This document provides an overview of Internet of Things (IoT) concepts including M2M architecture, devices, networks, standards, and market characteristics. It describes the key components of M2M architecture defined by ETSI including M2M devices, area networks, gateways, network/application domains, and capabilities. Trends in M2M standards from 3GPP, 3GPP2, ETSI, and others are discussed. Differences between M2M and IoT are outlined. Low-power wireless technologies for IoT like LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M and IEEE 802.11ah are introduced along with their applications and limitations.

1. Faculty Development Programme on
Cs3691-Embedded systems and IOT
UNIT-4
By
Dr.S.Sabena,AP(Sr.Gr)
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering,
Anna University Regional Campus-Thirunelveli

2. Internet of Things:
Ubiquitous Networking
Figures from http://www.rfidglobal.eu/userfiles/documents/white%20papers%204.pdf

3. M2M
Gateway
Client
Application
M2M Application
M2M Area Network
M2M Architecture (ETSI)
3
Service
Capabilities
M2M
Core

4. M2M Device Domain
• M2M Device
– A device that runs application(s) using M2M capabilities and network
domain functions. An M2M Device is either connected straight to an
Access Network or interfaced to M2M Gateways via an M2M Area
Network.
• M2M Area Network
– A M2M Area Network provides connectivity between M2M Devices
and M2M Gateways. Examples of M2M Area Networks include:
Personal Area Network technologies such as IEEE 802.15, SRD, UWB,
Zigbee, Bluetooth, etc or local networks such as PLC, M-BUS, Wireless
M-BUS.
• M2M Gateways
– Equipments using M2M Capabilities to ensure M2M Devices
interworking and interconnection to the Network and Application
Domain. The M2M Gateway may also run M2M applications.

5. M2M Network/App Domain
• Network Service Capabilities
– Provide functions that are shared by different applications
– Expose functionalities through a set of open interfaces
– Use Core Network functionalities and simplify and
optimize applications development and deployment whilst
hiding network specificities to applications
– Examples include: data storage and aggregation, unicast
and multicast message delivery, etc.
• M2M Applications (Server)
– Applications that run the service logic and use service
capabilities accessible via open interfaces.

6. M2M Market Characteristics
• Initial investment is difficult (e.g., license fees)
• Complex supply chain: from chipset to network
to mobile operators
• Long-tail business
• Low ARPU (<$10) compared to voice (<$30)
• Lagging standards

7. M2M Standard Trends
• So far heterogeneous M2M devices/platforms
– SKT/KT/LG M2M platforms
– Orange M2M Connect
– Nokia M2M Gateway
– Sprint Business Mobility Framework
• M2M standard activities for interoperability
– Access networks: UMTS/GSM (3GPP, ETSI), CDMA
(3GPP2), WiFi/WiMAX/ZigBee (IEEE)
– App and middleware: TIA TR-50.1 Smart Device
Communications (SDC), ESTI TC M2M

8. M2M Standard Areas
• ETSI formed a TC to focus on describing the
scenarios of applications:
– Smart Grid/Smart Meters
– eHealth
– Automotive Applications
– City Automations
– Connected Consumers
• 3GPP work is under the name of Machine Type
Communications (MTC)
• 3GPP2 (and CDG) has just started looking into the
potential impacts
*출처: TIA TR-50.1

9. ETSI M2M Standards
• M2M Service Requirements (Draft: ETSI TS 102 689
V0.5.1, Jan. 2010)
– General requirements on M2M communications ranging
from Device initiation, authentication, to noninterference
of electro-medical devices.
– Managements: fault handling, configuration, accounting
– Functional requirements: data collection and reporting,
remote control, QoS support, etc.
– Security: authentication, authorization, data integrity,
trust management
– Naming/numbering/addressing: IP, URL, SIP
• M2M Functional Architecture (Draft ETSI TS 102 690
V0.1.2, Jan. 2010)

10. ETSI M2M Standards
• M2M apps under development including:
– Smart Meters Draft ETSI TR 102 691 V0.3.2, Jan. 2010
– eHealth Draft ETSI TR 102 732 V0.2.1, Sep. 2009
– Connected Consumers Draft ETSI TR 102 857 V0.0.1,
Dec. 2009
– City Automation Draft ETSI TR 102 897 V0.0.2, Jan. 2010
– Automotive Apps Draft ETSI TR 102 898 V0.1.0, Jan. 2010
– Car Charging, Fleet Management, Anti-Theft

11. Access networks
Application
Service Platform
IP Network
Wide
Area
Network
M2M Gateway
wireless
wireline
IPSO
IPV6
Hardware and
Protocols
ZigBee Alliance.
ZB Application Profiles 3GPP
SA1, SA3, ,…
IETF 6LowPAN
Phy-Mac Over IPV6
OMA GSMA
SCAG,…
IETF ROLL
Routing over Low Power
Lossy Networks
IUT-T
NGN CENELEC
Smart Metering
CEN
Smart Metering
ISO/IEC JTC1
UWSN
IEEE
802.xx.x
ESMIG
Metering
WOSA
KNX
ZCL
HGI
Home Gateway
Initiative
EPCGlobal
GS1
Utilities
Metering
OASIS
W3C
W-Mbus
Relationship with Other Standards

12. Difference between M2M and IoT

68. GSM modules in IOT
• The convergence of physical objects and the digital
world is known as IoT. IoT stands for the Internet of
Things. It has been a trending field in the world of
technology.
• In addition, the IoT describes the network of physical
objects known as “things” that are embedded with
sensors, software, and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and exchanging data with
other devices and systems over the internet.
• IoT based devices, for instance, ESP8266, GSM/GPRS
Module, and ESP32 are available to achieve IoT.

69. GSM/GPRS Module
 GSM stands for Global System for Mobile
Communication and GPRS is an acronym for
General Packet Radio Service.
 GSM is a Wireless Communication standard
for mobile telephone systems and GPRS is
an extension of the GSM Network.
 GPRS is an integrated part of the GSM Network
which provides an efficient way to transfer
data with the same resources as GSM Network.

70. IEEE 802.11ah
• Sensors and meters covering a smart grid:
• Meter to pole, environmental/agricultural monitoring,
industrial process sensors, indoor healthcare system
and fitness sensors, home and building automation
sensors
• Backhaul aggregation of industrial sensors and meter
data:
Potentially connecting IEEE 802.15.4g subnetworks
• Extended range Wi-Fi:
• For outdoor extended-range hotspot or cellular traffic
offloading when distances already covered by IEEE
802.11a/b/g/n/ac are not good enough

71. IEEE 802.11ah
• The IEEE 802.11ah access technology is an ongoing effort of
the IEEE 802.11 working group to define an “industrial Wi-Fi.”
• This specification offers a longer range than traditional Wi-Fi
technologies and provides good support for low-power
devices that need to send smaller bursts of data at lower
speeds. At the same time, it has the ability to scale to higher
speeds as well.
• IEEE 802.11ah is quite different in terms of current products
and the existing Wi-Fi technologies in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
frequency bands.
• To gain broad adoption and compete against similar
technologies in this space, it will need an ecosystem of
products and solutions that can be configured and deployed
at a low cost.

72. Sectorization

75. LoRaWAN

76. LoRaWAN Architecture

77. LoRaWAN
• The LoRaWAN wireless technology was developed
for LPWANs that are critical for implementing many
new devices on IoT networks.
• The term LoRa refers to the PHY layer, and
LoRaWAN focuses on the architecture,
• The MAC layer, and a unified, single standard for
seamless interoperability.
• LoRaWAN is managed by the LoRa Alliance, an
industry organization.

78. LoRaWAN
• The PHY and MAC layers allow LoRaWAN to cover
longer distances with a data rate that can change
depending on various factors.
• The LoRaWAN architecture depends on gateways to
bridge endpoints to network servers.
• From a security perspective, LoRaWAN offers AES
authentication and encryption at two separate layers.
• Unlicensed LPWA technologies represent new
opportunities for
• implementing IoT infrastructures, solutions, and use
cases for private enterprise networks, broadcasters,
and mobile and non-mobile serviceproviders.

79. NB-IoT and Other LTE
Variations

80. • LTE cat 0
Power saving mode (PSM)
Half-duplex mode

81. LTE-M
• Lower receiver bandwidth:
Bandwidth has been lowered to 1.4 MHz
versus the usual 20 MHz. This further simplifies the LTE endpoint.
• Lower data rate:
Data is around 200 kbps for LTE-M, compared to 1
Mbps for Cat 0.
• Half-duplex mode:
Just as with Cat 0, LTE-M offers a half-duplex
mode that decreases node complexity and cost.
• Enhanced discontinuous reception (eDRX):
 This capability increases from seconds to minutes the amount of time an
endpoint can “sleep” between paging cycles.
 A paging cycle is a periodic check-inwith the network.
 This extended “sleep” time between paging cycles extends the battery
lifetime for an endpoint significantly.

82. NB-IoT and Other LTE
• NB-IoT represents the future of LPWA technology for the
mobile service providers who own licensed-band spectrum.
• IoT-related specifications must be completed and published
by 3GPP to enable vendors, mobile service providers, and
applications to successfully and widely endorse the
technology.
• Evolution to eSIMs, which are still not widely supported,
should be tied to NB-IoT as managing millions of SIM cards
may not be an acceptable path for the market.
• An eSIM card is compliant across multiple operators and also
reconfigurable.
• This means that it is a permanent part of the device and is
easily rewritten if the device is switched to a different
provider.

84. A
Presentation
on
Raspberry-pi

86. A Small Introduction
-credit card size single board ,super low cost computer..
-Developed in UK by Raspberry-pi foundation in 2009.
-to promote the study of basic computer science in schools.
-element 14,RS components and Egoman tech corp,these are the
distributors of the product all over the world.
A Small Introduction
Credit card size single board ,super low cost computer..
Developed in UK by Raspberry-pi foundation in 2009.
supported by
“University of Cambridge Computer laboratory & Broadcom”
To promote the study of basic computer science in schools & to
develop interest among kids and adults.

87. History
The Raspberry Pi is the work of the Raspberry Pi
Foundation, a charitable organisation.
UK registered charity (No. 1129409), May 2009
 It's supported by the University of Cambridge
Computer Laboratory and tech firm Broadcomm

88. Raspberry-pi

92. The Foundation has produced two models
INR
1625
INR
2275

94. Power Supply
Micro USB power supply
5v,700mA=3.5W
which is less than a bulb.
Standard Charging port.
Universal charging solution by
GSMA.
USB Keyboard
& Mouse

95. Monitor
Supports only HDMI.
Old analogous TV, Modern digital
TV Destop Monitor or even your
smartphone as a display.
SD memory card
Min 2GB,expandable upto 32GB

96. OS
-mainly linux based OS.
-
OS and Programming
language
Supports only Linux.
Fedora , Archlinux & Desbian .
Most recommended Desbian ,Because it supports python
programming language.
Raspberry Pi Versions of
Kernels are
available
Fedora-Pidora
Desbian-Raspbian

98. How it differs from other Board
Low power consumption
PC takes 65-250W
Laptop takes 15-60W
Low cost
Small in size

99. Programming
• By default, supporting Python
as the educational language.
• Any language which will
compile for ARMv6 can be used
with the Raspberry Pi.

100. Applications
Home Automation System.
Home Security System.
HD surveillance Camera.
Media Center.
We can develop what we can think using GPIO.

101. ARM Microcontroller
The ARM processor family provides the engine that
powers many smartphones in production today and is
also widely used in consumer, home,
and embedded applications.
It delivers extreme low power and a range of
performance from 350 MHz in small area designs up to 1
GHz in speed-optimized designs in 45 and 65 nm.

103. THANK YOU