This document summarizes the status of emerging ATM specifications that will satisfy Navy tactical communications requirements. It discusses how ATM technology can optimize bandwidth usage on low-bandwidth wireless links and guarantee quality of service for high priority applications. Specifications that are being developed for wireless and low data rate ATM, such as ATM trunking using AAL2, low speed circuit emulation services, and wireless ATM extensions are described. The document also discusses the ATM forum standards process and lists the status of several emerging specifications.
The Abstracted Network for Industrial Internet- SlidesMeshDynamics
Taking cues from Nature, MeshDynamics is extending concepts outlined in the book “Rethinking the Internet of Things” to address challenges in supporting robust, real time, secure, scalable, subscribable messaging for our OEM licensees and their applications in Military and Industrial Internet (IIOT). Unclassified Section of Presentation.
http://www.slideshare.net/DaCostaFrancis/the-abstracted-network-for-industrial-internet
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
This document summarizes a research paper on changing data rates during handoffs in GSM-ATM networks. It discusses:
1) Wireless ATM networks which combine ATM's support for multimedia services with mobility support for mobile devices. This poses challenges like mobility management and ensuring quality of service during handoffs.
2) Handoff is the process of transferring a mobile terminal's connections from one access point to another during movement. It involves initiation, establishing a new connection, and data flow control to maintain quality of service.
3) The document reviews different handoff types in wireless ATM networks and various handoff protocol approaches like full connection re-routing, route augmentation, and partial connection re-routing
Military, Defense and Public Safety Mesh Networks [MeshDynamics]MeshDynamics
The document discusses network-centric warfare and the need for wireless communications technologies to support it. It focuses on four key requirements: mobility, high performance support of real-time protocols, distributed frequency agility, and distributed topologies and network formation. It describes MeshDynamics' wireless mesh technology, which meets these requirements through multi-radio architecture and distributed radio intelligence that allows networks to dynamically configure channels and topology for high performance even in mobile environments.
This document provides an overview of 3G concepts including UMTS and the 3GPP standardization process. It discusses the key aspects of UMTS including its benefits over 2G technologies, the evolution of UMTS network architectures from Release 99 to Release 5, and the main network elements defined in each release. The document aims to educate readers on 3G concepts and the transition from 2G to 3G networks.
The document discusses Personal Communication Services (PCS) and provides examples of different wireless communication systems, including cellular and cordless systems. It describes key aspects of cellular systems like Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), EIA/TIA IS-136, and EIA/TIA IS-95 standards. These include multiple access techniques, frequency bands, channel structures, features supported, and mobility management protocols. PCS networks integrate these wireless systems to provide mobile communication services connected to the public switched telephone network.
This document discusses session initiation protocol (SIP) in interoperable land mobile radio (LMR) and cellular heterogeneous mobile wireless networks. It summarizes previous work on handoff algorithms and discusses the effects of handoff delay based on traditional SIP. Traditional SIP uses a "break-before-make" scheme to reduce handoff delay but does not achieve seamless handoff. The document introduces session schedule manager SIP to optimize handoff and maximize radio resource utilization in interoperable heterogeneous networks.
This document provides an overview of 3G mobile communication networks and the evolution from 1G to 3G systems. It discusses the background and early stages of 1G analog cellular networks, the development of 2G digital cellular networks, and the standardization of 3G networks through IMT-2000. It then focuses on CDMA2000, describing it as an evolutionary step from CDMAOne that is compatible with 2G networks and approved as an IMT-2000 3G standard, with data rates up to 2Mbps. Key concepts like forward/reverse links and duplexing methods like time division and frequency division duplex are also introduced.
The Abstracted Network for Industrial Internet- SlidesMeshDynamics
Taking cues from Nature, MeshDynamics is extending concepts outlined in the book “Rethinking the Internet of Things” to address challenges in supporting robust, real time, secure, scalable, subscribable messaging for our OEM licensees and their applications in Military and Industrial Internet (IIOT). Unclassified Section of Presentation.
http://www.slideshare.net/DaCostaFrancis/the-abstracted-network-for-industrial-internet
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
This document summarizes a research paper on changing data rates during handoffs in GSM-ATM networks. It discusses:
1) Wireless ATM networks which combine ATM's support for multimedia services with mobility support for mobile devices. This poses challenges like mobility management and ensuring quality of service during handoffs.
2) Handoff is the process of transferring a mobile terminal's connections from one access point to another during movement. It involves initiation, establishing a new connection, and data flow control to maintain quality of service.
3) The document reviews different handoff types in wireless ATM networks and various handoff protocol approaches like full connection re-routing, route augmentation, and partial connection re-routing
Military, Defense and Public Safety Mesh Networks [MeshDynamics]MeshDynamics
The document discusses network-centric warfare and the need for wireless communications technologies to support it. It focuses on four key requirements: mobility, high performance support of real-time protocols, distributed frequency agility, and distributed topologies and network formation. It describes MeshDynamics' wireless mesh technology, which meets these requirements through multi-radio architecture and distributed radio intelligence that allows networks to dynamically configure channels and topology for high performance even in mobile environments.
This document provides an overview of 3G concepts including UMTS and the 3GPP standardization process. It discusses the key aspects of UMTS including its benefits over 2G technologies, the evolution of UMTS network architectures from Release 99 to Release 5, and the main network elements defined in each release. The document aims to educate readers on 3G concepts and the transition from 2G to 3G networks.
The document discusses Personal Communication Services (PCS) and provides examples of different wireless communication systems, including cellular and cordless systems. It describes key aspects of cellular systems like Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), EIA/TIA IS-136, and EIA/TIA IS-95 standards. These include multiple access techniques, frequency bands, channel structures, features supported, and mobility management protocols. PCS networks integrate these wireless systems to provide mobile communication services connected to the public switched telephone network.
This document discusses session initiation protocol (SIP) in interoperable land mobile radio (LMR) and cellular heterogeneous mobile wireless networks. It summarizes previous work on handoff algorithms and discusses the effects of handoff delay based on traditional SIP. Traditional SIP uses a "break-before-make" scheme to reduce handoff delay but does not achieve seamless handoff. The document introduces session schedule manager SIP to optimize handoff and maximize radio resource utilization in interoperable heterogeneous networks.
This document provides an overview of 3G mobile communication networks and the evolution from 1G to 3G systems. It discusses the background and early stages of 1G analog cellular networks, the development of 2G digital cellular networks, and the standardization of 3G networks through IMT-2000. It then focuses on CDMA2000, describing it as an evolutionary step from CDMAOne that is compatible with 2G networks and approved as an IMT-2000 3G standard, with data rates up to 2Mbps. Key concepts like forward/reverse links and duplexing methods like time division and frequency division duplex are also introduced.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS mobile wireless technologies. It describes that GSM is a digital cellular standard developed in Europe to provide wireless voice communications. GPRS and UMTS are extensions of GSM that add wireless data capabilities, with UMTS moving networks toward being fully IP-based and supporting broadband services. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base transceiver station (handles radio link), base station controller (manages radio network), and switching centers.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
X-Max is a cognitive radio network developed by xG Technology to deliver mobile services using licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It uses xMod devices, xAP base stations, and an xMSC controller to form a cellular network architecture. X-Max radios can dynamically adjust transmission parameters to identify and avoid interference using techniques like dynamic spectrum access and 2x4 MIMO antenna configurations, allowing them to operate reliably even in interference-heavy environments. The technology has applications for rural connectivity, military use, and location-based services while providing cost-effective broadband access without licensed spectrum fees.
Design and analysis 5G mobile network model to enhancement high-density subsc...journalBEEI
To obtain a high data rate that is commensurate with the growing demand for internet services, the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks will use the bandwidth beyond 6 GHz, called millimeters waves (mm-waves), to obtain a higher. The first phase (phase I) of the 5G network design for high user density, where the optimized microcells are deployed at carrier frequency 700 MHz with 20 MHz bandwidth. The second phase (phase II) of the design consists of the deployment of microcells which are operating at 3.6 GHz with 100 MHz bandwidth; this phase is planned to cover 200000 users within the province. The third phase (phase III) of the design is represented by the deployment of picocells, which are planned to operate at 26 GHz frequency and bandwidth 500 MHz; this phase is planned to cover 3,500,000 users within the province. Two types of modulation are adopted for the network (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)); the overall performance of the network is studied with regards to the percentage of coverage, power overlapping ratio, frequency interference, and quality of service (QoS).
Spectral Efficient IDMA System Using Multi User DetectionIJSTA
This document discusses spectral efficient Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) systems using multi-user detection. IDMA is presented as an alternative to CDMA that can overcome limitations like multiple access interference and intersymbol interference. IDMA uses user-specific interleaving along with iterative chip-by-chip detection to separate users and combat interference. This allows IDMA systems to support a large number of users independently of processing complexity. IDMA also enables asynchronous transmission without frame synchronization requirements. The document compares IDMA and CDMA techniques, explaining how IDMA differs in its use of interleaving for user separation rather than just coding gain.
This document discusses handover management in integrated WLAN and WiMAX networks using the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) framework. It describes the need for integration of heterogeneous wireless networks to provide ubiquitous coverage and broadband connectivity. It explains homogeneous and heterogeneous handovers and the role of IEEE 802.21 in facilitating handovers across different network types. The MIH framework provides services and events to support handovers between WiFi and WiMAX networks in a seamless manner for mixed network clients.
WIMAX is a revolutionary technology that provides wireless broadband connectivity as an alternative to DSL and cable connections. It allows for fixed and mobile broadband access using different IEEE standards. The document discusses how WIMAX can be integrated with broadband networks and IP networks to provide benefits such as improved quality of service, mobility, and flexibility. It also explores applications of WIMAX such as providing connectivity for telemedicine, surveillance, and emergency response in remote locations.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
xG Technology Presentation March 2014 Cognitive Radio Networks for Public Sa...xG Technology, Inc.
xG Technology develops cognitive radio technology called xMax that allows wireless devices to identify and utilize available spectrum to ensure optimal communications. xMax can operate in licensed, unlicensed, or shared bands, mitigate interference, and is difficult to jam. It provides an alternative to cellular networks for public safety, allowing immediate deployment of communications during disasters when cellular networks may be damaged or overloaded. xMax has been tested in urban, rural, and military environments.
This document provides an overview of current and future challenges for the deployment and operation of OFDMA networks. OFDMA has become the predominant technology for broadband mobile wireless systems due to its advantages over competing technologies. However, its deployment also faces challenges related to physical layer design, interference mitigation, and network planning and optimization. Future 4G and beyond systems will aim to address these challenges to improve network capacity, coverage, and efficiency.
The document summarizes xG Technology's xMax mobile voice and data solution that utilizes cognitive radio technology to operate in unlicensed spectrum bands. It provides an overview of the key components of the xMax network, including the xMod, xAP, xMSC, and management tools. The xMax system uses an IP architecture and dynamic spectrum access to provide reliable communications and interference mitigation in congested unlicensed bands. It offers advantages over licensed spectrum such as lower costs and greater flexibility. The document compares xMax to Wi-Fi and discusses applications for the xMax technology.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
Mobile WiMax is a broadband wireless technology that allows convergence of mobile and fixed networks. It uses OFDMA to improve performance in non-line-of-sight environments and can scale from 1.25 to 20 MHz bandwidths. The Mobile WiMax Forum develops profiles to define mandatory and optional features of the IEEE standard to ensure interoperability. Release 1 will support channel bandwidths between 5-10 MHz for various licensed frequency bands.
The document discusses X-max Technology, a cognitive radio network developed by xG Technology to deliver mobile services using licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It uses advanced cognitive sensing to detect available channels and mitigate interference through dynamic spectrum access and 2x4 MIMO antenna configurations. The network architecture includes xMod devices, xAP base stations, an xMSC controller, and xMonitor/xDrive management tools. X-max can provide wireless broadband connectivity across wide areas at low power in a cost-effective way without licensed spectrum costs.
This document compares the next-generation mobile broadband technologies LTE and WiMAX. It describes their quality of service (QoS) structures and how they are designed to support current and future QoS needs to sustain various application requirements. The document provides details on LTE and WiMAX standards, architectures, and QoS support through different bearer types and service flows.
The document provides an overview of 5G networks, including their drivers and requirements, use scenarios, spectrum considerations, hardware, software, advantages and disadvantages. 5G aims to enable higher data rates (up to 10Gbps), lower latency (1ms), and support for new applications through enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT connectivity, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. Key technologies enabling 5G include new spectrum bands, small cells, massive MIMO, and virtualization of network functions. Challenges include high deployment costs and the need for further development to resolve issues like coverage limitations and security.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
SIP-Based Mobility Management for LTE-WiMAX-WLAN Interworking Using IMS Archi...CSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an architecture framework for interworking of Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies. The aim is to offer users of various networks seamless high quality IP-based multimedia services access anywhere at any time. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is used in the proposed architecture for providing a platform through which telecommunications operators can merge the various networks. A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) REFER method which provides uninterrupted service continuity is introduced. The proposed LTE-WiMAX and LTE-WLAN tight coupled interworking is compared with the UMTS- WiMAX and UMTS-WLAN tight coupled interworking. The two heterogeneous networks are simulated using OPNET Modeler 17.1. Various metrics are obtained to test the performance of the proposed technique. Results show that successful VoIP session handoffs with acceptable Quality of Services (QoS) levels can be performed. Results also show that the proposed architecture outperforms the pervious architecture.
La heroína es altamente adictiva y de acción rápida, provocando la muerte de 850 personas en el Reino Unido en 2004 y más de 5 millones en el resto del mundo. Se prepara a partir de la morfina y tiene efectos degradantes y visibles como pupilas contraídas, depresión respiratoria y vocalización poco clara, además de un alto riesgo de infecciones en la piel como hepatitis y VIH.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS mobile wireless technologies. It describes that GSM is a digital cellular standard developed in Europe to provide wireless voice communications. GPRS and UMTS are extensions of GSM that add wireless data capabilities, with UMTS moving networks toward being fully IP-based and supporting broadband services. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base transceiver station (handles radio link), base station controller (manages radio network), and switching centers.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
X-Max is a cognitive radio network developed by xG Technology to deliver mobile services using licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It uses xMod devices, xAP base stations, and an xMSC controller to form a cellular network architecture. X-Max radios can dynamically adjust transmission parameters to identify and avoid interference using techniques like dynamic spectrum access and 2x4 MIMO antenna configurations, allowing them to operate reliably even in interference-heavy environments. The technology has applications for rural connectivity, military use, and location-based services while providing cost-effective broadband access without licensed spectrum fees.
Design and analysis 5G mobile network model to enhancement high-density subsc...journalBEEI
To obtain a high data rate that is commensurate with the growing demand for internet services, the fifth generation (5G) cellular networks will use the bandwidth beyond 6 GHz, called millimeters waves (mm-waves), to obtain a higher. The first phase (phase I) of the 5G network design for high user density, where the optimized microcells are deployed at carrier frequency 700 MHz with 20 MHz bandwidth. The second phase (phase II) of the design consists of the deployment of microcells which are operating at 3.6 GHz with 100 MHz bandwidth; this phase is planned to cover 200000 users within the province. The third phase (phase III) of the design is represented by the deployment of picocells, which are planned to operate at 26 GHz frequency and bandwidth 500 MHz; this phase is planned to cover 3,500,000 users within the province. Two types of modulation are adopted for the network (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)); the overall performance of the network is studied with regards to the percentage of coverage, power overlapping ratio, frequency interference, and quality of service (QoS).
Spectral Efficient IDMA System Using Multi User DetectionIJSTA
This document discusses spectral efficient Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) systems using multi-user detection. IDMA is presented as an alternative to CDMA that can overcome limitations like multiple access interference and intersymbol interference. IDMA uses user-specific interleaving along with iterative chip-by-chip detection to separate users and combat interference. This allows IDMA systems to support a large number of users independently of processing complexity. IDMA also enables asynchronous transmission without frame synchronization requirements. The document compares IDMA and CDMA techniques, explaining how IDMA differs in its use of interleaving for user separation rather than just coding gain.
This document discusses handover management in integrated WLAN and WiMAX networks using the IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) framework. It describes the need for integration of heterogeneous wireless networks to provide ubiquitous coverage and broadband connectivity. It explains homogeneous and heterogeneous handovers and the role of IEEE 802.21 in facilitating handovers across different network types. The MIH framework provides services and events to support handovers between WiFi and WiMAX networks in a seamless manner for mixed network clients.
WIMAX is a revolutionary technology that provides wireless broadband connectivity as an alternative to DSL and cable connections. It allows for fixed and mobile broadband access using different IEEE standards. The document discusses how WIMAX can be integrated with broadband networks and IP networks to provide benefits such as improved quality of service, mobility, and flexibility. It also explores applications of WIMAX such as providing connectivity for telemedicine, surveillance, and emergency response in remote locations.
Recent advances in wireless networks have led to the introduction of a new type of networks called Vehicular Networks. Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a form of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). VANETs provide us with the infrastructure for developing new systems to enhance drivers’ and passengers’ safety and comfort. VANETs are distributed self organizing networks formed between moving vehicles equipped with wireless communication devices. This type of networks is developed as part of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to bring significant improvement to the transportation systems performance. One of the main goals of the ITS is to improve safety on the roads, and reduce traffic congestion, waiting times, and fuel consumptions. The integration of the embedded computers, sensing devices, navigation systems (GPS), digital maps, and the wireless communication devices along with intelligent algorithms will help to develop numerous types of applications for the ITS to improve safety on the roads. The up to date information provided by the integration of all these systems helps drivers to acquire real-time information about road conditions allowing them to react on time. For example, warning messages sent by vehicles involved in an accident enhances traffic safety by helping the approaching drivers to take proper decisions before entering the crash dangerous zone (ElBatt et al., 2006) (Xu et al., 2007). And Information about the current transportation conditions facilitate driving by taking new routes in case of congestion, thus saving time and adjusting fuel consumption (Dashtinezhad et al., 2004) (Nadeem et al., 2004). In addition to safety concerns, VANET can also support other non-safety applications that require a Quality of Service (QoS) guarantee. This includes Multimedia (e.g., audio/video) and data (e.g., toll collection, internet access, weather/maps/ information) applications.
Vehicular networks are composed of mobile nodes, vehicles equipped with On Board Units (OBU), and stationary nodes called Road Side Units (RSU) attached to infrastructure that will be deployed along the roads.
xG Technology Presentation March 2014 Cognitive Radio Networks for Public Sa...xG Technology, Inc.
xG Technology develops cognitive radio technology called xMax that allows wireless devices to identify and utilize available spectrum to ensure optimal communications. xMax can operate in licensed, unlicensed, or shared bands, mitigate interference, and is difficult to jam. It provides an alternative to cellular networks for public safety, allowing immediate deployment of communications during disasters when cellular networks may be damaged or overloaded. xMax has been tested in urban, rural, and military environments.
This document provides an overview of current and future challenges for the deployment and operation of OFDMA networks. OFDMA has become the predominant technology for broadband mobile wireless systems due to its advantages over competing technologies. However, its deployment also faces challenges related to physical layer design, interference mitigation, and network planning and optimization. Future 4G and beyond systems will aim to address these challenges to improve network capacity, coverage, and efficiency.
The document summarizes xG Technology's xMax mobile voice and data solution that utilizes cognitive radio technology to operate in unlicensed spectrum bands. It provides an overview of the key components of the xMax network, including the xMod, xAP, xMSC, and management tools. The xMax system uses an IP architecture and dynamic spectrum access to provide reliable communications and interference mitigation in congested unlicensed bands. It offers advantages over licensed spectrum such as lower costs and greater flexibility. The document compares xMax to Wi-Fi and discusses applications for the xMax technology.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
Mobile WiMax is a broadband wireless technology that allows convergence of mobile and fixed networks. It uses OFDMA to improve performance in non-line-of-sight environments and can scale from 1.25 to 20 MHz bandwidths. The Mobile WiMax Forum develops profiles to define mandatory and optional features of the IEEE standard to ensure interoperability. Release 1 will support channel bandwidths between 5-10 MHz for various licensed frequency bands.
The document discusses X-max Technology, a cognitive radio network developed by xG Technology to deliver mobile services using licensed or unlicensed spectrum. It uses advanced cognitive sensing to detect available channels and mitigate interference through dynamic spectrum access and 2x4 MIMO antenna configurations. The network architecture includes xMod devices, xAP base stations, an xMSC controller, and xMonitor/xDrive management tools. X-max can provide wireless broadband connectivity across wide areas at low power in a cost-effective way without licensed spectrum costs.
This document compares the next-generation mobile broadband technologies LTE and WiMAX. It describes their quality of service (QoS) structures and how they are designed to support current and future QoS needs to sustain various application requirements. The document provides details on LTE and WiMAX standards, architectures, and QoS support through different bearer types and service flows.
The document provides an overview of 5G networks, including their drivers and requirements, use scenarios, spectrum considerations, hardware, software, advantages and disadvantages. 5G aims to enable higher data rates (up to 10Gbps), lower latency (1ms), and support for new applications through enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT connectivity, and ultra-reliable low latency communications. Key technologies enabling 5G include new spectrum bands, small cells, massive MIMO, and virtualization of network functions. Challenges include high deployment costs and the need for further development to resolve issues like coverage limitations and security.
Universal mobile telecommunication System (UMTS) is actually the third generation mobile, which uses WCDMA. The Dream was that 2G and 2.5G systems are incompatible around the world.
-Worldwide devices need to have multiple technologies inside of them, i.e. tri-band phones, dual-mode phones
To develop a single standard that would be accepted around the world.
-One device should be able to work anywhere.
Increased data rate.
- Maximum 2048Kbps
UMTS is developed by 3GPP (3 Generation Partnership Project) a joint venture of several organization
3G UMTS is a third-generation (3G): broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, multimedia at data rates up to 2 Mbps
Also referred to as wideband code division multiple access(WCDMA)
Allows many more applications to be introduce to a worldwide
Also provide new services like alternative billing methods or calling plans.
The higher bandwidth also enables video conferencing or IPTV.
Once UMTS is fully available, computer and phone users can be constantly attached to the Internet wherever they travel and, as they roam, will have the same set of capabilities.
SIP-Based Mobility Management for LTE-WiMAX-WLAN Interworking Using IMS Archi...CSCJournals
In this paper, we propose an architecture framework for interworking of Long Term Evolution (LTE), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies. The aim is to offer users of various networks seamless high quality IP-based multimedia services access anywhere at any time. IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is used in the proposed architecture for providing a platform through which telecommunications operators can merge the various networks. A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) REFER method which provides uninterrupted service continuity is introduced. The proposed LTE-WiMAX and LTE-WLAN tight coupled interworking is compared with the UMTS- WiMAX and UMTS-WLAN tight coupled interworking. The two heterogeneous networks are simulated using OPNET Modeler 17.1. Various metrics are obtained to test the performance of the proposed technique. Results show that successful VoIP session handoffs with acceptable Quality of Services (QoS) levels can be performed. Results also show that the proposed architecture outperforms the pervious architecture.
La heroína es altamente adictiva y de acción rápida, provocando la muerte de 850 personas en el Reino Unido en 2004 y más de 5 millones en el resto del mundo. Se prepara a partir de la morfina y tiene efectos degradantes y visibles como pupilas contraídas, depresión respiratoria y vocalización poco clara, además de un alto riesgo de infecciones en la piel como hepatitis y VIH.
The ACC Board received an award for governance excellence in recognition of significantly improving its performance and relationship with the New Zealand government. Key improvements included introducing a more transparent framework for setting ACC levies and increasing spending on injury prevention. The board's leadership, including Dame Paula Rebstock, has overseen strong financial results and increased public trust in ACC from 63% to its highest level since 2008.
The document discusses various organizations and institutions involved in education such as schools, universities, and research facilities. It notes the roles of teachers, professors, and researchers in conducting classes, lectures, and experiments to educate students and further scientific progress. Overall, the summary highlights the important work done by educational institutions and their members to teach and conduct research.
El documento describe el proceso tecnológico para crear objetos mediante la identificación de un problema y su solución a través del diseño. Se mencionan varios objetos tecnológicos como la televisión, la silla, la cocina, el teléfono, la lavadora y la aspiradora, destacando brevemente su función e historia. También se señala la importancia de las herramientas para facilitar el trabajo en diferentes profesiones.
Los residuos sólidos son materiales desechados tras su uso y carecen de valor económico. Pueden clasificarse por su estado, origen o tipo de manejo requerido. Existen residuos sólidos, líquidos y gaseosos, así como residuos domésticos, industriales, agrícolas, de construcción y especiales. El hombre causa problemas ambientales a través de la contaminación de ríos y mares, la tala indiscriminada, y la emisión de gases y ruido a la atmósfera.
Un cheque es un documento que permite a una persona autorizada retirar dinero de su cuenta bancaria y transferirlo a otra persona. El cheque es un título valor que ordena a una institución bancaria el pago incondicional de una suma de dinero especificada a favor de un beneficiario. Los cheques son importantes porque sustituyen al dinero en efectivo como un medio de pago y permiten la circulación del dinero, concentrando grandes sumas en los bancos.
Dorairaj K cultivated blackgram using the Vamban 4 variety on a rainfed acre of land within Arima Farms, a 16,600 acre property located near Tamale, Ghana surrounded by the perennial River White Volta. The field was plowed twice after rains and compost prepared on the farm was applied before a third plowing. Blackgram seeds were sown in lines and fertilizers were applied 15 days after sowing, with pesticides used for crop protection on the 30th day. Heavy rains in September led to fungal attacks despite good flowering and pod formation.
O documento descreve o Kzuka, uma plataforma da RBS que fala a língua dos jovens. O Kzuka usa diversos meios como revista, rádio e eventos para se conectar com o público entre 13 e 25 anos. Ele também promove o projeto "Eu Tenho um Sonho" que ajuda jovens a realizarem seus sonhos através de arrecadação de fundos. O documento oferece opções de patrocínio para esta iniciativa através dos canais do Kzuka.
Wireless Communications and a Priority Access Protocol for Multiple Mobile Te...MNIT Jaipur
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION, VOL. 14, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 1998
PPT ON Wireless Communications and a Priority
Access Protocol for Multiple Mobile
Terminals in Factory Automation
Overview of handover decision strategies in heterogeneous networks by narendr...Narendra Prajapati
The availability of diverse wireless access technologies such as (Wi-Fi), (WiMAX), and (UMTS) allows users to stay “always on” in fast roaming too using IEEE802.21.
Vertical handovers had made possible for user to transfer itself to other technology service without disturbances in ongoing process.
Its is known that security problems in GSM authentication when it comes to high speed moving users, because of there frequent change of cell sites.
Handover could be horizontal or vertical and per user requirement. MIH (media independent handover) though provide vertical handover but on other hand 802.11had provided us fast and secure connection oriented handover from one access point to another with in same mobility domain.
Thus feature of security and authentication is integrated with handover for user security.
What are heterogeneous networks?
Evolutions of Generations
The Cellular GSM Transitions
Overview of 4G Communications
Concept of Handover /Handoff
Handovers distinguished according to criteria
The Vertical handover IEEE 802.21 & its phases.
VHO Management procedures
Requirements of Handover mechanism in heterogeneous networks
Performance evaluation (Technology )
Performance evaluation in Handover mechanisms
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a new communication technology that
conduits the fissure between fixed and mobile access and offers the same Quality of Service (QoS) to both
types of users. Generally, WiMAX is more vulnerable to the inside and outside attacks due to the absence of
any clear line of defense. The Mobile Subscriber Stations (MSSs) selected to transfer the packets to the
Base Station (BS) are vulnerable to Denial of Service (DoS) attacks like flooding. Recent research has
discovered that DoS attacks can easily be launched by injecting malevolent management frames into the
WiMAX network based on the Privacy and Key Management- ReSPonse (PKM-RSP) and Automatic Repeat
ReQuest (ARQ)-Reset messages. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to mitigate the flooding attacks
and enhance the security level in the network.
Recently Qualcomm announced its 5G (the fifth generation mobile communications) vision. 3GPP is going to finalize the 5G standard by 2018. 5G is scheduled to launch in around early 2020s. Even if it is not determined yet regarding the standard technology details, many researchers expect that 5G will transfer 1000 times more data, and thus, can connect billions of IoT (Internet of Things) devices at the same time. Key candidate technologies that enable 5G to support IoT devices connection are millimeter wave/MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) technology, cloud RAN/network function virtualization (NFV)/ software defined network (SDN), ultra dense network (UDN), low latency network and RSMA (Reservation multiple access)/FDR (full-duplex relaying). Following Qualcomm patents illustrate some examples of the 5G standard technology R&D of Qualcomm.
Military forces require situational awareness no matter
where they are located. From warfighters in the field,
sailors on Navy ships, troops in flight and decision
makers at central command, everyone must share a
common operating picture to accomplish the mission.
Yet, that can be significantly challenging when troops
are constantly in motion, traveling across land,
sea and air.
This document provides an overview of Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS), a broadband wireless technology used to deliver voice, data, internet, and video services above 20GHz. It discusses key aspects of LMDS including:
- Network architecture uses a cellular-like design with a network operations center, fiber infrastructure, base stations, and customer premises equipment.
- Standards are being developed by various organizations for LMDS.
- Access methods include time-division multiple access (TDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), and code-division multiple access (CDMA). Modulation techniques like QPSK and QAM are used.
- System capacity is determined by factors like the number of cell sites,
This document discusses the challenges faced when using TCP in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Some key challenges include: media access control issues like hidden terminals; power constraints of mobile nodes; frequent topology changes due to node mobility; multipath fading increasing the likelihood of path breaks; and misinterpreting packet losses as congestion rather than broken routes. TCP was designed for wired networks and assumes packet losses are always due to congestion, which does not hold in MANETs where losses can be from broken routes. Overall, TCP performs poorly in MANETs due to these challenges.
Mobile operators face challenges in meeting increasing bandwidth demands for mobile broadband services using their existing backhaul networks. This includes supporting multiple technologies over leased lines or self-built networks while keeping costs low. Transport providers see an opportunity in the growing backhaul market but must ensure their wholesale services meet stringent performance criteria for timing, quality of service, and other metrics required by mobile operators. Key technical challenges include synchronizing timing over packet networks and supporting various cellular protocols.
Mobile transport networks must evolve to support the new capabilities and requirements of 5G networks, including speeds of 10Gbps and beyond, low latency, and support for new applications. 5G will introduce new radio access network architectures and functional splits that distribute baseband processing, placing new demands on fronthaul transport between radio heads and centralized baseband units. Emerging solutions include packetized fronthaul interfaces like eCPRI that reduce bandwidth needs compared to traditional CPRI, as well as time-sensitive networking approaches to meet low latency requirements. Mobile transport networks must also concurrently support both 4G and 5G networks during the transition to 5G, posing integration challenges over the coming years.
Design and Implementation of Wireless Embedded Systems at 60 GHz Millimeter-W...IJMER
ABSTRACT: Globally, there is a burning desire for a communication system that provides high quality, high capacity and
high speed information exchange and we need to develop an extremely spectrum-efficient transmission technology for the
same. This paper describes a realistic capacity and BER comparison of a robust and secured multiple access schemes and
develops a wireless embedded system at 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave using WiMAX waveform. The system is tested at the
laboratory with multimedia transmission and reception but yet to be tested after mounting on the vehicles. Technical
expertise are developed towards Simulink programming, methods of poring to VSG, IF and millimeter wave hardware, RTSA
use, Data Acquisition and DSP. With proper deployment of this 60 GHz system on vehicles, the existing commercial
products for 802.11P will be required to be replaced or updated soon. Simulation and implementation of the results will
elucidate that a significant amelioration in the spectral efficiency parameter can be achieved using the proposed WiMAX at
60GHz which provides both frequency diversity and spectral efficiency to yield a powerful and affordable solution for superhigh speed/4G transmission and ever-increasing requirement of high throughput in wideband multimedia communications
and ITS in vehicular communication.
Keywords: AWG, C2C-CC, MC-CDMA, VSA, WiMAX and WMAN, 4G
CDMA2000 is a 3G mobile technology standard that provides improved voice quality and support for multimedia services compared to previous standards like cdmaOne. It was approved as part of the IMT-2000 3G standard and first launched commercially in 2000. Today there are over 100 million CDMA2000 subscribers worldwide. It provides data transmission speeds of up to 2.4 Mbps using technologies like CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. The CDMA2000 network architecture includes elements like the PCF, PDSN, and HA to support both Simple IP and Mobile IP connectivity and provide packet data services to users.
This document discusses integrating the internet with mobile ad-hoc networks using an extended version of the AODV routing protocol. It begins with an introduction to mobile ad-hoc networks and their applications. It then discusses challenges in routing for MANETs and existing routing protocols like AODV. It proposes extending the AODV protocol with additional "I-flag" to discover internet gateways. The extended RREQ and RREP messages are described. It then discusses using the Network Simulator 2 to simulate this extended AODV approach with different scenarios connecting wireless and wired networks via 1 or more hops. The goal is to provide internet connectivity for mobile nodes with high packet delivery and low delay.
This document outlines a framework for conducting a security penetration test of the Diameter protocol. It describes the basic equipment needed, including virtual machines running Open Source Diameter software and penetration testing tools. It also discusses setting up simulated 4G network elements like the PCRF, HSS and MME to test Diameter in a more complete network environment. The goal is to identify vulnerabilities in Diameter by developing a taxonomy similar to one created for the SS7 protocol. This will provide much needed security analysis of the widely used Diameter protocol.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes research on vertical handover between UMTS and WLAN networks. It describes the architectures, algorithms and procedures involved in vertical handover. The key points are:
1. Vertical handover allows seamless switching between cellular (UMTS) and wireless local area (WLAN) networks. This provides benefits like reduced power consumption and lower costs when using WLAN connections.
2. The Universal Seamless Handover Architecture (USHA) is proposed to support both horizontal and vertical handovers with small infrastructure changes. It uses IP tunneling techniques.
3. The Smart Decision Model is used for reliable network selection. It gathers information to choose the best network interface based on factors
A Comparative Analysis of Vertical Handover Decision Process Algorithms for N...Editor IJMTER
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes algorithms for vertical handover decision processes in heterogeneous wireless networks. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of selecting the best network for a user based on various parameters. It then provides background on heterogeneous networks and the need for vertical handoff algorithms. The document categorizes different types of vertical handoffs and discusses key parameters considered in decision algorithms like bandwidth, speed, signal strength, power consumption and cost. Finally, it examines example algorithms like SAW, TOPSIS, GRA and MEW that make network selection decisions based on weighting and ranking these parameters.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications technologies WiMAX and LTE. It provides an overview of the IEEE 802.22 standard for wireless regional area networks using vacant TV channels. It also discusses the history and development of 4G standards, requirements for IMT-Advanced 4G, and early commercial versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE that provided speeds less than 1 Gbit/s. It compares key aspects of 3G and 4G mobile networks.
This document analyzes the performance of routing algorithms for an integrated Wi-Fi/WiMAX heterogeneous network. It begins with an introduction describing the need for such integrated networks to provide uninterrupted wireless service. It then provides overviews of the Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11n) and WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) technologies that would be integrated. Several routing algorithms are described, including Bellman-Ford, AODV, DYMO, OLSRv2, RIP, and OSPFv2. The document then discusses how to statistically analyze the performance of the integrated network using these various routing algorithms, focusing on metrics like throughput, packet loss probability, and distortion. The analysis will
This document provides a brief review of recent works on various wireless networks and their integration. It first discusses different types of wireless networks including WLAN, WiMAX, satellites, and ad hoc networks. It then reviews recent studies on improving aspects of these individual networks such as MAC layer protocols, security, and frequency synthesizers. Finally, it summarizes research on integrating combinations of wireless networks like WLAN and WiMAX to improve quality of service, as well as integrating satellite networks to provide emergency communication or solve line of sight problems.
Flexible handover solution for vehicular ad-hoc networks based on software de...IJECEIAES
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) suffer from dynamic network environment and topological instability that caused by high mobility feature and varying vehicles density. Emerging 5G mobile technologies offer new opportunities to design improved VANET architecture for future intelligent transportation system. However, current software defined networking (SDN) based handover schemes face poor handover performance in VANET environment with notable issues in connection establishment and ongoing communication sessions. These poor connectivity and inflexibility challenges appear at high vehicles speed and high data rate services. Therefore, this paper proposes a flexible handover solution for VANET networks by integrating SDN and fog computing (FC) technologies. The SDN provides global knowledge, programmability and intelligence functions for simplified and efficient network operation and management. FC, on the other hand, alleviates the core network pressure by providing real time computation and transmission functionalities at edge network to maintain the demands of delay sensitive applications. The proposed solution overcomes frequent handover challenges and reduces the processing overhead at core network. Moreover, the simulation evaluation shows significant handover performance improvement of the proposed solution compared to current SDN based schemes, especially in terms of handover latency and packet loss ratio under various simulation environments.
This document is the table of contents for volume 28, issue 1 of the Michigan Mathematical Journal from 1981. It lists 9 articles on various mathematics and statistics topics, including the theory of motion groups, extensions of nilpotent groups, eigenvalues embedded in the continuum for negatively curved manifolds, and pseudorational local rings. The journal was published by the University of Michigan Department of Mathematics.
The Knowledge-based Design for Adaptive Connectivity (KDAC) is an architecture that aims to automate communications for U.S. Navy tactical networks. KDAC uses an object-oriented design specified in the Unified Modeling Language to achieve communications automation, which involves automating the management, monitoring, configuration, and control of communications assets to ensure optimal connectivity and guaranteed quality of service for Navy applications based on mission requirements. This supports reducing manpower needs, decreasing complexity of new technologies, and supporting warfighter requirements for dynamic communications configurations. KDAC implements both systems and technical architectures.
This document summarizes a paper about symmetric fibered links in 3-manifolds. It begins by defining symmetric links and fibered links, and presents a construction method showing that if a link L is symmetric and the projection of its axis of symmetry is a generalized axis for the projection of the link, then L is fibered. Examples of the figure-8 knot and Borromean rings being symmetric fibered links are given. It then discusses different presentations of 3-manifolds using Heegaard diagrams, branched coverings, and surgery. It relates surgery and branched covering presentations.
This document summarizes the key points of a paper on motions of links in the 3-sphere:
1. It defines motion groups and studies the problem of determining all essentially different motions of links in the 3-sphere and 3-space.
2. It proves some theorems relating the motion group of a link with a "generalized axis" to the isotopy classes of homeomorphisms of a punctured surface.
3. It calculates the motion group of a torus link in the 3-sphere, showing it is generated by rotations of the individual torus knots that make up the link.
The document summarizes a proof that for classical links in any 3-manifold M3, being concordant implies being homotopic. The proof shows that any ribbon link is null-homotopic by constructing a homotopy of the link diagram to the trivial link in the xy-plane of M3. It proceeds by induction, using ambient isotopies and homotopies supported in 3-cells to successively eliminate intersections of arcs in the link diagram.
1. 1 of 5
ATM for Naval Applications
Rodney A. Colton, CDR USNR (Ret), RF Microsystems, Inc.
4900 Seminary Road, Suite 210
Alexandria, Virginia 22311-1811
(703) 671-2777
coltonr@rfmdc.com
J. Airst, David Aschkenasy, Deborah L. Goldsmith, Ph.D.
The MITRE Corporation
c/o SSC SD, Bldg. 626
49185 Transmitter Road
San Diego, CA 92152-7335
(619) 758-7829
mairst@mitre.org, daschken@mitre.org, deborah@mitre.org
Abstract- As a tactical user of network services, the Navy
is distinguished by its mobility and its use of low-
bandwidth wireless links. ATM technology optimizes
bandwidth usage and guarantees QoS for high priority
applications. However, wireless and low data rate ATM
specifications are just beginning to have commercial
availability. This paper discusses the status of emerging
ATM specifications that will satisfy Navy tactical
communications requirements.
I. INTRODUCTION
Modern and developing communications technology
allows a single network infrastructure to transport voice,
video, and data. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
technology is an enabler of integrated services networks
that also provides the Quality of Service (QoS)
necessary to guarantee reliability for critical military
applications.
The Navy is a tactical user of network services, and
as with other tactical users, it is distinguished by its
mobility. Mobility introduces low-bandwidth wireless
links into the networking architecture. An important
concern therefore is that the capacity of these links be
used in an optimal manner, consistent with the Navy’s
Communications Plan of priority and precedence.
Through the use of ATM technology, bandwidth usage
is optimized, since ATM connections only use
bandwidth when there is data to be transmitted. ATM
QoS ensures that high priority data will access wireless
links before low priority data, and, if no high-priority
data is present, that the link capacity will be made
available to lower-priority applications.
Today, integrated services networks and commercial
ATM products are targeted at mainstream fixed users.
Mobile users enjoy the support of few commercial
products. However, additional standards and products
are under development and will be available shortly.
The purpose of this paper is to describe specific ATM
standards that will be the mainstay of Navy tactical
communications. ATM networks are being deployed on
mobile platforms such as ships and airplanes to support
onboard operations, and on the shore backbone Wide
Area Network (WAN), the Defense Information System
Network (DISN).
II. DISA ATM MANDATE
The backbone of the Navy-Wide Intranet (NWI) is
the DISN. The DISN is defined as the subset of the
Defense Information Infrastructure (DII) that provides
information transport services both within the DII and
across DII boundaries (i.e., with Academia, Industry,
and other Government, as well as with Allied and
Coalition Forces). The DISN includes Sustaining Base,
Long Haul, and Tactical/Deployed information transport
services components of the DII. In order to ensure
DoD-wide interoperability of ATM systems and
services, the Joint Interoperability and Engineering
Organization (JIEO) arm of the Defense Information
Systems Agency (DISA) has mandated compliance with
DoD ATM specifications [1] – [3], for all ATM systems
and services that are integral to or that inter-operate
with the DISN1
. The DISA ATM specifications must be
supported on all Navy platforms and on the tactical
WAN connection in order for the DISN to be the
backbone of the Navy’s end-to-end joint tactical
communications.
III. TACTICAL ATM EMERGING STANDARDS
Emerging ATM standards and specifications will play
an essential role in enabling Navy tactical
communications. Standards and specifications relevant
to tactical communications include: ATM Trunking
using AAL2 for Narrowband Services (LLT2), Low
1
DISA Memorandum dtd April 20, 1998
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2. 2 of 5
Speed Circuit Emulation Services (LS-CES), the Real-
Time Multimedia over ATM (RMOA) Technical
Committee Working Group specification Gateway for
H.323 Media Transport over ATM, Wireless ATM
(WATM, btd-watm-01.10), Mobility Extensions for
Private Network to Network Interface (M-PNNI), and
PNNI Transportable Address Stack (TAS).
A. LLT2
For voice applications requiring bandwidth
efficiency, the DoD ATM Standards document has
mandated LLT2. This specification utilizes voice
compression with optional silence detection over
variable bit rate ATM service, to carry voice calls at
rates as low as 2.4 kilobits per second (Kbps). While a
number of voice compression algorithms are optionally
available through this specification, DISA has recently
adopted G.729 (8-Kbps) as the default compressed
voice algorithm for use with non-secure (bulk
encrypted) military voice. Users are responsible to
ensure that all their LLT2-capable ATM edge switches
support the default G.729 and G.711 algorithms.
Vendors have stated that they will support this recently
approved specification (March ’99).
B. LS-CES
Low Speed Circuit Emulation Services using CBR-
AAL1 (approved June’99) allows dynamic circuit setup
at selectable rates between 75 bps and 2.048 Mbps (E1).
This protocol is capable of switching low speed
synchronous serial interfaces (e.g., EIA-RS449 and
EIA-530) used for Navy baseband equipment (e.g.,
cryptographic equipment and radio modems), and can
be used for switching encrypted, synchronous voice.
C. Gateway for H.323 Media Transport over ATM
The ATM Forum and the ITU-T are developing a set
of standards and specification titled Gateway for H.323
Media Transport over ATM. Products implementing
these documents will be able to efficiently carry H.323
multimedia traffic over ATM using header translation
and compression. Today, H.323 over IP results in
extremely inefficient transport due to the combination
of Real Time Protocol (RTP), Real Time Control
Protocol (RTCP), H.225 Call Signaling, H.245 Control
Signaling, User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Internet
Protocol (IP), and others. Using header translation and
mapping, H.323 overhead via ATM is far lower than
over IP. H.323 over ATM can also make use of ATM's
QoS. Gateway for H.323 Transport over ATM removes
redundant header information, and uses ATM signaling
to set up Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) that utilize
ATM’s QoS guarantees.
D. Forward Error Correction (FEC) for ATM over
Radio Frequency (RF)
ATM over satellite techniques include forward error
correction (FEC) with adaptive and per Virtual Circuit
(VC) encoding, and physical layer multicasting. Lucent,
COMSAT, GTE and others are working on a
specification for FEC at the ATM layer ([4], [5], [7]).
The TR34.1 section of the Telecommunications
Industries Association (TIA) has formed a liaison with
the ATM Forum to develop a Common ATM Satellite
Air Interface Interoperability Specification (CASI) to
deal with FEC at the data link layer, and other satellite
related issues. This document has a scheduled
completion date of Q2/99.
E. WATM and M-PNNI
The ATM Forum is developing standards that support
location management and traffic handover for mobile
users. Cellular telephone service provides an excellent
model on which to base the evolving standards.
Location management allows users to move about the
fixed infrastructure (roam) and maintain the ability to
make calls to and receive calls from a static address.
Boeing and IBM are active participants in the Wireless
ATM (WATM) Working Group (WG) and the Routing
and Addressing (RA) WG. The mobility extensions to
PNNI (M-PNNI) were approved in June 99. M-PNNI
provides a robust connectivity service that eliminates
the impact of mobility on new and existing connections
as long as connectivity exists. A WATM draft
specification defines mechanisms to allow active ATM
virtual circuits (VCs) to be dynamically rerouted when
an ATM switch changes its connectivity, i.e., enters a
new “cell” (mobility is hidden from users and
applications). Shipboard Navy ATM switches will
change connectivity as ships move between satellite
footprints. In addition, the Boeing Company has
developed a phased array antenna system that provides
trigger information to M-PNNI enhanced ATM switches
([8]). In this way, circuits can be rerouted prior to losing
the connection, when the RF signal becomes weak. The
proposed standards optimize use of scarce resources
such as the bandwidth of low-capacity satellite links.
Other applications of mobile PNNI include circuit
migration after switch or link failure or in preparation
for switch or link maintenance. The migration technique
used by the mobility extensions to PNNI has wide
applicability.
Another mobility enhancement is in the area of ATM
addressing. Addresses are used to locate end-stations.
Current DoD strategy does not directly support either
end-station mobility or network mobility, as in the case
of ships. DISA has drafted an addressing plan that
allocates addresses in a hierarchical manner based on
geographical location. Using today’s ATM routing
standards and the DISA addressing plan, tactical
network users would have to readdress their systems
each time they relocate, placing a burden on the end
user. Routing exceptions (generated when users are no
longer reachable through their old routes) are not
handled by the DISA network. Direct support for
mobile networks is the focus of the WATM Working
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3. 3 of 5
Group, and includes “transportable addresses” and
“gateway” or “edge” networks to support the mobile
users, such as is described in the Boeing/IBM White
Paper ([6]).
A very important bandwidth-conservation and stealth
technique for the Navy is multicasting and the passive
broadcast. One of the multicast support issues
identified in the WATM Portland meeting, October
1998, was the ATM over satellite issue ([9]). IP
multicasting routing protocols can provide a tunnel for
multicast stream forwarding between IP routers, but this
does not provide a single multicast tunnel to all mobile
platforms in the same satellite footprint, to conserve the
air-to-ship bandwidth. Although multicast support can
be achieved at different layers of the protocol stack,
including ATM layers, it is clear that a MAC layer
approach is the only approach that can take full
advantage of the satellite broadcast media
characteristics. With this approach, for each multicast
local identifier associated with a multicast group, a
point-to-multipoint VC is set up between the multicast
controller and the stations in the group, but because of
the broadcast nature of the medium, no cell duplication
is necessary.
Since the ATM layer was initially defined for the
point-to-point environment (terrestrial telephone
networks), extensions to PHY and MAC service are
required to take into account the shared media
environment of the satellite RF. ATM multicast over
satellite can be accomplished if a multicast addressing
scheme (similar to RFC 1112 extensions of IP
multicasting to Ethernet or IEEE 802.14) can be
incorporated into the WATM radio level of the
mobility-enhanced ATM switch. Close coordination has
been ongoing with TIA TR34.1 in view of the TR34.1
mandate to address the MAC layer issues for satellite
access.
IV. DOD ATM ADDRESSING
Recognizing the current limitations of the DoD
ATM Addressing Plan for deployable and fixed network
interfaces, DoD has adopted the following strategic
policy:
1. For the interim, DISN deployable systems will
adopt the addressing instructions described in
Section 5.1.3 of the Addressing Plan, and
2. The DISN objective architecture for interfacing to
commercial, deployable and foreign national
networks shall employ the Bi-Level addressing
method currently under development by the ATM
Forum.
Prefix Rt Dmain G Rs Area SysID nS
47:00:06/01/XX:XX:00:XX/81/00/12:34:56/XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX/XX
Fig. 1. DOD ATM Addressing
Neither the equipment nor the standards required to
develop such equipment support the Bi-Level
addressing method exist today. Several years must pass
before standards are completed and additional years
may be required for products to appear and then several
budget cycles will be required to deploy a complete
infrastructure. The interim addressing plan chosen by
the DOD will be in use for several years.
V. THE ATM FORUM PROCESS
ATM originated in the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU), which sets standards
for the world’s telephone and other public networks.
The ATM Forum augments the ITU as the
specifications setting body for public and private ATM
networking. Officially known as an implementers'
agreement body, its role is to push the development of
specifications that drive early availability of ATM
products and services.
Approval by the ATM Forum of a specification
must follow a rigorous procedure. The steps of this
procedure consist of Baseline Text Document, Straw
Ballot, Final Ballot and Letter Ballot. Two to nine
months after the approval of an ATM specification,
vendors tend to incorporate the specification into
commercial products. Interoperability testing is
sometimes performed among vendors, but is ultimately
the responsibility of the customer (e.g., DISA). The
approval process is as follows:
A. Baseline Text Document
The relevant Technical Committee Working Group (TC
WG) agrees that it has substantially completed the
Baseline Text Document.
B. Straw Ballot
The WG then votes for the document to go to the Straw
Ballot process at the ATM Forum Working Group level.
At this time, the technical content is thought to be
complete, and all the working group members have had
a chance to comment. If all comments have been
resolved, it is assumed the members will vote “yes” in
the Straw Ballot. (Members with no comments are
assumed to vote “yes”.) Once the comments are
adjudicated, then the document is submitted to final
ballot.
C. Final Ballot
Submission to Final Ballot is a three-step process:
1) Working group approval: All comments are resolved
at the working group level. A vote is then taken at the
working group level by the representatives of the
Principal Member companies. Principal Member
companies are those organizations with authority to
write and modify Forum specifications by virtue of their
paying the requisite membership fee. A two-thirds
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4. 4 of 5
majority vote is required for approval by the working
group.
2) Technical committee approval: Upon approval, the
specification is put before the complete Technical
Committee. All Principal Member companies are
represented at the complete technical committee. Again,
a two-thirds majority vote is required by the Technical
Committee for approval.
3) Board of Directors approval: The proposed
specification must be approved by the ATM Forum’s
Board of Directors. This to ensure that editorial quality
is maintained, and to de-conflict efforts with those of
other standards’ groups. This vote is usually pro-forma,
and happens very quickly.
D. Letter Ballot
Letter Ballot is the final formal vote process. A two-
thirds majority vote by the Principal Members by a
formal written or e-mail vote is required for approval by
the ATM Forum. This process can last up to one month.
At the end of this process, the specification is
approved.
VI. STATUS OF EMERGING SPECIFICATIONS
Table 1 indicates where emerging “tactical” ATM
specifications sit in the ATM Forum standards process.
These documents are available on-line to ATM Forum
Principal Members.
VII. CONCLUSION
ATM is a viable technology that is capable of
supporting the needs of military communications. This
paper has presented a brief look at emerging ATM
standards and specifications that will play an important
role in the Navy’s architecture for tactical
communications. It is extremely important that the Navy
establishes and maintains involvement in the ATM
standards development process in order to be assured
that future implementation of ATM technologies can be
achieved using commercially available equipment. The
alternative, proprietary, sole source commercial
equipment or costly and lengthy government-sponsored
special development, is unacceptable in today’s military
environment.
TABLE 1
STATUS OF EMERGING ATM SPECIFICATIONS
Spec Name Spec Number Description Status Expected Approval
ATM Security Framework af-ra-0096.00 Enhances security of user data Approved 2/98
ATM Trunking Using AAL2 for
Narrowband Services
af-vtoa-
0113.000
Used to compress and multiplex
voice calls on narrowband RF links.
Approved 2/99
Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA)
V1.1
af-phy-
0086.001
Combines multiple T1’s into an
aggregate output.
Approved 4/99
PNNI Mobility Extensions V1.0 af-ra-0123.00 Reroutes connections as the user
transitions satellite spot beams or
base stations.
Approved 6/99
PNNI Transported Address Stack, V1.0 af-phy-
0086.001
Used for mobile forces address
tunneling.
Approved 6/99
Multi-Protocol over ATM, V1.1 af-mpoa-
0114.000
Allows ATM to interconnect
multiple logical IP subnets (LISs) or
LANs without an IP Router.
Approved 6/ 99
PNNI V1 Security Signaling Addend. af-cs-0116.000 Enhances PNNI signaling security. Approved 6/ 99
UNI Signaling 4.0 Security Addendum af-cs-0117.000 Enhances UNI signaling security. Approved 6/99
Low Speed Circuit Emulation Service
(LS-CES)
af-vtoa-
0119.000
Allow low speed synchronous serial
devices (75 bps to 2.048 Mbps) to be
connected to an ATM network.
Approved 6/99
Traffic Management V4.1
(Include Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR)
af-tm-0121.000 Guarantees QoS and maximizes
efficiency of IP over ATM.
Final Ballot July-99
H.323 Media Transport over ATM af-saa-0124.000 Efficient H.323 over ATM using
header translation and compression.
Final Ballot Q2/CY99
Wireless ATM V1 (WATM) N/A WATM WG supports mobility,
handoff, & ATM over satellite.
Draft, in prog. Q2/FY00
0-7803-5538-5/99/$10.00 (c) 1999 IEEE