyte therapy. It discusses indications for IV fluid therapy including severe dehydration. It describes the two components of fluid therapy as maintenance therapy to replace normal losses and replacement therapy to correct existing deficits. The document gives guidelines for calculating maintenance fluid requirements based on body weight and additional fluid needs for conditions like fever. It also provides guidance on calculating and correcting water and electrolyte deficits. The document discusses various fluid solutions and considerations for fluid management in different clinical scenarios like dehydration, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia.
Intravenous fluid therapy in children andROMERO_ALEJO
The document provides guidelines for intravenous fluid therapy in children and young people in hospital. It outlines key priorities for assessment and monitoring of patients, fluid resuscitation, routine maintenance of fluids, and managing hyponatremia and hypernatremia that develops during IV therapy. The full recommendations cover principles of IV therapy, assessment and monitoring protocols, calculating fluid needs, identifying appropriate fluids, and monitoring electrolyte levels.
1) Breast milk is the ideal source of nutrition for low birth weight (LBW) infants, as it provides optimal nutrition for growth and development.
2) Feeding LBW infants must be gradually increased from 60-80 ml/kg/day to a maximum of 180-200 ml/kg/day, with frequent feeding every 2 hours.
3) For very unstable LBW infants under 1500g or 30 weeks gestation, initial intravenous fluids may be needed before gradually advancing to gavage or breast feeding as the infant's condition improves. Proper monitoring of fluid intake and output is important.
The document provides information on malnutrition and computations for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height. It also includes calculations for total caloric requirement based on age and weight, fluid requirements using different methods, management of dehydration and fluid/electrolyte disturbances, and treatment plans for diarrhea with oral rehydration solution.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in children. It covers normal fluid requirements, signs of dehydration, electrolyte requirements, and principles for treating dehydration, shock, and electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia and hypernatremia. The key steps in management include assessing for shock, dehydration, and electrolyte problems; treating shock with rapid fluid boluses; and rehydrating gradually based on estimated fluid deficits and electrolyte losses. Electrolyte levels should be monitored frequently during treatment.
Dr Ifraim Sajid
house officer
allama iqbal medical college lahore/jinnah hospital lahore
presentation on DKA
comprehensive and easy to digest.
presentation was prepared on 16 dec 2015.
one thing must be remembered that
DKA is life threatening but reversible complication of more un controled diabetes,,,,,early and aggressive management can save lives .........
always assume that a child is 10% dehydrated ,blood sugar should be monitored hourly and ABGs and serum eletrolytes should be monitored 2-4 hourly..........
prevention should be done regarding development of cerebral edema,because in that case survival rate is 15%.
treating under lying infection is very important part of management .....
thanks in anticipation
Dr ifraim sajid
house officer ,jinnah hospital lahore
1. A series of lab tests were ordered to confirm diabetic ketoacidosis in two patients, including blood sugar, ketone, and acidity levels as well as additional tests like electrolytes, urinalysis, and ECG.
2. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body to process glucose, causing the body to break down fat and produce toxic ketones which make the blood acidic.
3. Treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis involves fluid replacement to rehydrate the body, electrolyte replacement, and insulin therapy to lower blood sugar and acidity levels.
Maintenance ,Replacement and Deficit Therapy in childrenRajesh Kokkula
This document discusses maintenance fluid therapy for children. It notes that maintenance fluids are used for children who cannot be fed enterally and provide basic hydration but not adequate calories, proteins, or vitamins. The document outlines best practices for determining fluid needs based on weight, replacing losses from diarrhea, vomiting, or drains. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring weight, urine output, and electrolytes to identify overhydration or dehydration and adjust fluids accordingly.
This document discusses fluid management in pediatric patients. It covers:
1. The contents of fluid compartments in the body and how they change with age. Total body water is a higher percentage of body weight in neonates and decreases with age.
2. Methods for estimating maintenance fluid needs and electrolyte requirements, including the Holliday-Segar and body surface area methods.
3. Contents and uses of different intravenous and oral rehydration solutions to manage various types of dehydration, including isotonic, hypotonic, and hypernatremic dehydration.
4. Factors that modify fluid management, such as fever, renal failure, and special situations. Formulas and guidelines are
Ta predstavitev je doživela svojo premiero na Medgeneracijskem srečanju III. gimnazije Maribor v petek, 7.6.2013. Kar 30 bivših dijakov šole se je čez nekaj let na šolo vrnilo kot učitelji in skoraj vse nas je poučeval sedanji g. ravnatelj, Pastar, Janez Pastar. :)
Predstavitev je izdelal g. Žilbert Tivadar.
Fluids and Electrolytes in Infants and ChildrenNorthTec
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in infants and children. It covers normal fluid regulation, increased and decreased fluid needs, signs of dehydration and fluid overload, diagnostic tests including electrolyte levels, treatment for dehydration including oral and IV rehydration, and acid-base imbalances including causes and management of respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
1) Maintenance fluid therapy aims to prevent dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and protein degradation in sick infants and children whose oral intake is uncertain.
2) Fluid requirements are calculated based on weight and age using the "4-2-1 rule" or Holliday-Segar formula. Common maintenance fluids include 0.45% saline with potassium chloride.
3) Careful monitoring of weight, urine output, and serum sodium is important when administering intravenous fluids to avoid complications like hyponatremia. Replacement fluids should promptly replace ongoing losses from vomiting, diarrhea, or altered renal output.
Fluid and electrolyte management in neonates. By Dr Rabab Hashemmohamed osama hussein
Fluid and electrolyte management is important in neonates as their kidneys are not well equipped to handle imbalances. Proper assessment of an infant's fluid status and ongoing losses is needed to determine the appropriate amount and composition of intravenous fluids. Neonates have high total body water at birth that decreases rapidly. They also have relatively large surface areas and high insensible water losses. Careful monitoring of weight, clinical signs, lab values, and fluid intake/output is necessary to avoid issues like hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Electrolyte requirements vary based on gestational age and postnatal age. Conditions like prematurity, respiratory distress, or renal impairment require special consideration in fluid and electrolyte
This document discusses maintenance and replacement fluid therapy. It begins by defining maintenance fluids as intravenous fluids given to children who cannot be fed enterally. It then discusses the goals of maintenance fluid therapy, how to calculate fluid requirements, and variations in electrolyte needs. Common intravenous fluids used for maintenance like normal saline, lactated ringers, and dextrose solutions are described. The document provides guidelines for monitoring patients on intravenous fluids and discusses replacing fluid losses from conditions like diarrhea. It also covers fluid management for dehydration.
Fluid management in the paediatric patient anaesthetist consideration...drriyas03
This document discusses fluid management in paediatric patients. It covers water physiology and fluid compartments in the body. Fluid volumes change with age from premature neonates to adults. Daily fluid losses are outlined. Methods for determining fluid requirements and correcting dehydration are presented. Intraoperative fluid replacement depends on the type and severity of surgery. Blood loss and transfusion thresholds are addressed. Selection of intravenous fluids must be tailored to the individual patient's needs.
This document provides guidance on fluid management for well and sick children. It discusses the symptoms of dehydration at different percentage levels of fluid loss. It also outlines the types of dehydration and steps for rehydration, including calculating fluid deficits and replacements. The document then presents three clinical cases involving dehydration and discusses the appropriate fluid management strategies for each case.
This document discusses maintenance and replacement fluid therapy in children. It begins by outlining the objectives of understanding the differences in pediatric physiology and the goals of maintenance fluid therapy. It then covers topics like the vulnerability of infants, the distribution of body water, electrolyte concentrations, commonly used IV fluids, and calculating fluid requirements using the 4-2-1 rule. The document emphasizes the importance of monitoring weight, urine output, and serum electrolytes when administering fluids. It also provides guidance on choosing appropriate replacement fluids for issues like diarrhea, vomiting, and altered renal output.
This document discusses fluid management in pediatric patients. It covers the following key points:
- Body fluids are composed of intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments. Total body water varies with age.
- Intravenous fluids aim to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance. Common IV fluids include normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose solutions.
- Maintenance fluid rates are calculated based on weight and age to replace insensible water losses and electrolytes. Fluid deficits from conditions like diarrhea are replaced in addition to maintenance needs.
This document provides an overview of fluid therapy in pediatric intensive care. It discusses fluid distribution in the body, regulation of fluid exchange, principles of fluid therapy including maintenance and replacement of deficits. It covers fluid therapy for different conditions like dehydration (isonatremic, hyponatremic, hypernatremic), diarrhea, emesis, altered renal output, shock, risk of decreased circulating volume, postoperative care, renal failure, cardiac failure, stress hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, and raised intracranial pressure. The key principles are restoring intravascular volume using isotonic fluids, calculating fluid deficits and electrolyte requirements, and adjusting ongoing fluid losses based on their composition.
This document provides information on fluid and electrolyte therapy. It discusses indications for IV fluid therapy including severe dehydration. It describes the two components of fluid therapy as maintenance therapy to replace normal losses and replacement therapy to correct existing deficits. The document gives guidelines for calculating maintenance fluid requirements based on body weight and additional fluid needs for conditions like fever. It also provides guidance on calculating and correcting water and electrolyte deficits. The document discusses various fluid solutions and considerations for fluid management in different clinical scenarios like dehydration, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, and hypokalemia.
Intravenous fluid therapy in children andROMERO_ALEJO
The document provides guidelines for intravenous fluid therapy in children and young people in hospital. It outlines key priorities for assessment and monitoring of patients, fluid resuscitation, routine maintenance of fluids, and managing hyponatremia and hypernatremia that develops during IV therapy. The full recommendations cover principles of IV therapy, assessment and monitoring protocols, calculating fluid needs, identifying appropriate fluids, and monitoring electrolyte levels.
1) Breast milk is the ideal source of nutrition for low birth weight (LBW) infants, as it provides optimal nutrition for growth and development.
2) Feeding LBW infants must be gradually increased from 60-80 ml/kg/day to a maximum of 180-200 ml/kg/day, with frequent feeding every 2 hours.
3) For very unstable LBW infants under 1500g or 30 weeks gestation, initial intravenous fluids may be needed before gradually advancing to gavage or breast feeding as the infant's condition improves. Proper monitoring of fluid intake and output is important.
The document provides information on malnutrition and computations for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height. It also includes calculations for total caloric requirement based on age and weight, fluid requirements using different methods, management of dehydration and fluid/electrolyte disturbances, and treatment plans for diarrhea with oral rehydration solution.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in children. It covers normal fluid requirements, signs of dehydration, electrolyte requirements, and principles for treating dehydration, shock, and electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia and hypernatremia. The key steps in management include assessing for shock, dehydration, and electrolyte problems; treating shock with rapid fluid boluses; and rehydrating gradually based on estimated fluid deficits and electrolyte losses. Electrolyte levels should be monitored frequently during treatment.
Dr Ifraim Sajid
house officer
allama iqbal medical college lahore/jinnah hospital lahore
presentation on DKA
comprehensive and easy to digest.
presentation was prepared on 16 dec 2015.
one thing must be remembered that
DKA is life threatening but reversible complication of more un controled diabetes,,,,,early and aggressive management can save lives .........
always assume that a child is 10% dehydrated ,blood sugar should be monitored hourly and ABGs and serum eletrolytes should be monitored 2-4 hourly..........
prevention should be done regarding development of cerebral edema,because in that case survival rate is 15%.
treating under lying infection is very important part of management .....
thanks in anticipation
Dr ifraim sajid
house officer ,jinnah hospital lahore
1. A series of lab tests were ordered to confirm diabetic ketoacidosis in two patients, including blood sugar, ketone, and acidity levels as well as additional tests like electrolytes, urinalysis, and ECG.
2. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body to process glucose, causing the body to break down fat and produce toxic ketones which make the blood acidic.
3. Treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis involves fluid replacement to rehydrate the body, electrolyte replacement, and insulin therapy to lower blood sugar and acidity levels.
Maintenance ,Replacement and Deficit Therapy in childrenRajesh Kokkula
This document discusses maintenance fluid therapy for children. It notes that maintenance fluids are used for children who cannot be fed enterally and provide basic hydration but not adequate calories, proteins, or vitamins. The document outlines best practices for determining fluid needs based on weight, replacing losses from diarrhea, vomiting, or drains. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring weight, urine output, and electrolytes to identify overhydration or dehydration and adjust fluids accordingly.
This document discusses fluid management in pediatric patients. It covers:
1. The contents of fluid compartments in the body and how they change with age. Total body water is a higher percentage of body weight in neonates and decreases with age.
2. Methods for estimating maintenance fluid needs and electrolyte requirements, including the Holliday-Segar and body surface area methods.
3. Contents and uses of different intravenous and oral rehydration solutions to manage various types of dehydration, including isotonic, hypotonic, and hypernatremic dehydration.
4. Factors that modify fluid management, such as fever, renal failure, and special situations. Formulas and guidelines are
Ta predstavitev je doživela svojo premiero na Medgeneracijskem srečanju III. gimnazije Maribor v petek, 7.6.2013. Kar 30 bivših dijakov šole se je čez nekaj let na šolo vrnilo kot učitelji in skoraj vse nas je poučeval sedanji g. ravnatelj, Pastar, Janez Pastar. :)
Predstavitev je izdelal g. Žilbert Tivadar.
How do we learn about our various group identities like female, African American, Buddhist, homosexual, middle class, etc.? From whom do we learn the meaning of these terms? What messages have we internalized about ourselves and others? What are the differences that result in one person having a healthy self identity and another person experiencing own-group shame and hatred? Learn how we can instill positive self identity in our children and coach them to be positive influences on others' identities. Together, we can co-create inclusive communities that work toward success for all.
Students will learn how to edit animated GIFs and convert them to movie clips using Adobe Flash so they can finalize animated graphics for their Halloween-themed electronic greeting cards by the end of class. The class will review how to create movie clips, name conventions, importing graphics to the stage, and returning to the first scene in Flash. Students will then edit images used in their holiday e-cards as needed and create new movie clips for each animated GIF.
The proposed Tori Kelly digipak and advert proposal includes:
1. The front cover will feature a headshot of Tori Kelly holding a guitar to represent her acoustic genre, with her name in a simple sans-serif font at the top.
2. Inside images will continue the theme of Kelly alone with her guitar to convey feelings of loneliness from the song.
3. Back cover images may be black and white, with credits and barcode placed unobtrusively at the bottom.
4. A magazine advert will replicate the album cover image and font, alongside the album name, release date, and a positive quote about Kelly.
The document discusses the legal status of Mende captives and the relationship between international law and domestic law. It notes that international law alone does not confer rights that can be recognized in domestic courts, but only where international law rules are incorporated into domestic law. Two cases are referenced where judges acknowledged that while international law exists between nations, it is only enforceable domestically if its principles are accepted in the domestic legal system and not inconsistent with statutes or judicial precedent.
James Maarshall is a dual British and Australian citizen with extensive experience in metals and mining equity research and investment analysis. He received a Bachelor of Commerce from Curtin University of Technology in 1997, majoring in Accounting and Finance. He has worked in equity research roles for several investment banks and currently serves as Director of Equity Research for Metals and Mining at Hume Capital.
Este documento proporciona recomendaciones para realizar presentaciones profesionales de manera efectiva. Incluye consejos sobre el uso de diapositivas como incluir una portada e índice, usar contraste de color adecuado y agregar imágenes ilustrativas. También recomienda que el expositor mantenga contacto visual con la audiencia, module su voz y use ropa apropiada. Finalmente, sugiere que el expositor salude a la audiencia de manera jerárquica y dé oportunidad para preguntas.
Business world today change rapidly and people needs change day by day. Due to the technology changes people adopt new technologies and devices. After introducing mobile people try to do their day to day activates through the mobile devices. To retrieve this data vendors developed mobile applications and they needed back end DB server but limited resources in mobiles such as memory, power, processing power and connection types they can’t used normal database, therefore, vendors introduced mobile database tools.
This document discusses several audience theories that can be applied when analyzing a media product. It begins by asking the reader to reflect on who their target audience was, how they tried to meet audience expectations, and what motivated their audience. It then provides overviews of several key audience theories, including hypodermic theory, uses and gratifications theory, two-step flow theory, encoding/decoding, and cultural studies approaches. The document asks the reader to consider how these different theories are evidenced in or applicable to their own media product, and how their product sought to engage audiences.
This article describes the story of a woman named Sally and how moving from a nursing home to a group home affected her life. Initially, Sally was excited to move to a group home where she would have her own room and be part of a family. However, the group home neglected Sally - she was not moved from her bed for long periods of time, lost weight, and became isolated. The author had to intervene to get Sally moved from the neglectful group home. Unfortunately, the only other option was to place Sally back in a nursing home with less interaction. The author advocates that people with disabilities deserve community inclusion and individualized support.
W naszej szkole praktykujemy od kilku lat wspólne śniadania w klasie. 8 listopada, oprócz zjedzenia kanapek, także je przygotowaliśmy. Dzieci przyniosły produkty, głównie warzywa i owoce, a także jogurty, aby śniadanie było pełnowartościowe. Zjedliśmy je przy wspólnym stole. Aby idea zdrowego odżywania pozostała z nami na dłużej, podsumowaliśmy akcję plastycznie, w formie kolażu pt. 12 zasad zdrowego odżywania wg Instytutu Matki i Dziecka. Utworzyliśmy plakat, który zawisł w sali i będzie nam przypominał o akcji "Śniadanie Daje Moc".
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system with a mass of 1.898 trillion kg and an equatorial diameter of 142,984 km. It has 67 known moons and a surface temperature of -108°C. Jupiter orbits the sun every 11.8 years and is known for its Great Red Spot, a massive storm that has raged for centuries.
Disorder of fluid and electrolytes.pptxMesfinShifara
This document provides guidelines for initial electrolyte management in infants receiving intravenous fluids, with a focus on sodium, potassium, calcium, and disorders related to abnormalities in these electrolytes. It recommends:
- Daily electrolyte measurements for infants receiving only IV fluids, especially very preterm infants under 750g.
- Starting calcium supplementation on the first day for high-risk infants.
- Not adding sodium or potassium to IV fluids for the first few days until levels begin to fall.
- Maintaining sodium at 2-4 mEq/kg/day and potassium at 1-3 mEq/kg/day once supplementation begins.
- Carefully managing abnormalities like hyponatremia, hypernatremia
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening condition in children and adolescents caused by insulin deficiency. Deaths from DKA can be avoided through early diagnosis, appropriate management of diabetes, and optimal treatment of DKA episodes. Treatment of DKA involves fluid resuscitation, electrolyte replacement including potassium, low-dose insulin infusion, careful blood glucose monitoring, and transition to subcutaneous insulin injections over 48 hours as the condition improves. Complications like cerebral edema are managed urgently with mannitol or hypertonic saline.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte requirements in newborns. It notes that total body water is divided between intracellular and extracellular spaces, with sodium being the main extracellular ion and potassium the main intracellular ion. Fluid volumes are regulated by sodium and potassium salts in each compartment. Principles of fluid management include maintaining appropriate extracellular fluid volume and osmolality. Factors like gestational age, postnatal age, and weight loss influence fluid needs. Guidelines are provided for initial daily fluid requirements based on birth weight and monitoring fluid status through weight, clinical exam, serum and urine tests.
This document summarizes dehydration in children. It defines dehydration as a loss of fluid from the extracellular space at a rate exceeding intake. Children are more susceptible to dehydration due to their higher body water content and metabolic rates. Common causes of dehydration in children include viral and bacterial infections causing vomiting and diarrhea. Signs of dehydration include sunken eyes, decreased urination, and irritability. Treatment depends on the severity of dehydration and includes oral rehydration for mild to moderate cases and intravenous fluids for severe cases. Care must be taken with hyponatremic and hypernatremic dehydration to slowly correct electrolyte imbalances.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte physiology in neonates. It covers developmental changes from intrauterine life through childhood and how this affects total body water, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid levels at different ages. It also discusses fluid shifts that occur during labor, delivery, and the postnatal period. Guidelines are provided for estimating insensible water loss and determining intravenous fluid and electrolyte requirements for term and preterm neonates of different gestational ages and weights.
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in newborns. Key points include:
1) Total body water and extracellular fluid decrease as gestational age increases at birth, while intracellular fluid increases.
2) Term infants lose 5-10% of their body weight in the first few days of life due to reduction in extracellular fluid.
3) Preterm infants under 35 weeks gestation display negative sodium balance and hyponatremia in the first 2-3 weeks of life due to high renal sodium losses.
4) Fluid requirements vary based on weight, with very low birth weight infants needing higher amounts to offset insensible water losses. Close monitoring of fluid balance is important in
The document discusses fluid and electrolyte therapy in pediatrics. It notes that children have higher fluid needs than adults due to greater insensible losses and immature kidneys. Total body water is a higher percentage in children compared to adults. Maintenance IV fluids replace electrolyte and water losses and provide calories. Fluid deficits due to dehydration are calculated as a percentage of body weight and restored with isotonic fluids like saline or Ringer's lactate. Ongoing losses are also measured and replaced to ensure intravascular volume is maintained.
This document discusses fluid calculation and homeostasis in neonates. It notes that water and electrolyte balance is vital but different in neonates compared to older children and adults due to rapid developmental changes. It outlines the physiology of total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water. It also discusses changes that occur at birth and how to assess hydration status in neonates through monitoring things like urine output, weight, physical exam findings and lab tests. Maintaining appropriate fluid and electrolyte balance is important for health in preterm infants.
Fluids& Electrolytes presentation by Dr. Ahmed SafwatShaju Edamana
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte physiology and abnormalities. It covers the composition and regulation of body water compartments, daily fluid requirements, commonly used IV fluids, dehydration types and management, and electrolyte abnormalities including sodium, potassium, and their causes and treatment. The document provides detailed information on fluid and electrolyte balance in a pediatric population.
1) Malnutrition is defined as a cellular imbalance between nutrient supply and demand that impacts growth, maintenance, and functions. Severe malnutrition can be classified using weight-for-age, presence of edema, and weight-for-height measurements.
2) Identifying severely malnourished children involves weighing, measuring length/height, and calculating standard deviation scores. Mid-upper arm circumference less than 11.5cm also identifies severe wasting.
3) Severely malnourished children experience a physiological state called "reductive adaptation" where body systems slow down to survive on limited calories. This requires special treatment approaches compared to well-nourished children.
Malnutrition is defined as a cellular imbalance between nutrient supply and demand for growth, maintenance, and functions. Undernutrition classifications include wasting (low weight-for-height) and stunting (low height-for-age). Identifying malnutrition involves weighing, measuring height/length, and calculating standard deviation scores. Mid-upper arm circumference less than 11.5cm indicates severe acute malnutrition. Treatment of severe malnutrition requires special care due to the body's reductive adaptation system slowing functions to survive on limited calories. Essential treatment steps include treating hypoglycemia, infections, and micronutrient deficiencies; providing cautious feeding with formulas F75 and F100; and monitoring progress until weight-for-height reaches -1 SD
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in the emergency and critical care unit of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Ethiopia. It defines DKA and its clinical presentation. The diagnostic criteria and classification of DKA severity are outlined. The guidelines recommend initial resuscitation measures, expanding intravascular volume with saline, potassium replacement, insulin therapy, treating complications, addressing precipitating factors, and close monitoring of the patient. Insulin therapy should begin after 1 hour of fluid resuscitation to steadily decrease acidosis and avoid complications. The guidelines provide details on calculating fluid requirements, administering insulin via continuous IV or intermittent SC dosing, and monitoring patients until resolution of DKA.
This document discusses intravenous fluid management in newborns. It notes that total body water is highest at birth, around 75% for term infants and 80% for preterm infants. During the first week, excess fluid is lost primarily through urine as extracellular fluid decreases. Preterm infants lose more, around 10-15% of body weight. Intravenous fluids are given to sick newborns or those under 30 weeks gestation. The type and amount of fluids given depends on factors like weight and postnatal age. Fluid needs increase in situations like fever or phototherapy and decrease in conditions causing fluid retention. Monitoring includes weight, urine output, and laboratory tests to avoid dehydration or fluid overload.
maintainance and replacement therapypy.pptxmuhsinhassen1
Maintenance fluid therapy replaces ongoing water and electrolyte losses through normal physiological processes like urine, stool, skin, and lungs to prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. The goals are to prevent dehydration, electrolyte disorders, and ketoacidosis. Fluid amounts are calculated based on body weight and include water, sodium, potassium, and sometimes glucose or chloride. Higher fluid needs occur with fever. Replacement therapy provides fluids lost from diarrhea or other ongoing losses. Deficit replacement treats existing dehydration with isotonic fluids, and care must be taken with hyponatremia or hypernatremia due to risks of overly rapid correction. Monitoring includes vital signs, intake/output, physical exam, and
This document discusses fluids in the human body. It covers topics such as total body water, intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments, fluid intake and output, and perioperative fluid management. Specifically, it addresses maintenance fluid therapy, calculating fluid requirements based on weight, and replacing preoperative deficits and ongoing losses through replacement therapy. Replacement solutions are discussed for various fluid losses through the gastrointestinal tract, urine, drains, and third spacing.
This document discusses parenteral nutrition for neonates. It covers the goals of fluid and electrolyte management, indications for parenteral nutrition, nutritional goals, composition of infusates including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, electrolytes and vitamins. It also discusses the steps for calculating a total parenteral nutrition solution, preparation and administration, and potential complications that can arise with parenteral nutrition. The conclusion emphasizes that parenteral nutrition remains essential for preterm and sick neonates, but optimal inputs are still unknown, and some neonates experience extrauterine growth restriction due to excessive caution with nutrition in the NICU.
This document provides guidelines for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). It defines DKA and classifies its severity. The main goals of treatment are rehydration, electrolyte replacement, and insulin administration to lower blood glucose levels slowly. Treatment involves initial fluid resuscitation followed by intravenous fluids and insulin. Potassium levels must be closely monitored and replaced as needed. Fluids are given over 48 hours and patients transition to subcutaneous insulin before discharge. Complications like cerebral edema are risks that require careful monitoring of fluid, electrolyte and glucose levels during treatment.
This document discusses diabetic emergencies including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS). It provides details on the pathophysiology, clinical signs, diagnostic findings, and treatment approaches for DKA and HHS. Specifically, it outlines the metabolic derangements that occur in DKA due to insulin deficiency and elevated glucagon levels, leading to ketone body production and metabolic acidosis. It also describes the fluid therapy, electrolyte supplementation, insulin treatment, and monitoring needed to manage DKA. HHS is characterized by severe hyperglycemia and dehydration without significant ketonuria, and also requires aggressive fluid therapy and glucose control.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).