This document summarizes a research paper on changing data rates during handoffs in GSM-ATM networks. It discusses:
1) Wireless ATM networks which combine ATM's support for multimedia services with mobility support for mobile devices. This poses challenges like mobility management and ensuring quality of service during handoffs.
2) Handoff is the process of transferring a mobile terminal's connections from one access point to another during movement. It involves initiation, establishing a new connection, and data flow control to maintain quality of service.
3) The document reviews different handoff types in wireless ATM networks and various handoff protocol approaches like full connection re-routing, route augmentation, and partial connection re-routing
Spectral Efficient IDMA System Using Multi User DetectionIJSTA
This document discusses spectral efficient Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) systems using multi-user detection. IDMA is presented as an alternative to CDMA that can overcome limitations like multiple access interference and intersymbol interference. IDMA uses user-specific interleaving along with iterative chip-by-chip detection to separate users and combat interference. This allows IDMA systems to support a large number of users independently of processing complexity. IDMA also enables asynchronous transmission without frame synchronization requirements. The document compares IDMA and CDMA techniques, explaining how IDMA differs in its use of interleaving for user separation rather than just coding gain.
This document presents a comparative analysis of vertical handoff in IEEE 802.11 WLAN and CDMA networks. It discusses vertical handoff strategies and methods, and related work on handoff performance analysis in 802.11 networks. The paper then presents an existing vertical handoff algorithm between WLAN and CDMA networks, and defines variables used to determine handoff delay and throughput. Simulation results are shown comparing throughput and handoff delay for real-time and non-real-time services under different conditions in a network modeled based on WLAN and CDMA technologies.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
This document summarizes the status of emerging ATM specifications that will satisfy Navy tactical communications requirements. It discusses how ATM technology can optimize bandwidth usage on low-bandwidth wireless links and guarantee quality of service for high priority applications. Specifications that are being developed for wireless and low data rate ATM, such as ATM trunking using AAL2, low speed circuit emulation services, and wireless ATM extensions are described. The document also discusses the ATM forum standards process and lists the status of several emerging specifications.
Quantative Analysis and Evaluation of Topology Control Schemes for Utilizing ...ijsrd.com
By virtue of their robustness, cost-effectiveness, self-organizing and self-configuring nature, WMNs have emerged as a new network paradigm for a wide range of applications, such as public safety and emergency response communications, intelligent transportation systems, and community networks. It is anticipated that WMNs will not only resolve the limitations of wireless ad hoc networks, local area networks (WLANs), personal area networks (WPANs), and metropolitan area networks (WMANs) but also significantly improve such networks’ performance. One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. In this paper, it is proposed to evaluate the performance of two different channel assignment schemes namely common channel assignment (CCA) and centralized tabu-based search algorithm under WCETT routing protocols for varying traffic load in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, average end to end delay and routing overhead using NS2 network simulator. WCETT protocol uses the weighted sum of the cumulative expected transmission time and the maximal value of efficient channels among all channels.
The document presents an improved vertical handover decision algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks consisting of UMTS and WLAN. The algorithm uses normalized signal strength and adaptive hysteresis margins. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduces handover rate and probability of outage compared to conventional algorithms. Key performance metrics like handover rate, probability of handover, and probability of outage are evaluated to demonstrate the improved performance of the adaptive vertical handover algorithm.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document discusses vertical handover decision algorithms for heterogeneous wireless networks. It analyzes existing vertical handover decision algorithms and proposes a new prediction-based approach. Specifically:
1. Existing algorithms do not consider mobility prediction methods to take proactive measures when deciding vertical handovers.
2. The proposed algorithm uses a Hidden Markov Model predictor to accurately estimate a user's next location based on current and historical movement data.
3. This allows the algorithm to make more informed vertical handover decisions by anticipating future movements and network conditions.
Spectral Efficient IDMA System Using Multi User DetectionIJSTA
This document discusses spectral efficient Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) systems using multi-user detection. IDMA is presented as an alternative to CDMA that can overcome limitations like multiple access interference and intersymbol interference. IDMA uses user-specific interleaving along with iterative chip-by-chip detection to separate users and combat interference. This allows IDMA systems to support a large number of users independently of processing complexity. IDMA also enables asynchronous transmission without frame synchronization requirements. The document compares IDMA and CDMA techniques, explaining how IDMA differs in its use of interleaving for user separation rather than just coding gain.
This document presents a comparative analysis of vertical handoff in IEEE 802.11 WLAN and CDMA networks. It discusses vertical handoff strategies and methods, and related work on handoff performance analysis in 802.11 networks. The paper then presents an existing vertical handoff algorithm between WLAN and CDMA networks, and defines variables used to determine handoff delay and throughput. Simulation results are shown comparing throughput and handoff delay for real-time and non-real-time services under different conditions in a network modeled based on WLAN and CDMA technologies.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
This document summarizes the status of emerging ATM specifications that will satisfy Navy tactical communications requirements. It discusses how ATM technology can optimize bandwidth usage on low-bandwidth wireless links and guarantee quality of service for high priority applications. Specifications that are being developed for wireless and low data rate ATM, such as ATM trunking using AAL2, low speed circuit emulation services, and wireless ATM extensions are described. The document also discusses the ATM forum standards process and lists the status of several emerging specifications.
Quantative Analysis and Evaluation of Topology Control Schemes for Utilizing ...ijsrd.com
By virtue of their robustness, cost-effectiveness, self-organizing and self-configuring nature, WMNs have emerged as a new network paradigm for a wide range of applications, such as public safety and emergency response communications, intelligent transportation systems, and community networks. It is anticipated that WMNs will not only resolve the limitations of wireless ad hoc networks, local area networks (WLANs), personal area networks (WPANs), and metropolitan area networks (WMANs) but also significantly improve such networks’ performance. One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. In this paper, it is proposed to evaluate the performance of two different channel assignment schemes namely common channel assignment (CCA) and centralized tabu-based search algorithm under WCETT routing protocols for varying traffic load in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, average end to end delay and routing overhead using NS2 network simulator. WCETT protocol uses the weighted sum of the cumulative expected transmission time and the maximal value of efficient channels among all channels.
The document presents an improved vertical handover decision algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks consisting of UMTS and WLAN. The algorithm uses normalized signal strength and adaptive hysteresis margins. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm reduces handover rate and probability of outage compared to conventional algorithms. Key performance metrics like handover rate, probability of handover, and probability of outage are evaluated to demonstrate the improved performance of the adaptive vertical handover algorithm.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
This document discusses vertical handover decision algorithms for heterogeneous wireless networks. It analyzes existing vertical handover decision algorithms and proposes a new prediction-based approach. Specifically:
1. Existing algorithms do not consider mobility prediction methods to take proactive measures when deciding vertical handovers.
2. The proposed algorithm uses a Hidden Markov Model predictor to accurately estimate a user's next location based on current and historical movement data.
3. This allows the algorithm to make more informed vertical handover decisions by anticipating future movements and network conditions.
IRJET-QOS parameter analysis of UMTS networks based on Handovers and Sectoriz...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes quality of service (QOS) parameters in UMTS networks based on handovers and sectorization. It discusses:
1) Handovers play a major role in continuing services as users move between cell boundaries. Sectorization divides cells into sectors using directional antennas to reduce interference and increase capacity.
2) Simulations are conducted using OPNET to analyze soft and hard handovers as a user moves between sectors. Results show the active cell count changes and cells added and removed from the active set.
3) Analysis of soft and hard handovers using applications like HTTP shows that soft handovers provide better performance with lower object and page response times, ensuring seamless service continuity.
Introductory Approach on Ad-hoc Networks and its Paradigms IJORCS
This document provides an introductory overview of ad-hoc networks, including:
1) A definition of ad-hoc networks as decentralized wireless networks that self-configure without preexisting infrastructure;
2) A discussion of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks as examples of ad-hoc networks;
3) An overview of challenges in providing quality of service in ad-hoc networks given their dynamic topology.
Multi User Detection in CDMA System Using Linear and Non Linear DetectorWaqas Tariq
DS-Code division multiple access is considered as the third generation of cellular mobile used in interim standard 95(IS-95) [1]and it is currently being standardized for universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS). CDMA offers attractive features, such as frequency reuse, soft handoff, increased capacity, and multipath combating. In a CDMA system, several users simultaneously transmit information over a common channel using pre-assigned codes. The conventional single user detector consists of a bank of filters matched to the spreading codes. This detector suffers from two problems. First, multiple access interference (MAI) produced by the other co-channel users is a significant limitation to the capacity of this detector. The second problem is the near-far effect which occurs when the relative received power of interfering signals becomes larger. A potential solution is multi-user detection which exploits the information of signals of interfering users. In the present study performance of various linear detectors like matched filter detector, MMSE detector, and adaptive LMS detector are studied. These are the linear detectors that operate linearly on the received signal statistics and are suboptimal detectors. The matched filter bank is the conventional detector and offers the simplest way of demodulating CDMA signals .The detector resulting from the MMSE (minimum mean square error) criterion shows better performance over the conventional one for low SNR value. Adaptive LMS is employed to enhance the BER performance in MUD application.Several factors motivated the research to apply neural network as multi-user detector. NN are nonlinear classifier in addition to being adaptive and computationally efficient. The performance of two layer perceptron neural network using BP learning rule is used for multi-user detection of CDMA signals in AWGN channels. The neural network detectors show improvement of BER in the comparative analysis done in the present work. and offers further research scope for solving multi-user detection problems in CDMA application.
This document provides an introduction to mobile computing. It discusses how information is the foundation of decision making and differentiates humans from animals. It explores the evolution of computing from centralized mainframes to ubiquitous computing accessible anywhere, anytime from any device. The document examines the attributes of mobility and how physical mobility evolved into logical mobility. It outlines some motivations and functions of mobile computing as well as examples of mobile applications.
The document provides information on the history and technology of BSNL, the Indian state-run telecommunications company. It was formed in 1985 when the Department of Post and Telegraph was separated into the Department of Post and Department of Telegraph. The document then describes how a telephone subscriber is connected to an exchange, going through the handset, rosette, window, distribution point, and main distribution frame. It also provides brief summaries of WiMAX technology and applications, broadband policy and subscribers in India, and optical fiber and GSM network architecture.
This document discusses handover between WCDMA and GSM networks, which allows GSM networks to provide fallback coverage for areas not covered by WCDMA. It describes key challenges like measuring GSM cells while in a WCDMA call, which Ericsson solved using compressed mode. The document outlines cell reselection and handover procedures between the networks, including signaling flows. It establishes that Ericsson has played a leading role in developing and demonstrating the necessary interworking technologies.
This document discusses integrating the internet with mobile ad-hoc networks using an extended version of the AODV routing protocol. It begins with an introduction to mobile ad-hoc networks and their applications. It then discusses challenges in routing for MANETs and existing routing protocols like AODV. It proposes extending the AODV protocol with additional "I-flag" to discover internet gateways. The extended RREQ and RREP messages are described. It then discusses using the Network Simulator 2 to simulate this extended AODV approach with different scenarios connecting wireless and wired networks via 1 or more hops. The goal is to provide internet connectivity for mobile nodes with high packet delivery and low delay.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Iaetsd comparative study mimo ofdm, cdma-sdmaIaetsd Iaetsd
This document compares and contrasts MIMO OFDM, CDMA-SDMA, and multi-user detection techniques for wireless communication systems. It discusses how MIMO OFDM can achieve high data rates with frequency and antenna diversity. Space division multiple access (SDMA) is introduced as an application of MIMO that improves spectral efficiency by multiplexing signals based on spatial signatures. The document also examines multi-user detection methods like linear detection, minimum mean square error, and successive interference cancellation that are needed for robust SDMA performance as the number of users increases.
Comparative Analysis of Quality of Service for Various Service Classes in WiM...Editor IJCATR
- The document analyzes the quality of service (QoS) for various service classes in WiMAX networks using the network simulator NS-3. It compares QoS parameters like throughput, packet loss, delay, and jitter for different service classes including UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, and BE when transmitting MPEG-4 video traffic.
- The simulation setup models a WiMAX network with multiple subscriber stations connected to a base station and core network. Video streaming traffic is used to represent real-time variable bitrate applications. Trace files capturing packet information are analyzed using PHP scripts to extract QoS results for comparison of the different service classes.
Gsm based campus display system project reportKashyap Shah
Here are the key steps in the information transfer process for this GSM-based campus display system:
1. An authorized user sends an SMS from their mobile phone to the GSM modem connected to the system.
2. The GSM modem receives the SMS via the cellular network.
3. The microcontroller connected to the GSM modem reads the incoming SMS.
4. The microcontroller validates the sender's mobile number to check if they are authorized.
5. If authorized, the microcontroller extracts the message content from the SMS.
6. The microcontroller then encodes/converts the message into a format suitable for display on the LCD.
7. The microcontroller interfaces with
A Grouped System Architecture for Smart Grids Based AMI Communications Over LTE ijwmn
- The document proposes a grouped hierarchical architecture and scheduling technique for smart meter communications over LTE networks. Smart meters are divided into groups, with each group connected to a data concentrator.
- The data concentrator collects smart meter readings and sends a total consumption message to the LTE network on a scheduled basis. It also sends individual smart meter readings.
- This grouped approach reduces the number of LTE modules needed and ensures real-time monitoring while avoiding overloading the LTE network, making LTE a promising solution for smart grid communications.
The document discusses emerging database technologies and applications, including mobile databases, multimedia databases, geographic information systems, and genome data management. It provides details on the architecture of mobile computing, characteristics of mobile environments, and issues in data management for mobile and intermittently synchronized databases. It also describes the growing role of multimedia data in databases and challenges in storing and managing different types of multimedia content.
Study on Infrastructure Developments of Mobile Generationsijtsrd
Nowadays, as Mobile communication systems have been developing in various ways, people can get better communications and mobility. A long way in a remarkably short time has been achieved in the history of wireless. The first generation 1G has fulfilled the basic mobile voice while the second generation 2G has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third generation 3G , which has requested data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly "mobile broadband" experience. Furthermore, the fourth generation will be realized as the next generation. 4G provides access to a wide range of telecommunication services, including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly packet based. This paper explains about the required components of infrastructure in mobile generations from 1G to 4G and also describes the performance of each portion in evolutions of 1G to 4G infrastructure. And then, people can study the introduction of the infrastructure requirements of 5G network technology. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "Study on Infrastructure Developments of Mobile Generations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26570.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26570/study-on-infrastructure-developments-of-mobile-generations/aye-myat-myat-myo
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, including its three main subsystems: the Mobile Station subsystem, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Switching Subsystem. It describes the key elements and interfaces within each subsystem, such as the Mobile Station, Base Transceiver Station, Base Station Controller, Mobile Switching Center, Home Location Register, and Visitor Location Register. The interfaces that connect these elements, such as the A, Abis, and Um interfaces, are also introduced.
Tight Coupling Internetworking Between UMTS and WLAN: Challenges, Design Arch...CSCJournals
To provide seamless internet connectivity anywhere at any time to the mobile users, there is a strong demand for the integration of wireless access networks for all-IP based Next Generation Networks (NGN). The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is capable of providing high data rate at low cost. However, its services are limited to a small geographical area. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks provide global coverage, however, cost is high and the provided data rate do not fulfill the requirements of bandwidth intensive applications. By integrating these two promising technologies; UMTS and WLAN several benefits can be achieved, i.e., load balancing, extension of coverage area, better Quality of Service (QoS), improved security features, etc. Therefore, the integration of these two technologies can provide ubiquitous connectivity and high data rate at low cost to wireless clients. In this paper different integration mechanisms of UMTS and WLAN are investigated. More precisely, an integrated mechanism for the integration of UMTS and WLAN based on two different variations of tight coupling, i.e., interconnecting WLAN with Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is designed and analyzed. The simulated results reveal that the GGSN-WLAN integration performance is better than the SGSN-WLAN integration for all the applied applications and measurement parameters.
This document evaluates the performance of digital modulation techniques in a WCDMA radio over fiber communication system. It discusses how radio over fiber combines wireless and optical networks to increase network capacity and mobility while decreasing costs. The document specifically looks at 64-PSK modulation and analyzes its performance based on metrics like bit error rate, eye diagrams, and scatter plots. Radio over fiber is presented as a promising technique for next generation wireless networks as it can support high data transmission rates and seamlessly integrate various communication services.
Performance and handoff evaluation of heterogeneous wireless networks 2IAEME Publication
This document discusses performance evaluations of heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) using the OPNET simulator. It implemented WLAN, WiMAX, and UMTS networks with applications like FTP, video conferencing, and VoIP. Handoff management between the networks was also evaluated. Simulation results showed WiMAX throughput was over 30% higher than WLAN and UMTS. Vertical handoff between WLAN-WiMAX and WLAN-UMTS was difficult without carefully engineering the WLAN network due to differences between the networks. Key metrics like delay, throughput, and received traffic were analyzed and WiMAX generally had superior performance.
Introduction to M2M
What is M2M?
The Business of M2M
Accelerating M2M Maturity
M2M Standards
The Business of M2M
The M2M Market
The M2M Market Adoption: Drivers and Barriers
The M2M Value Chain
Market Size Projections
Business Models
M2M Business Metrics
Market Evolution
Early M2M Deployments
M2M Requirements and High-Level Architectural Principles
Use-Case-Driven Approach to M2M Requirements
Smart Metering Approach in ETSI M2M
eHealth Approach in ETSI M2M
High-Level Architecture Principles for M2M Communication
ETSI M2M Services Architecture
High-Level System Architecture
ETSI TC M2M Service Capabilities Framework
ETSI TC M2M Release 1 Scenarios
ETSI M2M Service Capabilities
Introducing REST Architectural Style for M2M
ETSI TC M2M Resource-Based M2M Communication and Procedures
This document presents a proposed approach called ICCC (Information Correctness to the Customers in Cloud Data Storage) to provide customers with proof of the correctness of their data stored in the cloud. The ICCC approach aims to minimize storage and computation costs for both customers and cloud storage providers. It involves the customer pre-processing their file by generating and encrypting metadata about random bits of each data block before uploading the file. This metadata is appended to the file. To verify correctness, the customer challenges the cloud storage provider by specifying a data block and bit, and the provider must return the correct metadata bit. This allows verification with minimal access to the entire file and low overhead for both parties.
1. The document describes an application of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for state estimation in sonar signal processing.
2. It provides background on linear and nonlinear state estimation techniques, including the Kalman filter, extended Kalman filter, unscented Kalman filter, and particle filter.
3. As an example, it models target tracking using bearing-only measurements, where the target is assumed to move at constant course and velocity. The UKF is used to estimate the target state parameters in the presence of measurement noise.
IRJET-QOS parameter analysis of UMTS networks based on Handovers and Sectoriz...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes quality of service (QOS) parameters in UMTS networks based on handovers and sectorization. It discusses:
1) Handovers play a major role in continuing services as users move between cell boundaries. Sectorization divides cells into sectors using directional antennas to reduce interference and increase capacity.
2) Simulations are conducted using OPNET to analyze soft and hard handovers as a user moves between sectors. Results show the active cell count changes and cells added and removed from the active set.
3) Analysis of soft and hard handovers using applications like HTTP shows that soft handovers provide better performance with lower object and page response times, ensuring seamless service continuity.
Introductory Approach on Ad-hoc Networks and its Paradigms IJORCS
This document provides an introductory overview of ad-hoc networks, including:
1) A definition of ad-hoc networks as decentralized wireless networks that self-configure without preexisting infrastructure;
2) A discussion of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks as examples of ad-hoc networks;
3) An overview of challenges in providing quality of service in ad-hoc networks given their dynamic topology.
Multi User Detection in CDMA System Using Linear and Non Linear DetectorWaqas Tariq
DS-Code division multiple access is considered as the third generation of cellular mobile used in interim standard 95(IS-95) [1]and it is currently being standardized for universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS). CDMA offers attractive features, such as frequency reuse, soft handoff, increased capacity, and multipath combating. In a CDMA system, several users simultaneously transmit information over a common channel using pre-assigned codes. The conventional single user detector consists of a bank of filters matched to the spreading codes. This detector suffers from two problems. First, multiple access interference (MAI) produced by the other co-channel users is a significant limitation to the capacity of this detector. The second problem is the near-far effect which occurs when the relative received power of interfering signals becomes larger. A potential solution is multi-user detection which exploits the information of signals of interfering users. In the present study performance of various linear detectors like matched filter detector, MMSE detector, and adaptive LMS detector are studied. These are the linear detectors that operate linearly on the received signal statistics and are suboptimal detectors. The matched filter bank is the conventional detector and offers the simplest way of demodulating CDMA signals .The detector resulting from the MMSE (minimum mean square error) criterion shows better performance over the conventional one for low SNR value. Adaptive LMS is employed to enhance the BER performance in MUD application.Several factors motivated the research to apply neural network as multi-user detector. NN are nonlinear classifier in addition to being adaptive and computationally efficient. The performance of two layer perceptron neural network using BP learning rule is used for multi-user detection of CDMA signals in AWGN channels. The neural network detectors show improvement of BER in the comparative analysis done in the present work. and offers further research scope for solving multi-user detection problems in CDMA application.
This document provides an introduction to mobile computing. It discusses how information is the foundation of decision making and differentiates humans from animals. It explores the evolution of computing from centralized mainframes to ubiquitous computing accessible anywhere, anytime from any device. The document examines the attributes of mobility and how physical mobility evolved into logical mobility. It outlines some motivations and functions of mobile computing as well as examples of mobile applications.
The document provides information on the history and technology of BSNL, the Indian state-run telecommunications company. It was formed in 1985 when the Department of Post and Telegraph was separated into the Department of Post and Department of Telegraph. The document then describes how a telephone subscriber is connected to an exchange, going through the handset, rosette, window, distribution point, and main distribution frame. It also provides brief summaries of WiMAX technology and applications, broadband policy and subscribers in India, and optical fiber and GSM network architecture.
This document discusses handover between WCDMA and GSM networks, which allows GSM networks to provide fallback coverage for areas not covered by WCDMA. It describes key challenges like measuring GSM cells while in a WCDMA call, which Ericsson solved using compressed mode. The document outlines cell reselection and handover procedures between the networks, including signaling flows. It establishes that Ericsson has played a leading role in developing and demonstrating the necessary interworking technologies.
This document discusses integrating the internet with mobile ad-hoc networks using an extended version of the AODV routing protocol. It begins with an introduction to mobile ad-hoc networks and their applications. It then discusses challenges in routing for MANETs and existing routing protocols like AODV. It proposes extending the AODV protocol with additional "I-flag" to discover internet gateways. The extended RREQ and RREP messages are described. It then discusses using the Network Simulator 2 to simulate this extended AODV approach with different scenarios connecting wireless and wired networks via 1 or more hops. The goal is to provide internet connectivity for mobile nodes with high packet delivery and low delay.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Iaetsd comparative study mimo ofdm, cdma-sdmaIaetsd Iaetsd
This document compares and contrasts MIMO OFDM, CDMA-SDMA, and multi-user detection techniques for wireless communication systems. It discusses how MIMO OFDM can achieve high data rates with frequency and antenna diversity. Space division multiple access (SDMA) is introduced as an application of MIMO that improves spectral efficiency by multiplexing signals based on spatial signatures. The document also examines multi-user detection methods like linear detection, minimum mean square error, and successive interference cancellation that are needed for robust SDMA performance as the number of users increases.
Comparative Analysis of Quality of Service for Various Service Classes in WiM...Editor IJCATR
- The document analyzes the quality of service (QoS) for various service classes in WiMAX networks using the network simulator NS-3. It compares QoS parameters like throughput, packet loss, delay, and jitter for different service classes including UGS, rtPS, nrtPS, and BE when transmitting MPEG-4 video traffic.
- The simulation setup models a WiMAX network with multiple subscriber stations connected to a base station and core network. Video streaming traffic is used to represent real-time variable bitrate applications. Trace files capturing packet information are analyzed using PHP scripts to extract QoS results for comparison of the different service classes.
Gsm based campus display system project reportKashyap Shah
Here are the key steps in the information transfer process for this GSM-based campus display system:
1. An authorized user sends an SMS from their mobile phone to the GSM modem connected to the system.
2. The GSM modem receives the SMS via the cellular network.
3. The microcontroller connected to the GSM modem reads the incoming SMS.
4. The microcontroller validates the sender's mobile number to check if they are authorized.
5. If authorized, the microcontroller extracts the message content from the SMS.
6. The microcontroller then encodes/converts the message into a format suitable for display on the LCD.
7. The microcontroller interfaces with
A Grouped System Architecture for Smart Grids Based AMI Communications Over LTE ijwmn
- The document proposes a grouped hierarchical architecture and scheduling technique for smart meter communications over LTE networks. Smart meters are divided into groups, with each group connected to a data concentrator.
- The data concentrator collects smart meter readings and sends a total consumption message to the LTE network on a scheduled basis. It also sends individual smart meter readings.
- This grouped approach reduces the number of LTE modules needed and ensures real-time monitoring while avoiding overloading the LTE network, making LTE a promising solution for smart grid communications.
The document discusses emerging database technologies and applications, including mobile databases, multimedia databases, geographic information systems, and genome data management. It provides details on the architecture of mobile computing, characteristics of mobile environments, and issues in data management for mobile and intermittently synchronized databases. It also describes the growing role of multimedia data in databases and challenges in storing and managing different types of multimedia content.
Study on Infrastructure Developments of Mobile Generationsijtsrd
Nowadays, as Mobile communication systems have been developing in various ways, people can get better communications and mobility. A long way in a remarkably short time has been achieved in the history of wireless. The first generation 1G has fulfilled the basic mobile voice while the second generation 2G has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third generation 3G , which has requested data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly "mobile broadband" experience. Furthermore, the fourth generation will be realized as the next generation. 4G provides access to a wide range of telecommunication services, including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly packet based. This paper explains about the required components of infrastructure in mobile generations from 1G to 4G and also describes the performance of each portion in evolutions of 1G to 4G infrastructure. And then, people can study the introduction of the infrastructure requirements of 5G network technology. Aye Myat Myat Myo | Zar Chi Soe "Study on Infrastructure Developments of Mobile Generations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26570.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26570/study-on-infrastructure-developments-of-mobile-generations/aye-myat-myat-myo
The document provides an overview of the GSM network architecture, including its three main subsystems: the Mobile Station subsystem, the Base Station Subsystem, and the Network Switching Subsystem. It describes the key elements and interfaces within each subsystem, such as the Mobile Station, Base Transceiver Station, Base Station Controller, Mobile Switching Center, Home Location Register, and Visitor Location Register. The interfaces that connect these elements, such as the A, Abis, and Um interfaces, are also introduced.
Tight Coupling Internetworking Between UMTS and WLAN: Challenges, Design Arch...CSCJournals
To provide seamless internet connectivity anywhere at any time to the mobile users, there is a strong demand for the integration of wireless access networks for all-IP based Next Generation Networks (NGN). The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is capable of providing high data rate at low cost. However, its services are limited to a small geographical area. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks provide global coverage, however, cost is high and the provided data rate do not fulfill the requirements of bandwidth intensive applications. By integrating these two promising technologies; UMTS and WLAN several benefits can be achieved, i.e., load balancing, extension of coverage area, better Quality of Service (QoS), improved security features, etc. Therefore, the integration of these two technologies can provide ubiquitous connectivity and high data rate at low cost to wireless clients. In this paper different integration mechanisms of UMTS and WLAN are investigated. More precisely, an integrated mechanism for the integration of UMTS and WLAN based on two different variations of tight coupling, i.e., interconnecting WLAN with Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is designed and analyzed. The simulated results reveal that the GGSN-WLAN integration performance is better than the SGSN-WLAN integration for all the applied applications and measurement parameters.
This document evaluates the performance of digital modulation techniques in a WCDMA radio over fiber communication system. It discusses how radio over fiber combines wireless and optical networks to increase network capacity and mobility while decreasing costs. The document specifically looks at 64-PSK modulation and analyzes its performance based on metrics like bit error rate, eye diagrams, and scatter plots. Radio over fiber is presented as a promising technique for next generation wireless networks as it can support high data transmission rates and seamlessly integrate various communication services.
Performance and handoff evaluation of heterogeneous wireless networks 2IAEME Publication
This document discusses performance evaluations of heterogeneous wireless networks (HWNs) using the OPNET simulator. It implemented WLAN, WiMAX, and UMTS networks with applications like FTP, video conferencing, and VoIP. Handoff management between the networks was also evaluated. Simulation results showed WiMAX throughput was over 30% higher than WLAN and UMTS. Vertical handoff between WLAN-WiMAX and WLAN-UMTS was difficult without carefully engineering the WLAN network due to differences between the networks. Key metrics like delay, throughput, and received traffic were analyzed and WiMAX generally had superior performance.
Introduction to M2M
What is M2M?
The Business of M2M
Accelerating M2M Maturity
M2M Standards
The Business of M2M
The M2M Market
The M2M Market Adoption: Drivers and Barriers
The M2M Value Chain
Market Size Projections
Business Models
M2M Business Metrics
Market Evolution
Early M2M Deployments
M2M Requirements and High-Level Architectural Principles
Use-Case-Driven Approach to M2M Requirements
Smart Metering Approach in ETSI M2M
eHealth Approach in ETSI M2M
High-Level Architecture Principles for M2M Communication
ETSI M2M Services Architecture
High-Level System Architecture
ETSI TC M2M Service Capabilities Framework
ETSI TC M2M Release 1 Scenarios
ETSI M2M Service Capabilities
Introducing REST Architectural Style for M2M
ETSI TC M2M Resource-Based M2M Communication and Procedures
This document presents a proposed approach called ICCC (Information Correctness to the Customers in Cloud Data Storage) to provide customers with proof of the correctness of their data stored in the cloud. The ICCC approach aims to minimize storage and computation costs for both customers and cloud storage providers. It involves the customer pre-processing their file by generating and encrypting metadata about random bits of each data block before uploading the file. This metadata is appended to the file. To verify correctness, the customer challenges the cloud storage provider by specifying a data block and bit, and the provider must return the correct metadata bit. This allows verification with minimal access to the entire file and low overhead for both parties.
1. The document describes an application of the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for state estimation in sonar signal processing.
2. It provides background on linear and nonlinear state estimation techniques, including the Kalman filter, extended Kalman filter, unscented Kalman filter, and particle filter.
3. As an example, it models target tracking using bearing-only measurements, where the target is assumed to move at constant course and velocity. The UKF is used to estimate the target state parameters in the presence of measurement noise.
1) The document discusses VLSI architecture and implementation for 3D neural network based image compression. It proposes developing new hardware architectures optimized for area, power, and speed for implementing 3D neural networks for image compression.
2) A block diagram is presented showing the overall process of image acquisition, preprocessing, compression using a 3D neural network, and encoding for transmission.
3) The proposed 3D neural network architecture uses multiple hidden layers with lower dimensions than the input and output layers to perform the compression and decompression transformations between the image pixels and hidden layer representations.
This document summarizes a research paper on tracking multiple targets using the mean shift algorithm. It begins by stating that multi-target tracking is challenging due to factors like noise, clutter, occlusions, and sudden changes in velocity. The mean shift algorithm is then introduced as a kernel-based tracking method that works by iteratively shifting target locations to their mean shifts. Targets are represented using histograms within elliptical regions. The Bhattacharyya coefficient is used to measure similarity between target models and candidates. Experimental results on a video sequence show the algorithm can accurately track targets under small displacements but performance degrades for large displacements, fast motion, or occlusions. In conclusion, the mean shift algorithm provides a simple method for multi
This document discusses the development and management of an information security lifecycle based on standards. It begins by discussing the importance of information security for organizations and describes the key components of information security. It then discusses adopting a standards-based approach to security policy using the British Standard 7799 as a guideline. This involves assessing network assets and risks, designing a security policy, deploying security measures, and ongoing management and support through monitoring and education. The lifecycle approach helps ensure security is addressed systematically from the start of a project through ongoing management.
1) The document discusses a GSM based power meter reading and control system that uses GSM technology to remotely read electricity meters and control home appliances.
2) Current manual meter reading is time-consuming and prone to errors. The proposed system sends daily meter readings via SMS to both users and the electricity department to generate accurate bills.
3) It also allows remote control of appliances to reduce unnecessary power consumption and save energy by monitoring power usage and controlling loads that exceed predefined limits.
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology about developing an artificial neural network based clustering method for atmospheric conditions prediction in Indian cities. The method uses Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) neural networks to form clusters of cities based on their monthly atmospheric condition data (temperature, pressure, humidity). ART networks can self-organize to create stable clusters while learning new patterns. The authors apply city data to an ART network to create clusters representing associations between cities with similar atmospheric conditions. This allows predicting conditions in one city based on patterns from another in the same cluster. The ART-based clustering method shows cities grouped in the same cluster have comparable monthly atmospheric conditions.
This paper proposes a wide dynamic range CMOS sensor with gating capabilities for use in night vision and multiple applications. The sensor can detect objects within 15 meters in day or night conditions with centimeter accuracy. It integrates high functionality pixels to extract distance and reflectivity information. This data is modulated into an active optical signal during light propagation, allowing each pixel to act as an individual stopwatch. The system is directly interfaced with vehicle controls to automatically apply the brakes if an object is detected within 10 meters, improving safety. Potential applications include biomedical, industrial, surveillance and more.
This document summarizes the current state of middleware and operating systems used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It discusses the need for middleware to facilitate application development on resource-constrained sensor nodes. It categorizes existing middleware approaches and describes desirable middleware characteristics. It also discusses sensor node hardware, including different sensor platforms and their properties. Challenges in designing operating systems for WSNs given limitations in memory, power, and other resources are outlined. Finally, desirable features for sensor node operating systems are presented.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document presents a novel approach for minimizing delay and load in wireless networks (WiMAX) developed by Shilpa Mehta et al. It begins by introducing WiMAX and discussing challenges in providing quality of service. It then proposes a new scheduling algorithm called QOS Recovered that aims to minimize delay and load by fixing queue size and number of packets. The algorithm is compared to the existing weighted fair queuing algorithm through simulation. The document provides background on scheduling in WiMAX and discusses common scheduling strategies and algorithms. It also describes using the OPNET simulator to model the wireless network and evaluate the new algorithm's performance.
Overview of handover decision strategies in heterogeneous networks by narendr...Narendra Prajapati
The availability of diverse wireless access technologies such as (Wi-Fi), (WiMAX), and (UMTS) allows users to stay “always on” in fast roaming too using IEEE802.21.
Vertical handovers had made possible for user to transfer itself to other technology service without disturbances in ongoing process.
Its is known that security problems in GSM authentication when it comes to high speed moving users, because of there frequent change of cell sites.
Handover could be horizontal or vertical and per user requirement. MIH (media independent handover) though provide vertical handover but on other hand 802.11had provided us fast and secure connection oriented handover from one access point to another with in same mobility domain.
Thus feature of security and authentication is integrated with handover for user security.
What are heterogeneous networks?
Evolutions of Generations
The Cellular GSM Transitions
Overview of 4G Communications
Concept of Handover /Handoff
Handovers distinguished according to criteria
The Vertical handover IEEE 802.21 & its phases.
VHO Management procedures
Requirements of Handover mechanism in heterogeneous networks
Performance evaluation (Technology )
Performance evaluation in Handover mechanisms
This document provides an overview of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology. It describes ATM as offering high bandwidth networks capable of carrying mixed data, voice, and video traffic through a unified LAN/WAN model. The document outlines the three stages of ATM data transfer: call setup, data transfer, and call termination. It also defines ATM connections as virtual circuits and describes permanent and switched virtual circuits. Additionally, it covers ATM classes of service, quality of service parameters, signaling, and adaptation layers. The goal of the document is to help readers understand ATM concepts, terminology, and how it can be applied in enterprise networks.
This document provides an overview of Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS), a broadband wireless technology used to deliver voice, data, internet, and video services above 20GHz. It discusses key aspects of LMDS including:
- Network architecture uses a cellular-like design with a network operations center, fiber infrastructure, base stations, and customer premises equipment.
- Standards are being developed by various organizations for LMDS.
- Access methods include time-division multiple access (TDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), and code-division multiple access (CDMA). Modulation techniques like QPSK and QAM are used.
- System capacity is determined by factors like the number of cell sites,
Mobile operators face challenges in meeting increasing bandwidth demands for mobile broadband services using their existing backhaul networks. This includes supporting multiple technologies over leased lines or self-built networks while keeping costs low. Transport providers see an opportunity in the growing backhaul market but must ensure their wholesale services meet stringent performance criteria for timing, quality of service, and other metrics required by mobile operators. Key technical challenges include synchronizing timing over packet networks and supporting various cellular protocols.
The document provides an overview of the network architecture of 5G mobile technology. It discusses that 5G will require fundamental changes to the network architecture to meet goals of high data rates, capacity, and low latency. This includes employing technologies like dense networks, massive MIMO, and mmWave spectrum. The 5G network architecture will be more flexible and intelligent through the use of software defined networking, virtualization, and cloud computing. It will also need to support different service types like enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications, and ultra-reliable communications. Research challenges remain in developing new air interface designs, signaling protocols, and spectrum sharing to fully realize the potential of 5G networks.
In this paper, we examine WiMAX – based network and evaluate the performance for quality of service (QoS) using an idea of IEEE 802.16 technology. In our models, the study used a multiprocessor architecture organized by the interconnection network. OPNET Modeler is used to simulate the architecture and to calculate the performance criteria (i.e. throughput, delay and data dropped) that
slightly concerned in network estimation. It is concluded that our models shorten the time quite a bit for
obtaining the performance measures of an end-to-end delay as well as throughput can be used as an
effective tool for this purpose.
The Strategic Analysis and Operation of the Multiservice Model Used for Synch...bijcicnjounal
The core idea of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology was revealed a long time ago. The main technology under development at the time was time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology, which consisted of synchronous switching based on the sequence number of bytes in the integrated frame. The main disadvantage of TDM technology, also known as synchronous transport module (STM) synchronous transmission technology, is the inability to reallocate the bandwidth of the integrated channel between subchannels. During those periods when no user data is sent on the subchannel, the aggregated channel still sends the bytes of this subchannel filled with zeros. Efforts to load sub channels’ idle periods necessitate the introduction of a header for each subchannel’s data. In intermediate statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) technology, which allows idle periods to be filled by transmitting bursts of traffic from other sub channels, headers that actually have a subchannel number are introduced. In this paper, the strategic analysis and operation of technologies used in multiservice networks were discussed. Simultaneously, the structure of data sets is drawn into sets resembling computer networks. The fact that each packet has an address allows it to be transmitted asynchronously since its location relative to data on other subchannels is not its address. Asynchronous packets from one subchannel are inserted into the free time slots of another subchannel, but they are not mixed with the data of this subchannel because they have their own address.
This document analyzes the performance of different VoIP codecs over a WiMAX network using the network simulator NS2. The simulation varies parameters like the number of nodes and type of VoIP codec. Performance is evaluated based on metrics like throughput, average delay, and jitter. Results are presented graphically to compare these metrics for different codecs and number of nodes. The document provides background on VoIP codecs, IEEE 802.16 service flow classes, and simulation setup using NS2.
Group members: Muhammad Kashif Khan, Muhammad Umair Virk, Muhammad Jaffar Hussain, Muhammad Awais, Muhammad Asad Saeed, Tahira.
The document introduces Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. It discusses how ATM transmits all information in small, fixed-size 53 byte cells and supports connections with guaranteed quality of service. It also covers ATM services, networks, advantages like support for multimedia and legacy systems, and disadvantages like high costs.
LTE is the next generation network beyond 3G that will provide significantly higher throughput and lower latency compared to 3G. It will use an all-IP architecture and OFDM and MIMO technologies to improve spectral efficiency and capacity. LTE aims to deliver 3-5 times greater capacity than advanced 3G networks, lower the cost per bit, and improve the quality of experience for users through reduced latency of around 20ms compared to 120ms for typical 3G networks. Mobile network operators have a unique opportunity to evolve their networks to LTE to capitalize on increasing demand for wireless broadband and further grow their market share.
The document provides an overview of wireless data communications technologies including wide area cellular services, wireless LANs, and satellite integrated wireless services. It summarizes key aspects of these technologies such as cellular network principles, GSM network architecture, GPRS and EDGE integration, 3G UMTS standards, CDMA basics, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and issues with wireless LAN and 3G integration.
An Overview of Wireless Data Communicationsgo2project
The document provides an overview of wireless data communications technologies including wide area cellular services, wireless LANs, and satellite integrated wireless services. It summarizes key aspects of these technologies such as cellular network principles, GSM network architecture, GPRS and EDGE integration, wireless LAN standards, and issues with early implementations of WAP and Bluetooth. It also discusses drivers for the evolution to 3G networks and applications platforms for cellular networks.
This document discusses introducing IP transport capabilities into the Cello Packet Platform (CPP) telecommunications technology. It notes that voice traffic is being replaced by data traffic, putting new demands on networks to handle both delay-sensitive and packet-oriented traffic. While ATM was considered the solution for quality of service, issues around scalability, administration and cost have emerged. The document outlines six basic principles for IP services in CPP, including embedding an IP router across the main processor cluster and device boards, and fully distributing IPv4/IPv6 forwarding in hardware or software. Introducing IP support in CPP provides benefits to network operators by offering a consistent solution for TDM, ATM and IP transport.
This document provides an overview of Internet of Things (IoT) concepts including M2M architecture, devices, networks, standards, and market characteristics. It describes the key components of M2M architecture defined by ETSI including M2M devices, area networks, gateways, network/application domains, and capabilities. Trends in M2M standards from 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI, and others are discussed. Differences between M2M and IoT are outlined. Low-power wireless technologies for IoT like LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M and IEEE 802.11ah are introduced along with their applications and limitations.
The document discusses optical OFDM for passive optical networks. It describes how PON uses either TDM or WDM to connect multiple ONUs to an OLT, with TDM requiring complex scheduling and WDM extending the reach of PON. PON provides a cost effective solution for optical access networks to meet increasing bandwidth demands through either point-to-point or point-to-multipoint topologies.
Mobile WiMax is a broadband wireless technology that allows convergence of mobile and fixed networks. It uses OFDMA to improve performance in non-line-of-sight environments and can scale from 1.25 to 20 MHz bandwidths. The Mobile WiMax Forum develops profiles to define mandatory and optional features of the IEEE standard to ensure interoperability. Release 1 will support channel bandwidths between 5-10 MHz for various licensed frequency bands.
Multi-Criteria Handoff Decision Algorithms In Wireless Networksiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mobile Computing & Application (IOSR-JMCA) aims to cover innovative topics to research findings to trends analysis on Mobile Computing and Application related theories, technologies, methods, applications, and services from all engineering, business and organizational perspectives
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
We are living in the technological era, were we preferred to have the portable devices rather than unmovable devices. We are isolating our self rom the wires and we are becoming the habitual of wireless world what makes the device portable? I guess physical dimensions (mechanical) of that particular device, but along with this the electrical dimension is of the device is also of great importance. Reducing the physical dimension of the antenna would result in the small antenna but not electrically small antenna. We have different definition for the electrically small antenna but the one which is most appropriate is, where k is the wave number and is equal to and a is the radius of the imaginary sphere circumscribing the maximum dimension of the antenna. As the present day electronic devices progress to diminish in size, technocrats have become increasingly concentrated on electrically small antenna (ESA) designs to reduce the size of the antenna in the overall electronics system. Researchers in many fields, including RF and Microwave, biomedical technology and national intelligence, can benefit from electrically small antennas as long as the performance of the designed ESA meets the system requirement.
This document provides a comparative study of two-way finite automata and Turing machines. Some key points:
- Two-way finite automata are similar to read-only Turing machines in that they have a finite tape that can be read in both directions, but cannot write to the tape.
- Turing machines have an infinite tape that can be read from and written to, allowing them to recognize recursively enumerable languages.
- Both models are examined in their ability to accept the regular language L={anbm|m,n>0}.
- The time complexity of a two-way finite automaton for this language is O(n2) due to making two passes over the
This document analyzes and compares the performance of the AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) simulation. Simulations were conducted using NS-2, SUMO, and MOVE simulators for a grid map scenario with varying numbers of nodes. The results show that AODV performed better than DSDV in terms of throughput and packet delivery fraction, while DSDV had lower end-to-end delays. However, neither protocol was found to be fully suitable for the highly dynamic VANET environment. The document concludes that further work is needed to develop improved routing protocols optimized for VANETs.
This document discusses the digital circuit layout problem and approaches to solving it using graph partitioning techniques. It begins by introducing the digital circuit layout problem and how it has become more complex with increasing circuit sizes. It then discusses how the problem can be decomposed into subproblems using graph partitioning to assign geometric coordinates to circuit components. The document reviews several traditional approaches to solve the problem, such as the Kernighan-Lin algorithm, and discusses their limitations for larger circuit sizes. It also discusses more recent approaches using evolutionary algorithms and concludes by analyzing the contributions of various approaches.
This document summarizes various data mining techniques that have been used for intrusion detection systems. It first describes the architecture of a data mining-based IDS, including sensors to collect data, detectors to evaluate the data using detection models, a data warehouse for storage, and a model generator. It then discusses supervised and unsupervised learning approaches that have been applied, including neural networks, support vector machines, K-means clustering, and self-organizing maps. Finally, it reviews several related works applying these techniques and compares their results, finding that combinations of approaches can improve detection rates while reducing false alarms.
This document provides an overview of speech recognition systems and recent progress in the field. It discusses different types of speech recognition including isolated word, connected word, continuous speech, and spontaneous speech. Various techniques used in speech recognition are also summarized, such as simulated evolutionary computation, artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, Kalman filters, and Hidden Markov Models. The document reviews several papers published between 2004-2012 that studied speech recognition methods including using dynamic spectral subband centroids, Kalman filters, biomimetic computing techniques, noise estimation, and modulation filtering. It concludes that Hidden Markov Models combined with MFCC features provide good recognition results for large vocabulary, speaker-independent, continuous speech recognition.
This document discusses integrating two assembly lines, Line A and Line B, based on lean line design concepts to reduce space and operators. It analyzes the current state of the lines using tools like takt time analysis and MTM/UAS studies. Improvements are identified to eliminate waste, including methods improvements, workplace rearrangement, ergonomic changes, and outsourcing. Paper kaizen is conducted and work elements are retimed. The goal is to integrate the lines to better utilize space and manpower while meeting manufacturing standards.
This document summarizes research on the exposure of microwaves from cellular networks. It describes how microwaves interact with biological systems and discusses measurement techniques and safety standards regarding microwave exposure. While some studies have alleged health hazards from microwaves, independent reviews by health organizations have found no evidence that exposure to microwaves below international safety limits causes harm. The document concludes that with precautions like limiting exposure time and using phones with lower SAR ratings, microwaves from cell phones pose minimal health risks.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the effect of feature reduction in sentiment analysis of online reviews. It uses principle component analysis to reduce the number of features (product attributes) from a dataset of 500 camera reviews labeled as positive or negative. Two models are developed - one using the original set of 95 product attributes, and one using the reduced set. Support vector machines and naive Bayes classifiers are applied to both models and their performance is evaluated to determine if classification accuracy can be maintained while using fewer features. The results show it is possible to achieve similar accuracy levels with less features, improving computational efficiency.
This document provides a review of multispectral palm image fusion techniques. It begins with an introduction to biometrics and palm print identification. Different palm print images capture different spectral information about the palm. The document then reviews several pixel-level fusion methods for combining multispectral palm images, finding that Curvelet transform performs best at preserving discriminative patterns. It also discusses hardware for capturing multispectral palm images and the process of region of interest extraction and localization. Common fusion methods like wavelet transform and Curvelet transform are also summarized.
This document describes a vehicle theft detection system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The system involves embedding an RFID chip in each vehicle that continuously transmits a unique identification signal. When a vehicle is stolen, the owner reports it to the police, who upload the vehicle's information to a central database. Police vehicles are equipped with RFID receivers. If a stolen vehicle passes within range of a receiver, the receiver detects the vehicle's ID signal and displays its details on a tablet. This allows police to quickly identify and recover stolen vehicles. The system aims to make it difficult for thieves to hide a vehicle's identity and allows vehicles to be tracked globally wherever the detection system is implemented.
This document discusses and compares two techniques for image denoising using wavelet transforms: Dual-Tree Complex DWT and Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT. Both techniques decompose an image corrupted by noise using filter banks, apply thresholding to the wavelet coefficients, and reconstruct the image. The Double-Density Dual-Tree Complex DWT yields better denoising results than the Dual-Tree Complex DWT as it produces more directional wavelets and is less sensitive to shifts and noise variance. Experimental results on test images demonstrate that the Double-Density method achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratios, especially at higher noise levels.
This document compares the k-means and grid density clustering algorithms. It summarizes that grid density clustering determines dense grids based on the densities of neighboring grids, and is able to handle different shaped clusters in multi-density environments. The grid density algorithm does not require distance computation and is not dependent on the number of clusters being known in advance like k-means. The document concludes that grid density clustering is better than k-means clustering as it can handle noise and outliers, find arbitrary shaped clusters, and has lower time complexity.
This document proposes a method for detecting, localizing, and extracting text from videos with complex backgrounds. It involves three main steps:
1. Text detection uses corner metric and Laplacian filtering techniques independently to detect text regions. Corner metric identifies regions with high curvature, while Laplacian filtering highlights intensity discontinuities. The results are combined through multiplication to reduce noise.
2. Text localization then determines the accurate boundaries of detected text strings.
3. Text binarization filters background pixels to extract text pixels for recognition. Thresholding techniques are used to convert localized text regions to binary images.
The method exploits different text properties to detect text using corner metric and Laplacian filtering. Combining the results improves
This document describes the design and implementation of a low power 16-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) using clock gating techniques. A variable block length carry skip adder is used in the arithmetic unit to reduce power consumption and improve performance. The ALU uses a clock gating circuit to selectively clock only the active arithmetic or logic unit, reducing dynamic power dissipation from unnecessary clock charging/discharging. The ALU was simulated in VHDL and synthesized for a Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA, achieving a maximum frequency of 65.19MHz at 1.98mW power dissipation, demonstrating improved performance over a conventional ALU design.
This document describes using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithms (GA) to tune the parameters of a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) system. PSO and GA are used to minimize the objective function by adjusting the PID parameters to achieve optimal step response with minimal overshoot, settling time, and rise time. The results show that PSO provides high-quality solutions within a shorter calculation time than other stochastic methods.
This document discusses implementing trust negotiations in multisession transactions. It proposes a framework that supports voluntary and unexpected interruptions, allowing negotiating parties to complete negotiations despite temporary unavailability of resources. The Trust-x protocol addresses issues related to validity, temporary loss of data, and extended unavailability of one negotiator. It allows a peer to suspend an ongoing negotiation and resume it with another authenticated peer. Negotiation portions and intermediate states can be safely and privately passed among peers to guarantee stability for continued suspended negotiations. An ontology is also proposed to provide formal specification of concepts and relationships, which is essential in complex web service environments for sharing credential information needed to establish trust.
This document discusses and compares various nature-inspired optimization algorithms for resolving the mixed pixel problem in remote sensing imagery, including Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). It provides an overview of each algorithm, explaining key concepts like migration and mutation in BBO. The document aims to prove that BBO is the best algorithm for resolving the mixed pixel problem by comparing it to other evolutionary algorithms. It also includes figures illustrating concepts like the species model and habitat in BBO.
This document discusses principal component analysis (PCA) for face recognition. It begins with an introduction to face recognition and PCA. PCA works by calculating eigenvectors from a set of face images, which represent the principal components that account for the most variance in the image data. These eigenvectors are called "eigenfaces" and can be used to reconstruct the face images. The document then discusses how the system is implemented, including preparing a face database, normalizing the training images, calculating the eigenfaces/principal components, projecting the face images into this reduced space, and recognizing faces by calculating distances between projected test images and training images.
This document summarizes research on using wireless sensor networks to detect mobile targets. It discusses two optimization problems: 1) maximizing the exposure of the least exposed path within a sensor budget, and 2) minimizing sensor installation costs while ensuring all paths have exposure above a threshold. It proposes using tabu search heuristics to provide near-optimal solutions. The research also addresses extending the models to consider wireless connectivity, heterogeneous sensors, and intrusion detection using a game theory approach. Experimental results show the proposed mobile replica detection scheme can rapidly detect replicas with no false positives or negatives.
The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024.pdfthesiliconleaders
In the recent edition, The 10 Most Influential Leaders Guiding Corporate Evolution, 2024, The Silicon Leaders magazine gladly features Dejan Štancer, President of the Global Chamber of Business Leaders (GCBL), along with other leaders.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
buy old yahoo accounts buy yahoo accountsSusan Laney
As a business owner, I understand the importance of having a strong online presence and leveraging various digital platforms to reach and engage with your target audience. One often overlooked yet highly valuable asset in this regard is the humble Yahoo account. While many may perceive Yahoo as a relic of the past, the truth is that these accounts still hold immense potential for businesses of all sizes.
Top mailing list providers in the USA.pptxJeremyPeirce1
Discover the top mailing list providers in the USA, offering targeted lists, segmentation, and analytics to optimize your marketing campaigns and drive engagement.
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
Best practices for project execution and deliveryCLIVE MINCHIN
A select set of project management best practices to keep your project on-track, on-cost and aligned to scope. Many firms have don't have the necessary skills, diligence, methods and oversight of their projects; this leads to slippage, higher costs and longer timeframes. Often firms have a history of projects that simply failed to move the needle. These best practices will help your firm avoid these pitfalls but they require fortitude to apply.
Understanding User Needs and Satisfying ThemAggregage
https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024SEOSMMEARTH
Buy Verified Payoneer Account: Quick and Secure Way to Receive Payments
Buy Verified Payoneer Account With 100% secure documents, [ USA, UK, CA ]. Are you looking for a reliable and safe way to receive payments online? Then you need buy verified Payoneer account ! Payoneer is a global payment platform that allows businesses and individuals to send and receive money in over 200 countries.
If You Want To More Information just Contact Now:
Skype: SEOSMMEARTH
Telegram: @seosmmearth
Gmail: seosmmearth@gmail.com
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.