The document discusses different types of distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electric power locally for consumer use. Distribution systems are classified based on the nature of current (AC vs DC), type of construction (overhead vs underground), and scheme of connection (radial, ring main, interconnected). Modern distribution is done using AC systems. Primary distribution operates at higher voltages like 11kV, while secondary distribution uses 400/230V. DC distribution is needed for some applications like battery charging and is done using 2-wire or 3-wire systems.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
Electrical fault is the deviation of voltages and currents from nominal values or states. Under normal operating conditions, power system equipment or lines carry normal voltages and currents which results in a safer operation of the system.
The inverter is a static device. It can convert one form of electrical power into other forms of electrical power. But it cannot generate electrical power. Hence the inverter is a converter, not a generator.
Applications of power electronics in HVDCKabilesh K
Role of Power electronics in HVDC and Transmission system. What are the components of Power electronics used in HVDC. Types of HVDC Links. Advantages of HVDC over HVAC.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
In early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy so that small power stations were built to supply lighting and heating loads. However, the widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilisation has necessitated to produce bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently.
The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas) or water energy is available in abundance.
HVDC (high-voltage direct current) is a highly efficient alternative for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances and for special purpose applications.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
After going through this presentation one can understand the effects undergoing on Transmission Line
Following are some effects...
1. Skin effect
2. Proximity effect
3. Ferranti effect
The inverter is a static device. It can convert one form of electrical power into other forms of electrical power. But it cannot generate electrical power. Hence the inverter is a converter, not a generator.
Applications of power electronics in HVDCKabilesh K
Role of Power electronics in HVDC and Transmission system. What are the components of Power electronics used in HVDC. Types of HVDC Links. Advantages of HVDC over HVAC.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
In early days, there was a little demand for electrical energy so that small power stations were built to supply lighting and heating loads. However, the widespread use of electrical energy by modern civilisation has necessitated to produce bulk electrical energy economically and efficiently.
The increased demand of electrical energy can be met by building big power stations at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas) or water energy is available in abundance.
HVDC (high-voltage direct current) is a highly efficient alternative for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances and for special purpose applications.
A brief about 33kv Substation........
like and share.................
want some help in your ppt or in any project visit..
https://www.fiverr.com/dawachya
After going through this presentation one can understand the effects undergoing on Transmission Line
Following are some effects...
1. Skin effect
2. Proximity effect
3. Ferranti effect
That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION.
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity. Electricity is carried from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 33 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
Supply Systems
I
n early days, there was a little demand for
electrical energy so that small power stations
were built to supply lighting and heating
loads. However, the widespread use of electrical
energy by modern civilisation has necessitated
to produce bulk electrical energy economically
and efficiently. The increased demand of electri-
cal energy can be met by building big power sta-
tions at favourable places where fuel (coal or gas)
or water energy is available in abundance. This
has shifted the site of power stations to places
quite away from the consumers. The electrical
energy produced at the power stations has to be
supplied to the consumers. There is a large net-
work of conductors between the power station
and the consumers. This network can be broadly
divided into two parts viz., transmission and dis-
tribution. The purpose of this chapter is to focus
attention on the various aspects of transmission
of electric power.
Simulation of different power transmission systems and their capacity of redu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
DEFINITION:
✶ That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known
as distribution system.
✶ In general, the distribution system is the electrical system between the
substation fed by the distrubution system and the consumers meters. It generally
consists of feeders, distributors and the service mains.
4. ✶ FEEDER:
A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or
localised generating station) to the area where power is to be
distributed.
Generally, no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current
in it remains the same throughout. The main consideration in the
design of a feeder is the current carrying capacity.
5. ✶ II.) DISTRIBUTOR:
✶ A distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken
for supply to the consumers. In Fig.AB, BC, CD and DA are
the distributors.
✶ The current through a distributor is not constant because
tappings are taken at various places along its length. While
designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the
main consideration since the statutory limit of voltage
variations is ± 6% of rated value at the consumers’ terminals.
(iii) Service mains:
A service mains is generally a small cable which connects
the distributor to the consumers’ terminals.
6. Classification of Distribution Systems:
✶ A distribution system may be classified according to
✶ (i) Nature of current.
✶ (ii) Type of construction.
✶ (iii) Scheme of connection.
7. ✶
(i) Nature of current. According to nature of current, distribution system may be
classified as
✶ (a) d.c. distribution system (b) a.c. distribution system.
Now-a-days, a.c. system is universally adopted for distribution of electric
poweras it is simpler and more economical than direct current method.
✶ (ii) Type of construction. According to type of construction,
✶ distribution systemmay be classified as
✶ (a) overhead system (b) underground system.
The overhead system is generally employed for distribution as it is 5 to 10 times
cheaper than the equivalent underground system. In general, the underground
system is used at places where overhead construction is impracticable or prohibited
by the local laws.
✶ (iii) Scheme of connection.
✶ According to scheme of connection, the distribution
system may be classified as (a) radial system (b) ring main system (c) interconnected
system.
8. A.C. Distribution
Now-a-days electrical energy is generated, transmitted and
distributed in theform of alternating current.Alternating current in
prefered to direct current is the fact that alternatingvoltage can be
conveniently changed by means of a transformer.
High distrubution and distribution voltages have greatly
reduced the currentin the conductors and the resulting line
losses.The a.c. distribution system is the electrical system between
the stepdown substation fed by the distrubution system and the
consumers’ meters.
9. CLASSIFICATIONS OF AC DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS:
✶ The a.c. distribution system is classified into
(i) primary distribution system
(ii) secondary distribution system
11. PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION:
✶ It is that part of a.c. distribution system which operates at
voltages somewhat
higher than general utilisation than the average low-voltage
consumer uses.
✶ The most commonly used primary distribution voltages are 11
kV, 6·6kV and 3·3 kV
12.
13. ✶ Primary distribution is carried out by 3-phase, 3-wire system.
✶ Fig. shows a typical primary distribution system.
✶ Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at high
voltage tothe substation located in or near the city. At this
substation, voltage isstepped down to 11 kV with the help of
step-down transformer.
✶ Power issupplied to various substations for distribution or to big
consumers at thisvoltage. This forms the high voltage
distribution or primary distribution.
16. Secondary distribution systems
✶
It is that part of a.c. distribution system employs 400/230 V, 3-phase, 4-wire
System. Fig shows a typical secondary distribution system.
✶ The primary distribution circuit delivers power to various substations, called
distribution substations. The substations are situated near the consumers’
localities and contain step down transformers.
✶ At each distribution substation, the voltage is stepped down to 400 V and
power is delivered by 3-phase,4-wire a.c. system.
✶ The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and
neutral is 230 V.
17.
18. ✶ The single phase domestic loads are connected between any one
phase andthe neutral,.
✶ Motor loads are connected across 3-phase lines directly.
19. DC DISTRIBUTION:✶
For certain applications, d.c. supply is absolutely necessary. d.c. supply is
required for the operation of variable speed machinery (i.e., d.c. motors
storage battery.
✶ For this purpose,a.c. power is converted into d.c. power at the substation by
using converting machinery e.g.,mercury arc rectifiers, rotary converters
andmotor-generator sets.
✶ The d.c. supply obtained in the form of
✶ (i) 2-wire or
✶ (ii) 3-wire for
distribution.
20. 2-WIRE DC SYSTEM:
✶ As the name implies, this system of distribution consists of two
wires.
✶ One is the outgoing or positive wire and the other is the return or
negativewire.
✶ The loads such as lamps, motors etc. are connected in parallel
between thetwo wires as shown in Fig.
✶ This system is never used for distrubution purposes due to low
efficiency
but may be employed for distribution of d.c. power.
22. 3- WIRE DC SYSTEM:
✶
It consists of two outers and a middle or neutral wire which is earthed at the
substation.
✶ The voltage between the outers is twice the voltage between either outer and
neutral.
✶ The principal advantage of this system is that it makes available
Two voltages at the consumer terminals,
✶ V between any outer and the neutral and 2V between the outers.
✶ Loads requiring high voltage (e.g., motors) are connected across the outers,
whereas lamps and heating circuits requiring less voltage are connected
between either outer and the neutral.