The document discusses electrical power distribution systems in Malaysia. It describes the country's national grid system, which transmits power from generation sources via high-voltage transmission lines and distributes it to customers through distribution networks. The main components of distribution systems include substations, distribution feeder circuits, switches, protective equipment, transformers, secondary lines, and services. Malaysia's national grid is owned and operated by TNB and connects generation stations to consumers across Peninsular Malaysia. Sabah and Sarawak each have their own regional grids.
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
Transmission & distribution of electrical powerpriyanka1432
This document provides an overview of the course "Transmission & Distribution of Electrical Power" which is divided into 8 modules. Module I introduces basics of power transmission including the necessity of transmitting electricity over long distances at high voltages to reduce losses. It also covers classifications of different transmission systems. Subsequent modules cover components of transmission lines such as conductors, insulators, and their characteristics as well as transmission line parameters and performance. Later modules address extra high voltage transmission, distribution system components, underground cables, and substations.
The document provides information on training goals and electrical distribution equipment including transformers, switchgear, generators and breakers. It discusses the characteristics and functions of transformers, switchgear, breakers, substations and emergency generators. Diagrams of one-line diagrams and typical electrical symbols are shown. Procedures for restoring power during different loss of power scenarios are outlined.
Electricity distribution system in indiaJasgt Singh
BRPL distributes power to over 12.2 lakh customers across 19 districts in South and West Delhi. Power is generated at medium voltages and stepped up to high or extra high voltages for transmission, then stepped down at distribution stations to 415/240V for customers. The Saket D-block substation has 2 transformers with a capacity of 1250kVA each that step down 11kV power from feeders to 416/240V. Ring Main Units are used at the high voltage side for feeding and protection, with 3 switches for 2 inputs and 1 output. Power is distributed through overhead or underground lines, with underground being more expensive. Faults can be transient from temporary contacts or persistent from cable damage, and can
The document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity from substations to consumers. It then classifies distribution systems based on factors like voltage level (primary vs secondary), current type (AC vs DC), construction method (overhead vs underground), and connection scheme (radial vs loop). The key components of distribution lines are identified as feeders, distributors, and service mains. AC and DC distribution are further explained, including methods to obtain 3-wire DC systems. Various connection schemes like radial, loop and interconnected are also summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document is a seminar paper on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission presented by Pankaj Chaudhary. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954. HVDC uses direct current for transmission and converters are used to convert AC to DC. It allows asynchronous connections of AC networks and bulk power transmission over long distances or underwater.
The document discusses the topics of power transmission and distribution systems. It provides an overview of the different stages of a power system: generation, transmission, and distribution. It describes how power is transmitted at high voltages through primary transmission lines to receiving stations, then through secondary transmission lines and distribution systems at lower voltages to reach customers. The document also defines some key terms related to power distribution systems, such as feeders, distributors, and service mains.
This document provides information about substations, including:
1. Substations are facilities used to change characteristics of electric power supply like voltage, frequency, or converting AC to DC. They are located between generation/transmission and distribution.
2. Substations are classified by their function (transformer, switching, power factor correction etc.) and construction (indoor, outdoor, underground etc.).
3. Key equipment in substations includes transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, insulators, and protection devices. Instrument transformers like PTs and CTs are also used.
4. Distribution systems distribute power from substations to consumers using feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems are classified by supply type
Transmission & distribution of electrical powerpriyanka1432
This document provides an overview of the course "Transmission & Distribution of Electrical Power" which is divided into 8 modules. Module I introduces basics of power transmission including the necessity of transmitting electricity over long distances at high voltages to reduce losses. It also covers classifications of different transmission systems. Subsequent modules cover components of transmission lines such as conductors, insulators, and their characteristics as well as transmission line parameters and performance. Later modules address extra high voltage transmission, distribution system components, underground cables, and substations.
The document provides information on training goals and electrical distribution equipment including transformers, switchgear, generators and breakers. It discusses the characteristics and functions of transformers, switchgear, breakers, substations and emergency generators. Diagrams of one-line diagrams and typical electrical symbols are shown. Procedures for restoring power during different loss of power scenarios are outlined.
Electricity distribution system in indiaJasgt Singh
BRPL distributes power to over 12.2 lakh customers across 19 districts in South and West Delhi. Power is generated at medium voltages and stepped up to high or extra high voltages for transmission, then stepped down at distribution stations to 415/240V for customers. The Saket D-block substation has 2 transformers with a capacity of 1250kVA each that step down 11kV power from feeders to 416/240V. Ring Main Units are used at the high voltage side for feeding and protection, with 3 switches for 2 inputs and 1 output. Power is distributed through overhead or underground lines, with underground being more expensive. Faults can be transient from temporary contacts or persistent from cable damage, and can
The document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity from substations to consumers. It then classifies distribution systems based on factors like voltage level (primary vs secondary), current type (AC vs DC), construction method (overhead vs underground), and connection scheme (radial vs loop). The key components of distribution lines are identified as feeders, distributors, and service mains. AC and DC distribution are further explained, including methods to obtain 3-wire DC systems. Various connection schemes like radial, loop and interconnected are also summarized along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document is a seminar paper on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission presented by Pankaj Chaudhary. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954. HVDC uses direct current for transmission and converters are used to convert AC to DC. It allows asynchronous connections of AC networks and bulk power transmission over long distances or underwater.
The document discusses the topics of power transmission and distribution systems. It provides an overview of the different stages of a power system: generation, transmission, and distribution. It describes how power is transmitted at high voltages through primary transmission lines to receiving stations, then through secondary transmission lines and distribution systems at lower voltages to reach customers. The document also defines some key terms related to power distribution systems, such as feeders, distributors, and service mains.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It describes how power is generated at high voltages, stepped up further for transmission over long distances via transmission lines, then stepped down via substations for distribution to consumers. Key components of the distribution system include feeders that distribute power from substations, distributors that feed consumers, and service mains that connect distributors to meters. Distribution can be overhead, underground, radial, ring-based, or interconnected. Substations transform voltages and may be transmission, distribution, or switching types.
A substation receives power transmitted at high voltage from a generating station and transforms the voltage to a level appropriate for local use. It consists of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other equipment to step up or step down voltages. Typical components include busbars to carry current, disconnectors and circuit breakers to connect and disconnect circuits, current and voltage transformers to detect and transform measurements, earthing switches for safety, and surge arrestors to protect from surges. Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control.
This document is a certificate from the JKPDD substation in Wanpoh, Anantnag certifying that Sheikh Shakir Zahoor underwent project training there from June 26th to August 14th, 2014. It provides an overview of his training at the 132/33kV substation where incoming power at 132kV is stepped down to 33kV before being distributed. The document also includes an acknowledgment from Sheikh Shakir thanking those involved in his training and an introduction describing the components and functions of electrical substations.
This document summarizes key topics in electrical distribution systems, including receptacle types and testing, voltage measurements, current measurements, circuit breakers and fuses, power quality issues, and transformer types. Receptacles, panels, fuses, circuit breakers, temperature problems, power quality, and transformers are discussed. Proper testing and measurements are described to evaluate receptacles, voltages, currents, power quality, and transformers.
1. The document discusses the equipment used in a 33/11 kV substation, including busbars to connect generators and feeders, insulators to support conductors and confine current, circuit breakers to open circuits during faults, protective relays to detect faults and trip circuit breakers, instrument transformers to step down voltages and currents for metering, meters for monitoring circuit quantities, transformers to step down transmission voltages to distribution levels, capacitor banks to improve power factor, isolating switches to disconnect parts of the system, and lightning arrestors to protect equipment from lightning strikes.
2. A 33/11 kV substation is an important link between the transmission and distribution networks that transforms power from higher transmission voltages to
The document is a seminar report on switchyard equipment and protection systems at NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited in Rourkela, India. It provides an overview of the captive power plant, including its major equipment like generators, transformers, and switchyard components. The switchyard contains 20 operating bays including generators, grid feeders, smelter feeders, and transformers. Important switchyard components discussed include busbars, bus couplers, insulators, circuit breakers, isolators, current and voltage transformers, and lightning arresters.
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
This document provides details on substation layout and busbar arrangements. Part A discusses substation layout, including a single line diagram and descriptions of common switchyard accessories like lightning arrestors, CVTs, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, and other equipment. It also covers PLCC and SCADA systems. Part B covers various busbar arrangements like the single bus system, double bus system, one and a half breaker system, and ring main bus system. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. In summary, the document is a technical report that outlines and compares different substation and busbar designs.
This document provides a training report on a 33/11 KV substation in Lucknow, India. It discusses various components of the substation including transformers, bus bars, insulators, circuit breakers, metering equipment, protection systems, and earthing methodology. The report provides specifications for components, describes the types and functions of substation equipment, and outlines the trainee's experiences during their training at the facility.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It defines primary and secondary distribution systems based on voltage level. Primary distribution exists between distribution substations and transformers, while secondary distribution receives power from transformer secondaries and supplies various loads. The document also describes radial and ring main distribution network configurations and their relative advantages. Requirements for good distribution systems like continuity of supply and limited voltage variation are also outlined.
This presentation provides an overview of substations, including their classification, components, and functions. It discusses the different types of substations such as transformer substations, pole-mounted substations, and underground substations. Transformer substations are classified as step-up, primary grid, secondary, and distribution substations based on their voltage levels. Pole-mounted substations are constructed on poles for distribution. Underground substations are used in congested areas with limited space. The presentation also describes key equipment in substations like circuit breakers, transformers, isolators, and their protective functions.
Report on industrial summer training on 220 kv substationAshutosh Srivastava
The document is a report submitted by Ashutosh Srivastava detailing his 6-week summer training at the 220/132 kV substation in Barahuwa, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It includes sections on the equipment found at a typical 220kV substation such as busbars, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, and instrument transformers. It also discusses the selection of suitable substation sites and provides an overview of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, the organization responsible for electricity transmission and distribution in Uttar Pradesh.
UNIT - 05 DISTRIBUTION LINES AND TRANSFORMER CENTREPremanandDesai
Code of practice for Distribution Lines and Transformer centre, types of transformer centres -
Pole mounted, plinth mounted, indoor and outdoor types. Determining the rating of
Distribution Transformer. Write Specifications of the Distribution Transformer. Draw the
SLD of a Transformer centre indicating the size of protective devices, Prepare the schedule of
equipments /Materials with specifications for a 11KV/415V,100 KVA transformer centre and
their estimates, 415 V LT line materials and specifications , method of calculating various LT
line materials (only). Prepare the schedule of materials (only) for 3 phase 4 wire LT line,
11 KV HT Line-materials and their specifications, method of calculating various HT line
materials and tapping structure, TOPO sheet and its use, Concept of combined estimates.
Prepare the schedule of materials (only) for 11 KV single circuit HT line for Rural
Electrification.
(Note: HT lines over head type only)
This document summarizes a lecture on power system analysis. It covers:
1) Announcements about upcoming homework assignments and reading for the next lectures.
2) Descriptions of different types of transformers used in power systems - load tap changing transformers, phase shifting transformers, and autotransformers.
3) Models used for loads, generators, and the bus admittance matrix (Ybus) which are required for power flow analysis. Power flow determines how power flows through a network given load demands and generator outputs.
A complete slide to teach you about basics of electrical power transmission with a lot of images. Including basic definition, one-line diagram, economy, various types of conductors, towers, poles, insulators and problems regarding transmission system. It also includes questions and discussions to clear the concept. Whole slides is written in point form, so you can catch the main concept about transmission system easily
The document discusses the key elements of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, service mains, and classifications based on current, construction, and connection schemes. It describes the functions of distribution substations and provides examples of radial, ring main, and interconnected systems. The document also covers voltage drop considerations for feeders and distributors, as well as objectives of distribution automation including improved reliability, power quality, and deferred capital expenses.
Introduction to electric power transmission and distributionABDULRAHMANALGHANIM
The document provides an overview of electric power transmission and distribution systems. It discusses how electric power is generated at power stations and stepped up to high voltages for transmission through networks of transmission lines. It then explains how power is stepped down at substations for distribution through primary and secondary distribution networks to reach customers. The key components and classifications of distribution systems are also outlined.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It describes how power is generated at high voltages, stepped up further for transmission over long distances via transmission lines, then stepped down via substations for distribution to consumers. Key components of the distribution system include feeders that distribute power from substations, distributors that feed consumers, and service mains that connect distributors to meters. Distribution can be overhead, underground, radial, ring-based, or interconnected. Substations transform voltages and may be transmission, distribution, or switching types.
A substation receives power transmitted at high voltage from a generating station and transforms the voltage to a level appropriate for local use. It consists of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other equipment to step up or step down voltages. Typical components include busbars to carry current, disconnectors and circuit breakers to connect and disconnect circuits, current and voltage transformers to detect and transform measurements, earthing switches for safety, and surge arrestors to protect from surges. Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control.
This document is a certificate from the JKPDD substation in Wanpoh, Anantnag certifying that Sheikh Shakir Zahoor underwent project training there from June 26th to August 14th, 2014. It provides an overview of his training at the 132/33kV substation where incoming power at 132kV is stepped down to 33kV before being distributed. The document also includes an acknowledgment from Sheikh Shakir thanking those involved in his training and an introduction describing the components and functions of electrical substations.
This document summarizes key topics in electrical distribution systems, including receptacle types and testing, voltage measurements, current measurements, circuit breakers and fuses, power quality issues, and transformer types. Receptacles, panels, fuses, circuit breakers, temperature problems, power quality, and transformers are discussed. Proper testing and measurements are described to evaluate receptacles, voltages, currents, power quality, and transformers.
1. The document discusses the equipment used in a 33/11 kV substation, including busbars to connect generators and feeders, insulators to support conductors and confine current, circuit breakers to open circuits during faults, protective relays to detect faults and trip circuit breakers, instrument transformers to step down voltages and currents for metering, meters for monitoring circuit quantities, transformers to step down transmission voltages to distribution levels, capacitor banks to improve power factor, isolating switches to disconnect parts of the system, and lightning arrestors to protect equipment from lightning strikes.
2. A 33/11 kV substation is an important link between the transmission and distribution networks that transforms power from higher transmission voltages to
The document is a seminar report on switchyard equipment and protection systems at NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited in Rourkela, India. It provides an overview of the captive power plant, including its major equipment like generators, transformers, and switchyard components. The switchyard contains 20 operating bays including generators, grid feeders, smelter feeders, and transformers. Important switchyard components discussed include busbars, bus couplers, insulators, circuit breakers, isolators, current and voltage transformers, and lightning arresters.
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
This document provides details on substation layout and busbar arrangements. Part A discusses substation layout, including a single line diagram and descriptions of common switchyard accessories like lightning arrestors, CVTs, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, and other equipment. It also covers PLCC and SCADA systems. Part B covers various busbar arrangements like the single bus system, double bus system, one and a half breaker system, and ring main bus system. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each configuration. In summary, the document is a technical report that outlines and compares different substation and busbar designs.
This document provides a training report on a 33/11 KV substation in Lucknow, India. It discusses various components of the substation including transformers, bus bars, insulators, circuit breakers, metering equipment, protection systems, and earthing methodology. The report provides specifications for components, describes the types and functions of substation equipment, and outlines the trainee's experiences during their training at the facility.
Presentation on 132/33 KVSubstation Training Sakshi Rastogi
This is a presentation based on the 132/33 KV substation. At which I have done my vocational Training. this presentation uncovers all the aspects related to the substation.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It defines primary and secondary distribution systems based on voltage level. Primary distribution exists between distribution substations and transformers, while secondary distribution receives power from transformer secondaries and supplies various loads. The document also describes radial and ring main distribution network configurations and their relative advantages. Requirements for good distribution systems like continuity of supply and limited voltage variation are also outlined.
This presentation provides an overview of substations, including their classification, components, and functions. It discusses the different types of substations such as transformer substations, pole-mounted substations, and underground substations. Transformer substations are classified as step-up, primary grid, secondary, and distribution substations based on their voltage levels. Pole-mounted substations are constructed on poles for distribution. Underground substations are used in congested areas with limited space. The presentation also describes key equipment in substations like circuit breakers, transformers, isolators, and their protective functions.
Report on industrial summer training on 220 kv substationAshutosh Srivastava
The document is a report submitted by Ashutosh Srivastava detailing his 6-week summer training at the 220/132 kV substation in Barahuwa, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. It includes sections on the equipment found at a typical 220kV substation such as busbars, isolators, circuit breakers, transformers, and instrument transformers. It also discusses the selection of suitable substation sites and provides an overview of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, the organization responsible for electricity transmission and distribution in Uttar Pradesh.
UNIT - 05 DISTRIBUTION LINES AND TRANSFORMER CENTREPremanandDesai
Code of practice for Distribution Lines and Transformer centre, types of transformer centres -
Pole mounted, plinth mounted, indoor and outdoor types. Determining the rating of
Distribution Transformer. Write Specifications of the Distribution Transformer. Draw the
SLD of a Transformer centre indicating the size of protective devices, Prepare the schedule of
equipments /Materials with specifications for a 11KV/415V,100 KVA transformer centre and
their estimates, 415 V LT line materials and specifications , method of calculating various LT
line materials (only). Prepare the schedule of materials (only) for 3 phase 4 wire LT line,
11 KV HT Line-materials and their specifications, method of calculating various HT line
materials and tapping structure, TOPO sheet and its use, Concept of combined estimates.
Prepare the schedule of materials (only) for 11 KV single circuit HT line for Rural
Electrification.
(Note: HT lines over head type only)
This document summarizes a lecture on power system analysis. It covers:
1) Announcements about upcoming homework assignments and reading for the next lectures.
2) Descriptions of different types of transformers used in power systems - load tap changing transformers, phase shifting transformers, and autotransformers.
3) Models used for loads, generators, and the bus admittance matrix (Ybus) which are required for power flow analysis. Power flow determines how power flows through a network given load demands and generator outputs.
A complete slide to teach you about basics of electrical power transmission with a lot of images. Including basic definition, one-line diagram, economy, various types of conductors, towers, poles, insulators and problems regarding transmission system. It also includes questions and discussions to clear the concept. Whole slides is written in point form, so you can catch the main concept about transmission system easily
The document discusses the key elements of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, service mains, and classifications based on current, construction, and connection schemes. It describes the functions of distribution substations and provides examples of radial, ring main, and interconnected systems. The document also covers voltage drop considerations for feeders and distributors, as well as objectives of distribution automation including improved reliability, power quality, and deferred capital expenses.
Introduction to electric power transmission and distributionABDULRAHMANALGHANIM
The document provides an overview of electric power transmission and distribution systems. It discusses how electric power is generated at power stations and stepped up to high voltages for transmission through networks of transmission lines. It then explains how power is stepped down at substations for distribution through primary and secondary distribution networks to reach customers. The key components and classifications of distribution systems are also outlined.
Module 05 - Distribution Systems Overview (1).pptxZahid Yousaf
This document provides an overview of power distribution systems. It discusses the key components of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, and service mains. It also describes different types of distribution systems such as AC vs DC systems, overhead vs underground construction, and radial vs ring main vs interconnected connection schemes. The document emphasizes that distribution systems aim to provide reliable and regulated electric power to consumers in a cost-effective manner.
The document describes the components and classification of power distribution systems. It discusses that distribution systems distribute electric power locally from substations to consumers. The key components are feeders, distributors, and service mains. Distribution systems can be classified by current type (AC or DC), construction (overhead or underground), and connection scheme (radial, ring main, or interconnected). AC distribution is now most common and uses primary and secondary systems with different voltages. Requirements of good distribution include low voltage fluctuations, reliable power availability, and stability.
The document discusses the distribution system which distributes electric power from substations to consumers. It has three main components: feeders which connect substations to distribution areas, distributors which supply power to consumers with tappings, and service mains which connect distributors to consumer terminals. Distribution systems can be AC or DC, overhead or underground, and configured radially, in a ring main, or interconnected for reliability. Design considerations for feeders include current capacity, conductor type, distance from substation, and cost.
This document provides an overview of electrical power distribution systems. It discusses the key elements of distribution systems including feeders, distributors, and service mains. It also covers the classification of distribution systems based on the nature of current (AC vs DC) and types of construction (overhead vs underground). Finally, it describes different connection schemes for distribution including radial, ring main, and interconnected systems. The document aims to introduce the basic components and design considerations for electrical power distribution to local areas and consumers.
A substation is part of an electrical distribution system that transforms voltage from high to low levels or vice versa. There are four main types: generating station switchyards, customer substations for large customers, system substations that transfer bulk power, and distribution substations that directly supply most customers. Substations contain equipment like transformers, circuit breakers, and bus bars arranged in different configurations depending on factors like system voltage and flexibility needs.
The document summarizes key aspects of electric power distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electricity locally. Distribution lines consist of feeders, distributors, and service mains. Feeders connect substations to areas, distributors have tapings for transformers, and service mains connect distributors to consumers. Distribution can be overhead or underground, and systems include radial, ring, and interconnected configurations. Design considers factors like voltage regulation, reliability, and public safety.
This document discusses distribution systems. It defines distribution systems as the part of the power system that distributes electrical power locally for use. It then classifies distribution systems based on voltage levels, current type, construction type, service type, number of wires, and connection scheme. The key components of a distribution system - feeders, distributors, and service mains - are defined. Common voltage levels for primary and secondary distribution are provided. Considerations for designing feeders and distributors are also summarized.
1.7 transmission and distribution system of electrical energyW3Edify
The document discusses electrical power transmission and distribution systems. It describes distribution systems as existing between substations fed by transmission systems and consumer meters. Distribution lines generally consist of feeders, distributors, and service mains. Feeders connect substations to areas where power is distributed, while distributors branch off to consumers with tapings. Service mains connect distributors to consumer meters. Distribution systems can be classified based on factors like voltage level, construction type, and connection scheme.
The document discusses electrical power distribution systems. It describes:
1. The components of a distribution system including sub transmission systems, distribution substations, primary feeders, distribution transformers, and secondary distribution circuits.
2. Typical configurations for subtransmission systems including radial, loop, and grid/network types.
3. Equipment found in distribution substations such as power transformers, circuit breakers, buses, and protective relays.
4. Common substation bus schemes including single bus, double bus-double breaker, main and transfer, double bus-single breaker, ring bus, and breaker and a half configurations.
Electric power transmission full explanation and presentationRakesh Gurjar
An electric power distribution system is the final stage of delivering electric power to individual consumers. It carries power from transmission systems through distribution substations, transformers, and primary and secondary distribution lines. Distribution systems reduce transmission voltages and deliver power to commercial and residential customers. They come in two main configurations: radial systems with one supply source like a tree, and network systems with multiple interconnected supply sources providing more reliability, commonly found in cities.
This document discusses the key components and types of AC power transmission systems. It begins with an introduction that describes how electrical energy generated at power plants is transmitted through transmission lines to consumers. It then provides a single line diagram showing the steps of increasing voltage for transmission and decreasing it for distribution. The main types of transmission line systems are described as single phase, two phase, and three phase AC systems, as well as DC systems. Finally, the key elements of transmission lines are outlined, including conductors, transformers, insulators, support towers, and protective devices.
The document provides an overview of distribution networks by defining distribution systems, describing their location and function within power systems, and identifying their key components. It discusses how distribution systems distribute power from transmission networks to customers by stepping voltages down through substations. The major components of distribution systems are described as bulk power substations, primary feeders, and secondary feeders. Common distribution voltages, substation types, and supply categories are also outlined.
Fundamentals of electrical distributionJimmy Barus
This document provides an overview of electrical distribution systems. It discusses the three main types of distribution systems - radial, loop, and network - and explains their characteristics. It also outlines the key components of electrical utility systems, including how power flows from generation to end users through steps of increasing and decreasing voltage. Finally, it covers the basics of single-phase and three-phase power systems, including their wiring configurations and advantages.
The document discusses electric supply systems for small and large buildings. For small buildings, electric power is delivered via a service transformer to the main panel, which then distributes power through branch circuits. For large buildings, the service transformer is in a vault, and the main distribution panel is in an electric room. Feeder cables then send power to local lighting and power panels. Large buildings also have emergency lighting on separate circuits powered by an alternate source. Distribution systems are classified as direct current or alternating current, with AC systems using primary and secondary distribution at different voltage levels to deliver power to consumers.
That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION.
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity. Electricity is carried from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 33 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
This document provides an overview of power grid design. It discusses the key components of an electrical grid including power generation, transmission, and distribution. Power is generated at stations and stepped up for transmission over long distances via transmission lines before being stepped down for distribution. Grid design involves selecting sites and bus bar schemes, determining bill of materials, ensuring safety clearances, designing earth mats, and laying out control rooms and equipment. Factors like proximity to load centers, accessibility, and avoidance of obstructions must be considered for site selection. Common bus bar schemes include single, main-auxiliary, double, and one-and-a-half breaker configurations. Proper grid design is important for reliably and safely delivering power.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
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1. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
An electric power system is a network of electrical components that generate
electrical power from any source of power (such as coal, water, gas, wind, nuclear energy and
oil) which then transmitted and distribute the power to nearby homes and industries. There
are three main parts in electrical power system network which is generation system,
transmission system and distribution system.
Figure 1.1 : Electrical Power System
Distribution systems are the link from the distribution substation to the customer
which consists of transformer, feeder circuit, switches, protective equipment, primary
circuits, secondary circuits and service line. Distribution feeder circuits usually consist of
overhead and underground circuits in a mix of branching laterals from the station to the
various customers. The circuit was designed by considering the required peak load, voltage,
distance to customers, and other local conditions such as terrain, visual regulations, or
customer requirements. In distribution, there are two type of system that been used that is
overhead lines and underground cables. High-density urban areas are often connected in a
complex distribution underground network providing a highly redundant and reliable means
connecting to customers.
2. Figure 1.2 : Component of the Distribution System
One important part in distribution system is the distribution layout. Distribution
Layout is the connection network from substation to the customers or usually been called as
the distribution systems scheme of connections. Since all distribution of electrical energy is
done by constant voltage system, there are several classification of connection scheme that
commonly been used which are radial system, ring main system and inter-connected system.
The connection scheme for DC and AC distribution system also differ whereas the DC
distribution system doesn’t have transformer.
3. 2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT
There are several problem that we’ve been faced in completing this project which is
we are lack of knowledge in distribution system concept whereas we unable to find any
information about distribution layout in internet. But then, we discover that the distribution
layout is the distribution system scheme connection. We also unaware the distribution
system been used in Malaysia.
3.0 OBJECTIVE
1- To identify the type of distribution layout.
2- Able to explain the distribution layout.
3- To identify main component in distribution layout.
4- To identify which distribution network system been used in Malaysia.
4.0 CHARACTERISTICS
4.1 MAIN COMPONENT
Distribution system consists of all the facilities and equipment connecting a
transmission system to the customer's equipment. A typical distribution system can consist
of:
4.1.1 SUBSTATIONS
A substation is a high-voltage electric system facility. It is used to switch generators,
equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a system. It also is used to change AC voltages
from one level to another, and/or change alternating current to direct current or direct current
to alternating current. Some substations are small with little more than a transformer and
associated switches. Others are very large with several transformers and dozens of switches
and other equipment. There are three aspects to substations:
4. Figure 4.1 : Typical substation
Substation Types: Although, there are generally four types of substations there are
substations that are a combination of two or more types.
Step-up Transmission Substation
Step-down Transmission Substation
Distribution Substation
Underground Distribution Substation
Substation Functions
Substation Equipment
4.1.2. DISTRIBUTION FEEDER CIRCUIT
Distribution feeder circuits are the connections between the output terminals of a
distribution substation and the input terminals of primary circuits. The distribution feeder
circuit conductors leave the substation from a circuit breaker or circuit reclosed via
underground cables, called substation exit cables. The underground cables connect to a
nearby overhead primary circuit outside the substation. This eliminates multiple circuits on
the poles adjacent to the substations thereby improving the overall appearance of the
substation.
5. Several distribution feeder circuits can leave a substation extending in different
directions to serve customers. The underground cables are connected to the primary circuit
via a nearby riser pole.
The distribution feeder bay routes power from the substation to the distribution
primary feeder circuits. In the photo of the distribution main feeder the primary circuit is fed
underground to a nearby distribution system overhead line. The yellow cables are the primary
feeder lines going underground.
Figure 4.2 : Phase Distribution Feeder Bay
Figure 4.3 : Distribution Main Feeder
6. Figure 4.4 : Distribution Feeder Recloser
4.1.3. SWITCHES
Distribution systems have switches installed at strategic locations to redirect or cut-off
power flows for load balancing or sectionalizing. Also, this permits repairing of damaged
lines or equipment or upgrading work on the system. The many types of switches include:
Circuit-breaker switches
Single-pole disconnect switches
Three-pole group-operated switches
Pad-mounted switchgear
Figure 4.5 : Air circuit-breaker switches
7. Figure 4.6 : Air-break isolator switch
Figure 4.7 : Circuit switchers
Figure 4.8 : Single-pole disconnect switch combined with a fuse is called a fused cut-out
8. Figure 4.10 Circuit breakers
Figure 4.11 Pad mounted switchgear
Figure 4.12 : Group-operated three-pole air break switch
9. 4.1.4. PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Protective equipment in a distribution system consists of protective relays, cut-out
switches; disconnect switches, lightning arresters, and fuses. These work individually or may
work in concert to open circuits whenever a short circuit, lightning strikes or other disruptive
event occurs.
When circuit breakers open, the entire distribution circuit is de-energized. Since this
can disrupt power to many customers, the distribution system is often designed with many
layers of redundancy. Through redundancy, power can be shut off in portions of the system
only, but not the entire system, or can be redirected to continue to serve customers. Only in
extreme events, or failure of redundant systems, does an entire system become de-energized,
shutting off power to large numbers of customers.
The redundancy consists of the many fuses and fused cu-touts throughout the system
that can disable parts of the system but not the entire system. Lightning arresters also act
locally to drain off electrical energy from a lightning strike so that the larger circuit breakers
are not actuated.
Figure 4.13 : Substation bus lightning arresters
10. Figure 4.14 : Fused cut-out
Figure 4.15 Substation disconnect switch
Figure 4.16 Pole mounted type - lightning arrester
12. 4.1.5. PRIMARY CIRCUIT
Primary circuits are the distribution circuits that carry power from substations to local
load areas. They are also called express feeders or distribution main feeders. The distribution
feeder bay routes power from the substation to the distribution primary feeder circuits.
In the photo of the distribution main feeder the primary circuit is fed underground to a
nearby distribution system overhead line. The yellow cables are the primary feeder lines
going underground.
Figure 4.20 : Phase distribution feeder bay
Figure 4.21 : Distribution main feeder
13. Figure 4.22 : Overhead primary feeder
Figure 4.23 : Distribution primary feeder under build
14. 4.1.6. DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
Distribution transformers reduce the voltage of the primary circuit to the voltage
required by customers. This voltage varies and is usually:
- 120/240 volts single phase for residential customers,
- 480Y/277 or 208Y/120 for commercial or light industry customers.
Three-phase pad mounted transformers are used with an underground primary circuit and
three single-phase pole type transformers for overhead service. Network service can be
provided for areas with large concentrations of businesses. These are usually transformers
installed in an underground vault. Power is then sent via underground cables to the separate
customers.
Figure 4.24 Air Distribution transformer
15. Figure 4.25 : Industrial facility distribution transformer
- commercial facility
Figure 4.26 : Residential distribution transformer
Figure 4.27 : Pad-mounted residential distribution transformer
16. 4.1.7. SECONDARIES
Secondary’s are the conductors originating at the low-voltage secondary winding of a
distribution transformer. Secondary’s for residential service are three-wire single-phase
circuits. They extend along the rear lot lines, alleys, or streets past customer's premises. The
secondary’s can be overhead lines or underground lines.
Overhead secondary lines are usually strung below the primary lines and typically in a
vertical plane. When secondary’s are strung in a vertical plane, they are directly attached to
the support pole one above the other. This is in contrast to the primary lines which are often
strung on a cross bar or other attachment in a horizontal or "V" shaped plane.
Figure 4.28 Cabled secondary’s
17. Figure4.28 : Secondaries in a vertical plane
Figure 4.29 : Cabled secondaries, primaries in a "V" plane
18. 4.1.8. SERVICES
The wires extending from the secondaries or distribution transformer to a customer's
location are called a service. A service can be above or below ground. Underground services
have a riser connection at the distribution pole. Commercial and residential services are much
the same and can be either 120 or 220 or both.
Figure 4.30 : Distribution system lines and associated equipment
19. 4.2 TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Distribution system is a circuit of users linked to a generating station and substations that
is typically arranged in either a radial or interconnected manner. Local distribution systems
transport power within a building. All distribution of electrical energy is done by constant
voltage system. In practice, the following distribution circuit are generally used
4.2.1 RING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Figure 1 : Operation of Ring Distribution System
20. The loop or ring system of distribution starts at the substation and is connected to or
encircles an area serving one or more distribution transformers or load centre. The conductor
of the system returns to the same substation. The loop system (figure 1) is more expensive to
build than the radial type, but it is more reliable. It may be justified in an area where
continuity of service is of considerable importance, for example a medical centre. In the loop
system, circuit breakers sectionalize the loop on both sides of each distribution transformer
connected to the loop. The two primary feeder breakers and the sectionalizing breakers
associated with the loop feeder are ordinarily controlled by pilot wire relaying or directional
overcurrent relays. Pilot wire relaying is used when there are too many secondary substations
to obtain selective timing with directional overcurrent relays.
A fault in the primary loop is cleared by the breakers in the loop nearest the fault,
and power is supplied the other way around the loop without interruption to most of the
connected loads. Because the load points can be supplied from two or more directions, it is
possible to remove any section of the loop from service for maintenance without causing an
outage at other load points.
If a fault occurs in a section adjacent to the distribution substation, the entire load may
have to be fed from one side of the loop until repairs are made. Sufficient conductor capacity
must be provided in the loop to permit operation without excessive voltage drop or
overheating of the feeder when either side of the loop is out of service. If a fault occurs in the
distribution transformer, it is cleared by the breaker in the primary leads; and the loop
remains intact.
Advantages of Ring Distribution System
a) Less copper is required as each part of the ring carries less current than that in radial
system.
b) Less voltage fluctuations.
c) It is more reliable. In the event of fault on any one section the continuity of supply to
all consumers can be maintained by isolating the faulty section
Disadvantages of Ring Distribution System
a) High cost of maintenance
b) It only used in urban place.
21. 4.2.2 INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM
When the feeder ring is energised by two or more than two generating stations or
substations, it is called inter-connected system. The Figure shows the single line diagram of
interconnected system where the closed feeder ring ABCD is supplied by two substation S1
and S2 point D and C respectively. Distributors are connected to points O, P, Q and R of the
feeder ring through distribution transformers.
The interconnected system has the following advantages:
(a) It increases the service reliability.
(b) Any area fed from one generating station during peak load hours can be fed from the
other generating station. This reduces reserve power capacity and increases efficiency of the
system.
22. 4.2.3 RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
A representative schematic of a radial distribution system is shown in figure 4-1. You
should note that the independent feeders branch out to several distribution centers without
intermediate connections between feeders.
Figure 4-2 Radial distribution system.
The most frequently used system is the radial distribution system because it is the
simplest and least expensive system to build. Operation and expansion are simple. It is not as
reliable as most systems unless quality components are used. The fault or loss of a cable,
primary supply, or transformer will result in an outage on all loads served by the feeder.
Furthermore, electrical service is interrupted when any piece of service equipment must be
de-energized to perform routine maintenance and service.
Service on this type of feeder can be improved by installing automatic circuit breakers
that will reclose the service at predetermined intervals. If the fault continues after a
predetermined number of closures, the breaker will lock out until the fault is cleared and
service is restored by hand reset.
23. 4.3 Distribution Network System In Malaysia
National Grid System
Primary electricity transmission network linking the electricity generation,
transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia. It operated and owned by TNB. It
have more than 420 substation in Peninsular Malaysia are linked together by the extensive
network of transmission lines operating at 132kV, 275kV and 500kV.
Power generated by TNB and IPP is carried by the National Grid towards customers
connected to the various distribution networks. The electrically interconnected to the
transmission network of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) and also to
Singapore Power.
4.3.1 Advantages of national grid system
a) Provide multiple paths between various generation sources and loads
b) Provide for power transfers from one geographic area to another to achieve overall
system operating economics.
c) Interconnect the bulk power facilities of individual power station/utilities so that they
can better withstand major disturbances.
d) Cheap and efficient
25. Figure 2: Grid System in Sabah
Figure 3: Grid System in Sarawak
26. 5.0 CONCLUSION
Distribution layout is very important in design in electrical system. In Malaysia, we
use National Grid, Malaysia (Malay: Grid Nasional). It is the high-voltage electric power
transmission network in Peninsular Malaysia. It is operated and owned by Tenaga Nasional
Berhad (TNB) by its Transmission Division. There are two other electrical grids in Sabah and
Sarawak operated by Sabah Electricity Sdn Bhd and Sarawak Electricity Supply
Corporation respectively. The system spans the whole of Peninsular Malaysia, connecting
electricity generation stations owned by TNB and Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to
energy consumers. A small number of consumers, mainly steel mills and shopping malls also
take power directly from the National Grid.
The distribution substation receives power from one or more transmission or sub
transmission lines at the corresponding transmission or sub transmission voltage level and
provides that power to one or more distribution feeders that originate in the substation and
comprise the primary network. Most feeders emanate radically from the substation to supply
the load. There is the main component in distribution layout, which is substation, distribution
feeder circuit, switches, protective equipment, distribution transformers, secondary and
services. There are five main functions of the distribution substation, Voltage transformation,
Switching and protection, Voltage regulation and Metering. Most distribution substations
carry between 5 and 60 MVA. In Malaysia, Distribution lines of 33 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6
kV and 400/230 volt in the Malaysia distribution network connect to the National Grid via
transmission substations where voltages are stepped down by transformers.
27. The distribution substation consist of Distribution Intakes (33kV, 22kV). Distribution
Substations (22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV). Which is Indoor substation, Outdoor substation, Pole
mounted substation, Compact substation and Underground substation. The transformer
capacity will be 100kVA, 300kVA, 500kVA, 750kVA and 1000kVA.
Distribution intake.
30. Pole-Mounted Sub-station
Number of consumer used
The advantages of national grid system is to provide multiple paths between various
generation sources and loads, to provide for power transfers from one geographic area to
another to achieve overall system operating economics, Interconnect the bulk power facilities
31. of individual power station/utilities so that they can better withstand major disturbances.
Other advantages is Stability ( Load sharing ) , Continuity of service ,Maintenance,
breakdown ,Economy , Cheap and efficient