The core idea of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology was revealed a long time ago. The main technology under development at the time was time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology, which consisted of synchronous switching based on the sequence number of bytes in the integrated frame. The main disadvantage of TDM technology, also known as synchronous transport module (STM) synchronous transmission technology, is the inability to reallocate the bandwidth of the integrated channel between subchannels. During those periods when no user data is sent on the subchannel, the aggregated channel still sends the bytes of this subchannel filled with zeros. Efforts to load sub channels’ idle periods necessitate the introduction of a header for each subchannel’s data. In intermediate statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) technology, which allows idle periods to be filled by transmitting bursts of traffic from other sub channels, headers that actually have a subchannel number are introduced. In this paper, the strategic analysis and operation of technologies used in multiservice networks were discussed. Simultaneously, the structure of data sets is drawn into sets resembling computer networks. The fact that each packet has an address allows it to be transmitted asynchronously since its location relative to data on other subchannels is not its address. Asynchronous packets from one subchannel are inserted into the free time slots of another subchannel, but they are not mixed with the data of this subchannel because they have their own address.
The strategic analysis and operation of the multiservice model used for synch...bijcicnjournal
The core idea of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology was revealed a long time ago. The main technology under development at the time was time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology, which consisted of synchronous switching based on the sequence number of bytes in the integrated frame. The main disadvantage of TDM technology, also known as synchronous transport module (STM) synchronous transmission technology, is the inability to reallocate the bandwidth of the integrated channel between subchannels. During those periods when no user data is sent on the subchannel, the aggregated channel still sends the bytes of this subchannel filled with zeros. Efforts to load sub channels’ idle periods necessitate the introduction of a header for each subchannel’s data. In intermediate statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) technology, which allows idle periods to be filled by transmitting bursts of traffic from other sub channels, headers that actually have a subchannel number are introduced. In this paper, the strategic analysis and operation of technologies used in multiservice networks were discussed. Simultaneously, the structure of data sets is drawn into sets resembling computer networks. The fact that each packet has an address allows it to be transmitted asynchronously since its location relative to data on other subchannels is not its address. Asynchronous packets from one subchannel are inserted into the free time slots of another subchannel, but they are not mixed with the data of this subchannel because they have their own address.
JDSU SDH Pocket Guide covering many aspectsssuser813fd2
This document provides an overview of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network components and frame format. It discusses the SDH layer model, components of a synchronous network including regenerator and multiplex sections, and the STM-1 frame format. It also briefly mentions AU-4 concatenation, differences between SDH and SONET, synchronization, and transmission at higher hierarchy levels.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION OF TIMING JITTER USING HYBRID OFDM - DFMA PONSIRJET Journal
This document discusses using hybrid OFDM-DFMA PONs (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing—digital filter multiple access passive optical networks) to analyze and reduce timing jitter. It begins with background on OFDM communication systems and how they split bandwidth into smaller sub-bands using IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) to reduce intersymbol interference. The document then presents the proposed system, which applies modulation, uses IFFT to convert signals to the time domain, and uses ICCSP (identical code cyclic shifted prefix) for parallel to serial conversion to obtain the channel signal. It discusses channel estimation and uses an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel model to introduce noise. The goal is to reduce timing jitter effects using
DWDM is a fiber optic transmission technique that uses different wavelengths of light to transmit multiple data signals simultaneously over the same fiber. This allows network capacity to be dramatically increased to meet rapidly growing bandwidth demands. DWDM provides a flexible solution to fiber exhaust and allows different data formats like IP, ATM, and SONET to be transported over a single optical network. By assigning each signal a unique wavelength, DWDM can multiply the capacity of existing fiber infrastructure.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
IRJET-QOS parameter analysis of UMTS networks based on Handovers and Sectoriz...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes quality of service (QOS) parameters in UMTS networks based on handovers and sectorization. It discusses:
1) Handovers play a major role in continuing services as users move between cell boundaries. Sectorization divides cells into sectors using directional antennas to reduce interference and increase capacity.
2) Simulations are conducted using OPNET to analyze soft and hard handovers as a user moves between sectors. Results show the active cell count changes and cells added and removed from the active set.
3) Analysis of soft and hard handovers using applications like HTTP shows that soft handovers provide better performance with lower object and page response times, ensuring seamless service continuity.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of ATM Is A Deterministic...Susan Cox
This document discusses ATM monitoring and an RFP (request for proposal) process for ATM monitoring services. The author was leading the response for their company to a large RFP from a financial institution for monitoring their 3600 ATMs, which were currently serviced by Diebold. Though the company assumed they wouldn't win the bid, they provided a thorough response. Within a few weeks they were told Diebold was awarded the contract. However, the author was able to quickly put together resources and train them to take on the ATM monitoring work, which became a new successful service for their customer at a lower price than the previous provider.
The strategic analysis and operation of the multiservice model used for synch...bijcicnjournal
The core idea of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology was revealed a long time ago. The main technology under development at the time was time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology, which consisted of synchronous switching based on the sequence number of bytes in the integrated frame. The main disadvantage of TDM technology, also known as synchronous transport module (STM) synchronous transmission technology, is the inability to reallocate the bandwidth of the integrated channel between subchannels. During those periods when no user data is sent on the subchannel, the aggregated channel still sends the bytes of this subchannel filled with zeros. Efforts to load sub channels’ idle periods necessitate the introduction of a header for each subchannel’s data. In intermediate statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) technology, which allows idle periods to be filled by transmitting bursts of traffic from other sub channels, headers that actually have a subchannel number are introduced. In this paper, the strategic analysis and operation of technologies used in multiservice networks were discussed. Simultaneously, the structure of data sets is drawn into sets resembling computer networks. The fact that each packet has an address allows it to be transmitted asynchronously since its location relative to data on other subchannels is not its address. Asynchronous packets from one subchannel are inserted into the free time slots of another subchannel, but they are not mixed with the data of this subchannel because they have their own address.
JDSU SDH Pocket Guide covering many aspectsssuser813fd2
This document provides an overview of the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network components and frame format. It discusses the SDH layer model, components of a synchronous network including regenerator and multiplex sections, and the STM-1 frame format. It also briefly mentions AU-4 concatenation, differences between SDH and SONET, synchronization, and transmission at higher hierarchy levels.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION OF TIMING JITTER USING HYBRID OFDM - DFMA PONSIRJET Journal
This document discusses using hybrid OFDM-DFMA PONs (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing—digital filter multiple access passive optical networks) to analyze and reduce timing jitter. It begins with background on OFDM communication systems and how they split bandwidth into smaller sub-bands using IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) to reduce intersymbol interference. The document then presents the proposed system, which applies modulation, uses IFFT to convert signals to the time domain, and uses ICCSP (identical code cyclic shifted prefix) for parallel to serial conversion to obtain the channel signal. It discusses channel estimation and uses an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel model to introduce noise. The goal is to reduce timing jitter effects using
DWDM is a fiber optic transmission technique that uses different wavelengths of light to transmit multiple data signals simultaneously over the same fiber. This allows network capacity to be dramatically increased to meet rapidly growing bandwidth demands. DWDM provides a flexible solution to fiber exhaust and allows different data formats like IP, ATM, and SONET to be transported over a single optical network. By assigning each signal a unique wavelength, DWDM can multiply the capacity of existing fiber infrastructure.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
IRJET-QOS parameter analysis of UMTS networks based on Handovers and Sectoriz...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes quality of service (QOS) parameters in UMTS networks based on handovers and sectorization. It discusses:
1) Handovers play a major role in continuing services as users move between cell boundaries. Sectorization divides cells into sectors using directional antennas to reduce interference and increase capacity.
2) Simulations are conducted using OPNET to analyze soft and hard handovers as a user moves between sectors. Results show the active cell count changes and cells added and removed from the active set.
3) Analysis of soft and hard handovers using applications like HTTP shows that soft handovers provide better performance with lower object and page response times, ensuring seamless service continuity.
Advantages And Disadvantages Of ATM Is A Deterministic...Susan Cox
This document discusses ATM monitoring and an RFP (request for proposal) process for ATM monitoring services. The author was leading the response for their company to a large RFP from a financial institution for monitoring their 3600 ATMs, which were currently serviced by Diebold. Though the company assumed they wouldn't win the bid, they provided a thorough response. Within a few weeks they were told Diebold was awarded the contract. However, the author was able to quickly put together resources and train them to take on the ATM monitoring work, which became a new successful service for their customer at a lower price than the previous provider.
This document discusses introducing IP transport capabilities into the Cello Packet Platform (CPP) telecommunications technology. It notes that voice traffic is being replaced by data traffic, putting new demands on networks to handle both delay-sensitive and packet-oriented traffic. While ATM was considered the solution for quality of service, issues around scalability, administration and cost have emerged. The document outlines six basic principles for IP services in CPP, including embedding an IP router across the main processor cluster and device boards, and fully distributing IPv4/IPv6 forwarding in hardware or software. Introducing IP support in CPP provides benefits to network operators by offering a consistent solution for TDM, ATM and IP transport.
Evaluation and Design an Efficient Mobile WiMax Architecture Using Coded OFDM...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of a coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system for mobile WiMAX applications. It models an OFDM system using different trellis coded structures with variable constraint lengths and a 1/2 code rate. It evaluates the performance of the different trellis structures for a coded interleaved OFDM system with variable fast Fourier transform sizes and different modulation orders like BPSK, QPSK, and 4QAM. The paper finds that using trellis encoding significantly improves the bit error rate performance of the system, and that higher constraint lengths like 7 provide better performance at higher signal-to-noise ratios above 12 dB.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
MIMO-OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR CHANNEL ESTI...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of MIMO-OFDM wireless communication systems and reviews previous research on channel estimation techniques for these systems. It begins with background sections on MIMO, OFDM, and MIMO-OFDM systems. It then summarizes several previous research papers that studied channel estimation methods like LS, MMSE, LMS, and neural networks for MIMO-OFDM. Overall, the document finds that techniques like MMSE and modified LMS algorithms provide better channel estimation performance than LS, improving metrics like SNR, BER, and capacity. The review shows that MIMO-OFDM is widely used due to its ability to increase data rates and link reliability compared to traditional systems.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
This document proposes a new telecommunications architecture that aims to simplify converged networks handling TDM and IP. It involves a modular router/protocol machine that performs telecom functions rather than using complex concurrent protocols. The machine translates between legacy and IP networks and can transfer different data streams and signaling. It uses proprietary protocols internally to efficiently process data while maintaining standards-based interfaces. This modular design allows flexibility in implementation and scale as well as supporting centralized or distributed architectures and redundancy. The core components are connected via buses and coordinated by a main system controller to implement the routing functions.
Algorithm of optimal technology selection of broadband access networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
High speed applications require the access network upgrading based on new optical technologies
in “last mile”. At the planning stage of network modernization, special algorithms and techniques allow
optimize and automate the designing process of network upgrade based on copper cables. However,
these techniques are completely inapplicable if optical technologies are used to the access network
modernization. Designed algorithm simplifies the throughput calculation of current access nodes and
planning of new access nodes depending on subscriber’s requirementstto the broadband services.
Developed program based on proposed algorithm allows to determinate access nodes optimal deployment
as well as the required equipment characteristics.
1) The document discusses 4G communication architecture and its ability to support social networking. It describes technologies used in 4G like adaptive modulation and coding, adaptive hybrid ARQ, MIMO and OFDM that provide high speeds and quality of service.
2) The architecture of social networks is explained as having three layers: an application interface, middleware for services, and infrastructure. 4G networks can flexibly support social networking by allowing users to connect through various networks.
3) 4G is concluded to be well-suited to effectively construct social networking by integrating different networks and providing hardware, infrastructure, and services to social network members.
The document discusses optical OFDM for passive optical networks. It describes how PON uses either TDM or WDM to connect multiple ONUs to an OLT, with TDM requiring complex scheduling and WDM extending the reach of PON. PON provides a cost effective solution for optical access networks to meet increasing bandwidth demands through either point-to-point or point-to-multipoint topologies.
an industrial training taken at BSNL CTTC Kolkata covered the whole syllabus of the training (Switching system, SDH, Optical Fibre Cable, GSM, CDMA, ISDN, IN networks, PCM, Broadband DSL Technology, IP fundamentals) Overviews of the total topics all the advantages and Disadvantages.
-Dhrubajyoti Adak(Camellia Institute of Technolgy)
Data Rates Performance Analysis of Point to Multi-Point Wireless Link in Univ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the data rate performance of a point-to-multipoint wireless link in the University of Ilorin campus network. It describes using Ubiquiti Rocket M5 Titanium wireless devices located at the Network Operations Center to connect to five access points across campus. Monitoring software recorded transmission rates, reception rates, signal strength, noise, latency, and throughput between the access points. The analyses aimed to evaluate the impact of impairments like interference on network performance and compute regression coefficients to show how packet loss varies between access points.
This document provides an overview of Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS), a broadband wireless technology used to deliver voice, data, internet, and video services above 20GHz. It discusses key aspects of LMDS including:
- Network architecture uses a cellular-like design with a network operations center, fiber infrastructure, base stations, and customer premises equipment.
- Standards are being developed by various organizations for LMDS.
- Access methods include time-division multiple access (TDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), and code-division multiple access (CDMA). Modulation techniques like QPSK and QAM are used.
- System capacity is determined by factors like the number of cell sites,
Optimal Rate Allocation and Lost Packet Retransmission in Video StreamingIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimal rate allocation and lost packet retransmission for video streaming over wireless networks. It discusses challenges including calculating desired transmission rates based on network conditions, scaling video output rates, and differentiating between packet loss due to congestion versus link errors. A block diagram is presented showing the transmission system, including a link adaptation scheme to adjust transmission parameters based on channel feedback. Formulas are provided for an affine function used in the rate allocation algorithm. Finally, graphs are proposed to evaluate the packet delivery ratio achieved by different streaming approaches.
The document summarizes planning and optimization of an LTE radio access network for an urban area in Taiz City, Yemen. It involved using simulation software to plan the network, including determining the number and locations of base stations. The network was then optimized using techniques like Automatic Cell Planning and Automatic Frequency Planning. This improved coverage from 90% to 98%, CINR from 65% to 77%, and increased total network traffic by 30%. The optimization reduced overlapping between sectors and interference, and increased throughput and coverage area.
This document summarizes a research paper on designing and implementing a fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) campus network at Technological University in Loikaw, Myanmar. It first discusses FTTH network architectures like active optical network (AON) and passive optical network (PON). It then describes studying FTTH architectures used in Myanmar, fiber transmission technologies, and TCP/IP networking configurations. The implementation at TU Loikaw uses an AON architecture with fiber optic cables transmitting signals across the campus providing high-speed broadband access.
This presentation provides an overview of advanced telecom technologies, including digital switching principles, fiber optics communication, mobile communication principles like GSM and CDMA, broadband DSL technologies, intelligent networks, ISDN, and next generation networks. It was presented by Ashish Nandan to the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Future Institute of Engineering and Management.
This document discusses the challenges faced when using TCP in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Some key challenges include: media access control issues like hidden terminals; power constraints of mobile nodes; frequent topology changes due to node mobility; multipath fading increasing the likelihood of path breaks; and misinterpreting packet losses as congestion rather than broken routes. TCP was designed for wired networks and assumes packet losses are always due to congestion, which does not hold in MANETs where losses can be from broken routes. Overall, TCP performs poorly in MANETs due to these challenges.
An effective technique for increasing capacity and improving bandwidth in 5G ...IJECEIAES
In recent years, the wireless spectrum has become increasingly scarce as demand for wireless services has grown, requiring imaginative approaches to increase capacity within a limited spectral resource. This article proposes a new method that combines modified symbol time compression with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MSTC-OFDM), to enhance capacity for the narrow-band internet of things (NB-IoT) system. The suggested method, MSTC-OFDM, is based on the modified symbol time compression (MSTC) technique. The MSTC is a compressed waveform technique that increases capacity by compressing the occupied symbol time without losing bit error rate (BER) performance or data throughput. A comparative analysis is provided between the traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and the MSTC-OFDM method. The simulation results show that the MSTC-OFDM scheme drastically decreases the symbol time (ST) by 75% compared to a standard OFDM system. As a result, the MSTC-OFDM system offers four times the bit rate of a typical OFDM system using the same bandwidth and modulation but with a little increase in complexity. Moreover, compared to an OFDM system with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM-OFDM), the MSTC-OFDM system reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 3.9 dB to transmit the same amount of data.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
This document discusses introducing IP transport capabilities into the Cello Packet Platform (CPP) telecommunications technology. It notes that voice traffic is being replaced by data traffic, putting new demands on networks to handle both delay-sensitive and packet-oriented traffic. While ATM was considered the solution for quality of service, issues around scalability, administration and cost have emerged. The document outlines six basic principles for IP services in CPP, including embedding an IP router across the main processor cluster and device boards, and fully distributing IPv4/IPv6 forwarding in hardware or software. Introducing IP support in CPP provides benefits to network operators by offering a consistent solution for TDM, ATM and IP transport.
Evaluation and Design an Efficient Mobile WiMax Architecture Using Coded OFDM...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the performance of a coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system for mobile WiMAX applications. It models an OFDM system using different trellis coded structures with variable constraint lengths and a 1/2 code rate. It evaluates the performance of the different trellis structures for a coded interleaved OFDM system with variable fast Fourier transform sizes and different modulation orders like BPSK, QPSK, and 4QAM. The paper finds that using trellis encoding significantly improves the bit error rate performance of the system, and that higher constraint lengths like 7 provide better performance at higher signal-to-noise ratios above 12 dB.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
MIMO-OFDM WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR CHANNEL ESTI...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of MIMO-OFDM wireless communication systems and reviews previous research on channel estimation techniques for these systems. It begins with background sections on MIMO, OFDM, and MIMO-OFDM systems. It then summarizes several previous research papers that studied channel estimation methods like LS, MMSE, LMS, and neural networks for MIMO-OFDM. Overall, the document finds that techniques like MMSE and modified LMS algorithms provide better channel estimation performance than LS, improving metrics like SNR, BER, and capacity. The review shows that MIMO-OFDM is widely used due to its ability to increase data rates and link reliability compared to traditional systems.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
This document proposes a new telecommunications architecture that aims to simplify converged networks handling TDM and IP. It involves a modular router/protocol machine that performs telecom functions rather than using complex concurrent protocols. The machine translates between legacy and IP networks and can transfer different data streams and signaling. It uses proprietary protocols internally to efficiently process data while maintaining standards-based interfaces. This modular design allows flexibility in implementation and scale as well as supporting centralized or distributed architectures and redundancy. The core components are connected via buses and coordinated by a main system controller to implement the routing functions.
Algorithm of optimal technology selection of broadband access networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
High speed applications require the access network upgrading based on new optical technologies
in “last mile”. At the planning stage of network modernization, special algorithms and techniques allow
optimize and automate the designing process of network upgrade based on copper cables. However,
these techniques are completely inapplicable if optical technologies are used to the access network
modernization. Designed algorithm simplifies the throughput calculation of current access nodes and
planning of new access nodes depending on subscriber’s requirementstto the broadband services.
Developed program based on proposed algorithm allows to determinate access nodes optimal deployment
as well as the required equipment characteristics.
1) The document discusses 4G communication architecture and its ability to support social networking. It describes technologies used in 4G like adaptive modulation and coding, adaptive hybrid ARQ, MIMO and OFDM that provide high speeds and quality of service.
2) The architecture of social networks is explained as having three layers: an application interface, middleware for services, and infrastructure. 4G networks can flexibly support social networking by allowing users to connect through various networks.
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The Strategic Analysis and Operation of the Multiservice Model Used for Synchronous Transmission in Communication Networks
1. BOHR International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Communication Network
202 , Vol. , No. , pp. 47–53
https://doi.org/10.54646/bijcicn.008
www.bohrpub.com
The Strategic Analysis and Operation of the Multiservice Model
Used for Synchronous Transmission in Communication Networks
T. Kiruthiga1,∗ and A. Vaniprabha2
1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vetri Vinayaga College of Engineering &
Technology, Thottiyam, Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SNS College of Engineering, Kurumbapalayam,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
∗Corresponding author: drkiruthigaece@gmail.com
Abstract. The core idea of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology was revealed a long time ago. The main
technology under development at the time was time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology, which consisted of
synchronous switching based on the sequence number of bytes in the integrated frame. The main disadvantage
of TDM technology, also known as synchronous transport module (STM) synchronous transmission technology,
is the inability to reallocate the bandwidth of the integrated channel between subchannels. During those periods
when no user data is sent on the subchannel, the aggregated channel still sends the bytes of this subchannel filled
with zeros. Efforts to load sub channels’ idle periods necessitate the introduction of a header for each subchannel’s
data. In intermediate statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) technology, which allows idle periods to be
filled by transmitting bursts of traffic from other sub channels, headers that actually have a subchannel number
are introduced. In this paper, the strategic analysis and operation of technologies used in multiservice networks
were discussed. Simultaneously, the structure of data sets is drawn into sets resembling computer networks. The
fact that each packet has an address allows it to be transmitted asynchronously since its location relative to data on
other subchannels is not its address. Asynchronous packets from one subchannel are inserted into the free time slots
of another subchannel, but they are not mixed with the data of this subchannel because they have their own address.
Keywords: ATM, TDM, synchronous, switching, transmission, subchannels, STDM, multiservice networks.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, passive networks based on optical fiber are
becoming more widespread. Copper twisted pairs do not
compete with passive optical networks (PON) in terms of
size, speed, and data transmission range, noise immunity,
and scalability [1–3]. If initially twisted pair cables were
preferred due to the high cost of optical raw materials and
equipment, now they differ little in terms of capital costs
and labor intensity of computer installation [4, 5].
It is still popular to build integrated-type networks—
fiber to the home (FTTH), where the copper pair is used
only in the section from the switch to the subscriber [6].
However, the dynamics are increasingly moving toward
PON, and the installation of a passive network allows for
modifications without interfering with the system architec-
ture and allows cable rerouting [7–10].
However, installation is capital-intensive and complex,
so it is important to entrust this work to trusted profession-
als [11]. They can create thoughtful system configurations
with the ability to optimize customer needs for seamless
operation [12]. The services of the upper layers of the
network should be similar to the services of the integrated
services digital network (ISDN) network—a variety of
interactive services such as fax transmission, distribution
of television (TV) pictures, voice mail, email, and video
conferencing [13, 14].
The high speed of ATM technology creates many more
opportunities for high-end services that cannot be real-
ized by ISDN networks—for example, the transmission
47
3 2 1
2. 48 T. Kiruthiga and A. Vaniprabha
of color TV images requires bandwidths in the region of
30 Mbps [15–17]. ISDN technology cannot support such
speeds, and this is not a major problem for ATM [18].
ATM standards are developed by a group of organizations
known as the ATM Forum under the auspices of an Insti-
tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ad hoc
committee and ITU-T and ANSI committees [19].
ATM is a very complex technology that requires stan-
dardization in various aspects, therefore, although the
main core of standards was adopted, standardization work
is actively underway [20, 21]. All interested parties partici-
pate in the ATM Forum—telecom equipment manufactur-
ers, equipment manufacturers, local area networks (LANs),
telecom network operators, and network integrators [22].
PON is a highly promising broadband multiservice tech-
nology for transmitting data to multiple subscribers using
optical fiber [23, 24]. This networking method has become
popular due to its clear advantages in speed and transfer
rates; and room for improvement [25]. The main difference
between PON and other optical systems is the use of only
passive equipment in the entire area, from the core module
that transmits and receives information streams to the end
user [26, 27].
That means no active switches, routers, media con-
verters, multiplexers, or other equipment that requires
additional power or maintenance [28]. In a PON system,
an optical splitter (splitter, multiplexer, or PLC) is used to
split a stream into multiple subscribers. With its help, a
transceiver module [junction box, switch cabinet, optical
line termination (OLT)] can distribute the signal to unlim-
ited consumers—all this depends on its power and speed
indicators [29, 30].
One of the most significant trends in the telecommuni-
cations market is the growing popularity of multiservice
communication networks [31]. In past years, the services
of such networks were primarily aimed at intensive busi-
ness development, cost optimization, business process
automation, modern management methods, and organiza-
tions [32]. The most effective use of multiservice networks
is found in traditional telecommunications operators, thus
significantly expanding the range of services offered [33].
For the corporate market, unifying all remote segments
into a single pulse service network increases the efficiency
of information transfer by an order of magnitude, ensur-
ing data availability at any time [34, 35]. Thanks to the
ability to exchange large amounts of data between offices,
we can organize conference calls and video conferences
with remote departments [36]. All of this speeds up the
organization’s response to changes and ensures real-time
control of all processes [37].
LITERATURE REVIEW
A multiservice network is a multipurpose environment
designed to transmit voice, images, and data using
packet-switched (IP) technology [8]. It is distinguished
by the reliability characteristics of telephone networks (in
contrast to the non-guaranteed quality of communication
on the Internet) and provides a low transmission cost per
unit of information (closer to the cost of data transmission
on the Internet) [9]. Generally speaking, the main task of
multiservice networks is to ensure the operation of hetero-
geneous information and telecommunication systems and
applications by allowing the transmission of normal traffic
(data) and traffic of other types of information (voice,
video, etc.) in the same traffic environment [20]. A single
infrastructure is used.
PON is a technology with a common data transmission
medium; therefore, separate streams of information must
be encrypted [21]. This may reduce the effective transfer
rate and not protect the information from physical damage.
Diagnosing problems in the system between separators is
difficult [22].
When choosing a professional installer, it is impor-
tant to remember that network problems are minimized
to ensure proper installation, condition monitoring, and
complete service [23]. Ethernet passive optical network
(EPON), which is based on Ethernet technology, is the
next generation of passive networks. Currently, gigabit
passive optical network (GPON) is the most modern, con-
venient, and promising system for building large branch
networks [24].
GPON is based on the synchronous digital hierarchy
(SDH) platform [generic framing procedure (GFP) proto-
col] and allows up to 64 subscribers to connect to one
transmitting module at a distance of 20 km [25]. The use
of splitters and connectors increases the range to 60 km.
The average transfer speed reaches 2.5 Gb, although it
is technically possible to create a system that can reach
speeds of 4–10 Gb/s in each direction [26].
In particular, it lacks specific TDM support, timing, and
security switching functions. Such a system works well
for smaller operators that focus on Internet protocol (IP)
traffic, including IPTV. In general, the choice of technology
to build or upgrade a passive fiber-optic network depends
on customer conditions, subscriber needs, and develop-
ment opportunities [35]. The installer should thoroughly
examine the original data in order to select the technology
and create an optimal plan for the future PON [36].
Often, a tree-like PON network topology is used for
residential premises. It optimizes fiber utilization by plac-
ing as many subscribers as possible on one cable [37].
Depending on the final number of users and the needs of
the network, the stream can be branched into one or more
layer levels [38].
With fewer numbers, it is easier to maintain the system
and perform necessary repairs, and there is less loss in
speed and data volume for the end user [39]. However,
a multilevel system allows the creation of precise settings
that make the network more responsive to customer needs.
3. Synchronous Transmission in Communication Networks 49
PROPOSED MODEL
Heterogeneity is an inherent quality of any large computer
network, and system integrators and administrators spend
their time reconciling disparate components. Therefore,
any approach that promises the possibility of reducing net-
work heterogeneity attracts intense interest from network
experts. ATM technology was created to serve as a unified
global transport for a new generation of integrated service
networks.
Multiservice networks can be built more fundamen-
tally based on different technologies, an IP platform
[IP virtual private network (VPN)], and dedicated com-
munication channels. At the backbone level, the most
popular technologies today are IP/multiprotocol label
switching (MPLS), packet over SONET/SDH, point of sale
(POS), ATM, xGE, dense wavelength-division multiplex-
ing (DWDM), coarse wavelength-division multiplexing
(CWDM), and RPR. In fact, today most of the backbone
multiservice networks are built on the basis of POS and
DWDM technologies, which are noticeable in Russia, as
well as IP/MPLS, which are considered especially promis-
ing for a large coverage area and a large number of people.
According to the developers’ plans, the uniformity pro-
vided by ATM, a transport technology, can provide the
following several capabilities: these are shown in Figure 1.
• The transmission of computer and multimedia (voice,
video) traffic within a transport system is sensitive
to delays, and the quality of service for each type of
traffic corresponds to its requirements;
• Hierarchy of data transfer rates from tens of megabits
to several gigabits per second with guaranteed band-
width for mission-critical applications;
• Common transport protocols for local and global
networks;
• Preserving the existing infrastructure of physical
channels or physical protocols: T1/E1, T3/E3, SDH
STM-n, and FDDI; and
Transmission
of computer
Hierarchy of
data transfer
Transport
protocols
Physical
protocols
Legacy
protocols
Figure 1. Capabilities of proposed model.
Figure 2. Passive optical network.
• Communication with legacy protocols of local and
global networks: IP, systems network architecture
(SNA), Ethernet, and ISDN.
The proposed model combines the approaches of two
technologies—packet switching and circuit switching. The
former resulted in the adoption of addressable packet data
transmission, while the latter resulted in the use of smaller
fixed-size packets, resulting in more predictable network
delays. It is possible to transmit different types of traffic in
the same network by using the virtual circuit technique,
preordering the parameters of the channel’s quality of
service, and prioritizing the service of virtual circuits with
different quality of service.
Although ISDN networks were designed to carry differ-
ent types of traffic within the same network, voice traffic
was clearly a priority for developers. ATM technology has
been developed since its inception as a technology capable
of serving all types of transportation according to their
needs. Any PON has three main components:
• Station terminal optical line terminal (OLT);
• Passive optical splitter; and
• Subscriber terminals are optical network termination
(ONT) or optical network unit (ONU).
Figure 2 demonstrates the PON infrastructure. The OLT
transceiver connects the PON to external networks and
receives the stream sent to the subscribers via the cable
network. A splitter multiplies the signal by 8, 16, 32, or 64
subscribers.
Each branch shortens the transmission channel some-
what, giving some signal attenuation and reducing
its bandwidth. The terminal subscriber equipment is
equipped with the interfaces required by the user, includ-
ing outputs for IP telephony, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi. A mul-
tiservice network opens up many opportunities to build
a wide variety of redundant services on top of the global
transport environment—from pocket telephony to interac-
tive TV and Internet services. The new-generation network
has the following features:
• Universal nature serving various applications;
• Independence from the technologies of communica-
tion services and flexibility in obtaining the package,
volume, and quality of services; and
4. 50 T. Kiruthiga and A. Vaniprabha
• Complete transparency of relationship between ser-
vice provider and users.
Integration of heterogeneous data and speech traffic
allows us to qualitatively improve the efficiency of infor-
mation support for enterprise management; at the same
time, the use of an integrated transport environment
reduces the costs of building and operating the network.
A multiservice network uses a single channel to transmit
different types of data, minimizes the variety of equipment,
uses uniform standards and technologies, and centrally
manages the communication environment. Many service
networks support services such as telephone and fax
communication, allocated digital channels with a fixed
transmission rate, packet data transfer (FR) with required
quality of service, image transfer, video conferencing, TV,
on-demand services, IP phones, broadband Internet access,
the interface of remote LANs operating in various stan-
dards, and the creation of user-modifiable virtual corporate
networks.
Multiservice networks is a technological theory or a new
approach to understanding the current role of telecom-
munications, given that computers and data take prece-
dence today compared to voice communication. Built on
next-generation broadband communications, this business
model enables a wide range of services and the flexibility to
build, manage, and customize them. The main differences
between such networks are as follows:
• The ability to transmit very large amounts of informa-
tion to a large number of users in real time using the
necessary synchronization and complex connection
configurations;
• Intelligence (service, call, and connection control by
user or service provider, separate billing, and condi-
tional access control);
• Variation of access (system of access to services
regardless of the technology used);
• The complexity of the service (the possibility of sev-
eral providers participating in the provision of the
service and dividing their responsibility and income
according to the type of activity of each).
The major issues limiting the spread of broadband access
today and the introduction of multiple service networks
require significant investments in the industry. Let’s not
forget about “theft” and IP enforcement. After all, the fight
against fraud requires a business model based on content
sales with complex management systems, access control,
and billing.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed multiservice model (MSM) was compared
with the existing data gathering and incident response
model (DGIRM), array signal synchronous transmis-
sion method (ASSTM), symbol-synchronous transmission
(SST), and many-to-many data sharing (M2MDS).
Figure 3. Comparison of transfer rate management.
Figure 4. Comparison of multimodal transport management.
Transfer rate management: PON supports speeds from
155 Mbps to 2.5 Gbps, enabling the fastest data transfer at
the moment. Protection against voltage surges: unlike sys-
tems using twisted pair (FTTH, etc.), PON is unaffected by
outside influences and is protected against voltage surges,
pickups, and interference. The comparison of transfer rate
management is shown in Figure 3.
The density of the signal (multiplexing) allows, if neces-
sary, to start additional information streams on the existing
cable—for this, light waves of different lengths are used.
Therefore, the existing cable system can be used to add
services like security systems, video surveillance, security,
fire protection, etc.
5. Synchronous Transmission in Communication Networks 51
Figure 5. Comparison of capacity management.
Figure 6. Comparison of optimum utilization management.
Multimodal transport management: A computer can send
any type of information (data, video, and voice) and infor-
mation flows of any origin to an apartment or office. PON
uses passive tubes that do not require electrical power or
additional maintenance. The development of capabilities,
speed, and cost reduction of components allows this tech-
nology to be considered one of the most promising data
transfer methods. The comparison of multimodal transport
management is shown in Figure 4.
Capacity management: The system can process streams
from multiple sources simultaneously without losing
quality. Multiple computers, TVs, IP phones, etc. can
be connected to one subscriber port. Subscribers are
connected to the network quickly and without communi-
cation interruptions. The comparison of capacity manage-
ment is shown in Figure 5.
Optimum utilization management: Connecting as many
subscribers as possible to a single fiber reduces cable
usage, which can result in significant cost savings. There
is no need to house the equipment for the PON network
in external boxes, so the system is easily accessible for
inspection, modification, and repair during the cold season
and stored in all-weather equipment. The comparison of
optimal utilization management is shown in Figure 6.
The circle of potential users of multiservice networks
is quite extensive. These are, first of all, business centers,
companies located in the same building.
CONCLUSION
In general, the topology is selected from various options
and the actual conditions of the design based on the prin-
ciple of maximum convenience for subscribers. Another
existing change is GEPON technology. It can be called
very economical, but this advantage means some costs in
comparison with GPON networks.
Corporate clients have a lot of demand for telephone
connections, high-speed Internet access, audio and video
conferencing, and alarm and telemetry systems. These are
large holdings with geographically distant branches and
subdivisions, companies that use remote automated ter-
minals (ATMs, vending machines). These are telemedicine
systems of different levels and organizations with mobile
communications, distributed offices, switching centers,
and base stations that can be connected to a multiservice
network.
In addition, our country does not have a powerful
multi-gigabit backbone infrastructure or well-developed
subscriber networks. It is necessary to completely change
the business model for operators, and a large territory
and uneven solution depending on the geography and
population of a particular region require careful selection
of technologies and their combination.
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