This document provides the procedure for conducting a bend test on metallic materials. It specifies the test equipment, test pieces, and testing methods. The bend test involves bending a test piece to a specified angle or achieving parallelism of the legs. It can be done using supports and a mandrel, a V-block and mandrel, or a clamp. The test piece dimensions depend on the material thickness and width. The test is generally done at room temperature and the bent piece is examined to evaluate the material's ability to undergo plastic deformation during bending.
The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
This document provides information on the Indian Standard method for the Brinell hardness test for metallic materials. It outlines the key aspects of the test including:
- The test uses a hardened steel or hard metal ball of a specified diameter that is pressed into the material's surface under a defined load.
- The Brinell hardness value is determined based on the diameter of the indentation left in the surface after removal of the load.
- The standard provides details on apparatus, test pieces, procedures, symbols and designations, and test forces to be used for different materials.
efect of ductile to brittle transition temperturesanjay sahoo
This document summarizes a seminar on how the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) can affect ships. It discusses how the Titanic's steel structure failed due to brittle fracture from low temperatures. The DBTT is the temperature at which a material changes from ductile to brittle behavior. Several factors can influence a material's DBTT curve, including crystal structure, grain size, heat treatment, and composition. Modern steels have lower sulfur contents and smaller grains, leading to higher transition temperatures than the steel used for the Titanic. Understanding how materials behave at low temperatures helps make ships safer by considering fracture risks during design.
This document discusses material testing and defines various material properties that are evaluated through destructive testing methods. Material testing is performed to determine the quality, mechanical properties, and potential defects of a material. Key properties examined include strength, hardness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, toughness, and brittleness. Common destructive testing methods described are Brinell testing, Vickers testing, Rockwell testing, and Shore hardness testing. These tests involve indenting a specimen with a hard ball or tip to evaluate the material's resistance to deformation or penetration.
TMT steel is a type of reinforced steel used in concrete structures that undergoes a thermo-mechanical treatment process. This process integrates work hardening and heat treatment into a single step, resulting in bars with excellent corrosion resistance that do not require cold twisting. TMT steel is commonly used in bridges, buildings, dams, and other concrete structures. It has a carbon content of 0.3%, sulfur content of 0.05%, and manganese content of 0.5-1.2%, along with other properties that make it well-suited for concrete reinforcement.
This document discusses powder metallurgy, including its definition, advantages, limitations, applications, and basic production steps. Powder metallurgy involves blending metal powders, compacting them into a desired shape, and sintering the compact to bond the particles. It allows for net-shape production, close tolerances without machining, and complex alloy compositions. Common applications include gears, bearings, and electrical contacts. The basic steps are powder production, blending, compaction in a die, and sintering to densify and strengthen the part. Design considerations for powder metallurgy parts include simple shapes, adequate wall thickness, and avoiding undercuts.
This document outlines the process for creep testing. It discusses the mechanism of creep, specimen preparation, testing machines, procedures, results including creep curves, and the effect of temperature. It also covers rupture strength measurement using the Larson-Miller parameter and precautions for the testing process. Applications of creep testing in industry include displacement-limited components like turbine rotors, rupture-limited parts like steam pipes, and stress-relaxation-limited uses such as suspended cables.
The document provides information on various types of building and construction materials including:
- Mild steel grades such as S235 JR and their mechanical properties.
- Cold rolled steel grade DC01 and its surface finishes.
- Galvanized steels with specifications for coatings like G60 and qualities like DX51D.
- Stainless steels grades 304 and 316 and their mechanical properties.
- Aluminum alloys 5052 and 6063 with conversion tables.
- Guidelines for bi-metallic contact between different metals.
- Hot-dip galvanization process and comparisons of standards like ISO 1461 and ASTM A123 for coating thickness.
This document provides information on the Indian Standard method for the Brinell hardness test for metallic materials. It outlines the key aspects of the test including:
- The test uses a hardened steel or hard metal ball of a specified diameter that is pressed into the material's surface under a defined load.
- The Brinell hardness value is determined based on the diameter of the indentation left in the surface after removal of the load.
- The standard provides details on apparatus, test pieces, procedures, symbols and designations, and test forces to be used for different materials.
efect of ductile to brittle transition temperturesanjay sahoo
This document summarizes a seminar on how the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) can affect ships. It discusses how the Titanic's steel structure failed due to brittle fracture from low temperatures. The DBTT is the temperature at which a material changes from ductile to brittle behavior. Several factors can influence a material's DBTT curve, including crystal structure, grain size, heat treatment, and composition. Modern steels have lower sulfur contents and smaller grains, leading to higher transition temperatures than the steel used for the Titanic. Understanding how materials behave at low temperatures helps make ships safer by considering fracture risks during design.
This document discusses material testing and defines various material properties that are evaluated through destructive testing methods. Material testing is performed to determine the quality, mechanical properties, and potential defects of a material. Key properties examined include strength, hardness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, toughness, and brittleness. Common destructive testing methods described are Brinell testing, Vickers testing, Rockwell testing, and Shore hardness testing. These tests involve indenting a specimen with a hard ball or tip to evaluate the material's resistance to deformation or penetration.
TMT steel is a type of reinforced steel used in concrete structures that undergoes a thermo-mechanical treatment process. This process integrates work hardening and heat treatment into a single step, resulting in bars with excellent corrosion resistance that do not require cold twisting. TMT steel is commonly used in bridges, buildings, dams, and other concrete structures. It has a carbon content of 0.3%, sulfur content of 0.05%, and manganese content of 0.5-1.2%, along with other properties that make it well-suited for concrete reinforcement.
This document discusses powder metallurgy, including its definition, advantages, limitations, applications, and basic production steps. Powder metallurgy involves blending metal powders, compacting them into a desired shape, and sintering the compact to bond the particles. It allows for net-shape production, close tolerances without machining, and complex alloy compositions. Common applications include gears, bearings, and electrical contacts. The basic steps are powder production, blending, compaction in a die, and sintering to densify and strengthen the part. Design considerations for powder metallurgy parts include simple shapes, adequate wall thickness, and avoiding undercuts.
This document outlines the process for creep testing. It discusses the mechanism of creep, specimen preparation, testing machines, procedures, results including creep curves, and the effect of temperature. It also covers rupture strength measurement using the Larson-Miller parameter and precautions for the testing process. Applications of creep testing in industry include displacement-limited components like turbine rotors, rupture-limited parts like steam pipes, and stress-relaxation-limited uses such as suspended cables.
This document discusses various materials testing methods. It describes mechanical properties testing which involves destructive testing of specimens to determine properties like strength, ductility, and toughness. Common destructive tests mentioned are hardness tests and impact tests like the Charpy and Izod tests. Non-destructive testing methods discussed include dye penetration, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. Specific hardness tests covered are Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Shore hardness tests.
This document discusses various topics related to welding metallurgy including:
- The classification of commercial welding processes such as gas welding, arc welding, and high density beam welding.
- How the microstructure of metals changes during the welding process as the weld metal transitions from liquid to solid states.
- Factors that influence the heat input required for welding like material thickness, thermal conductivity, and preheating temperature.
- Different welding parameters like current, voltage, speed, and electrode diameter and how they affect the weld bead.
- Common weld defects such as lack of penetration, porosity, cracks and how to prevent them.
- How residual stresses are induced during welding
The document discusses two common impact tests: the Charpy and Izod impact tests. The Charpy test involves dropping a pendulum onto a notched sample to measure the energy absorbed during fracture. It is used to evaluate toughness and notch sensitivity, especially of metals. The Izod test also measures energy absorbed during fracture but holds the sample in a cantilevered beam configuration rather than three-point bending. Both tests are useful for determining the strength and ductility of materials, especially their ability to withstand shocks and impacts in applications like forging, rubber products, and plastics.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They consist of a matrix that supports a reinforcement material, imparting enhanced properties. Common composites include bone, wood, fibers in resin, and carbon fibers in epoxy. Reinforced carbon-carbon is a composite of carbon fibers in a graphite matrix used in spacecraft and missiles due to its strength at high temperatures. Metal matrix composites contain at least two materials, one being a metal matrix with another material such as ceramic or organic reinforcement.
Grain size measurement according to astm standardsJMB
This document discusses three standard ASTM methods for measuring grain size: the comparison method, planimetric/Jeffries' method, and intercept method. The comparison method involves comparing a grain structure to graded images or overlays at 10x magnification, with a repeatability of ±1 grain size number. The planimetric method counts grains within a known area at higher magnifications from 100-500x, achieving ±0.25 grain size units precision. The intercept method counts the number of grains intercepted by a test line, allowing measurement of elongated grains faster than the planimetric method at the same precision of ±0.5 grain size units.
This document discusses metallurgy and material science, specifically focusing on the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures and transformations associated with steels. It describes the five individual phases in the Fe-C diagram, including ferrite, austenite, cementite, and liquid. It also discusses the three invariant reactions of peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid. The document classifies different types of steels and cast irons based on their carbon content and describes the microstructures of hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels. It also discusses phase transformations in steels including pearlite, bainite, and martensite
The document discusses different types of stainless steel, including their compositions and properties. It begins with an overview of crystallography and allotropes, explaining that iron and steel are crystalline and can exist in different forms. It then covers the four main types of stainless steel: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex. For each type, the document describes their typical compositions in terms of chromium, nickel, and other elements, as well as their properties such as corrosion resistance, strength, and magnetic permeability.
Metal Joining Process- Welding, Brazing and SolderingLearnwithus2
The document discusses different metal joining processes including brazing, soldering, and welding. It provides details on:
- Brazing involves melting a higher-temperature filler metal without melting the base metals. Soldering uses a lower-temperature filler metal.
- Welding can involve melting both the filler metal and base metals. Common welding processes discussed are shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and gas metal arc welding.
- Proper ventilation and safety equipment are important when welding to avoid electrical, fire, explosion, and inhalation hazards.
Heat treatment defects &and its remediesNIAJ AHMED
Heat Treatment involves various heating and cooling procedures performed to effect structural changes in a material, which turn affect its mechanical properties
This document provides details about various topics covered in a welding course, including:
1. It outlines the topics, hours, and status of the course which covers welding science, processes, energy sources, fluxes, welding arc physics, heat flow, joint design, testing, and metallurgy.
2. It describes the key characteristics of different arc welding processes including shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, and gas tungsten arc welding.
3. It discusses the physics of arc welding including arc plasma formation, arc temperature, arc polarity, effects of magnetic fields, and arc types from different power sources.
Rockwell hardness testing involves indenting a material with either a diamond or steel ball indenter under a minor preload and then a major load. The difference in indentation depth is used to determine the Rockwell hardness number on various scales. There are 30 Rockwell scales that use different indenters and loads. Factors like material type, thickness, and location must be considered to select the appropriate scale. Rockwell hardness testing can detect variations in case hardness and decarburization of case hardened parts. Testing can also be done at elevated temperatures using specialized testers.
The Brinell hardness test is a macro hardness test that involves pressing an indenter, usually a hardened steel or carbide ball, into the surface of a material under a specified load. The Brinell hardness number is calculated based on the diameter of the indentation and the surface area of the indenter. The test is used to determine the hardness of metallic materials and check the quality and uniformity of metals and heat treatments. It has advantages such as being suitable for rough conditions and inhomogeneous materials, having a simple procedure and inexpensive indenter, and allowing conversion to tensile strength.
This document discusses various heat treatments that can be used on steels, including:
- Annealing treatments like full annealing, recrystallization annealing, stress relief annealing, and spheroidization annealing.
- Normalizing to refine grain structure, harden slightly, and reduce segregation.
- Hardening by heating above the transformation temperatures and quenching to form martensite, followed by tempering.
- Factors that influence the severity of quenching and hardenability of steels, such as the quenching medium, agitation level, and alloying elements. Microstructures can vary from surface to interior based on cooling rate.
This document is the Indian Standard IS 2102 (Part 1) from 1993 that specifies general tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications in four tolerance classes (fine, medium, coarse, very coarse). It applies to dimensions of parts produced by metal removal or sheet metal forming. The standard provides tables with permissible deviations for linear dimensions, broken edges, and angular dimensions according to the tolerance class and nominal size range. It specifies that drawings should refer to this standard and indicate the tolerance class to apply the general tolerances. Features exceeding the general tolerance are not cause for automatic rejection if function is not impaired.
This document provides information about various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and hardenability. It describes the purposes and procedures for each process, including the effects on microstructure and material properties. Examples are given to illustrate how to determine the final microstructure based on time-temperature treatments using TTT diagrams.
This presentation is for mechanical engineering/ civil engineering students to help them understand the different type of destructive mechanical testing of materials. The tensile testing, hardness, impact test procedures are explained in detail.
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
Mumbai University
Mechanical engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 1.4
Strain Hardening:
Definition importance of strain hardening, Dislocation theory of strain hardening, Effect of strain hardening on engineering behaviour of materials, Recrystallization Annealing: stages of recrystallization annealing and factors affecting it
The document discusses different hardness testing methods including Brinell hardness testing and Rockwell hardness testing. Brinell hardness testing involves pressing an indenter ball into the surface of a metal under a load and measuring the diameter of the indentation. Rockwell hardness testing measures the additional depth of a heavy load indenter beyond the depth of a previously applied light load. Both tests provide standardized hardness values and have advantages such as being simple and quick to perform.
(1) The document analyzes a steel bar that cracked during a bending test. (2) Microstructural examination revealed a martensitic surface zone with higher hardness than the ductile ferrite-pearlite core. (3) Chemical analysis found the steel to meet specifications. (4) The steel bar was likely overquenched during manufacturing, leading to a martensite area exceeding 30% and reduced ductility, causing cracks during bending.
Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan pengujian lengkung pada bahan. Pengujian lengkung adalah proses pembebanan pada suatu bahan di tengah-tengahnya yang ditahan di dua tumpuan sehingga mengalami deformasi akibat dua gaya berlawanan. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan metode pengujian lengkung tiga titik dan empat titik beserta rumus-rumus yang digunakan untuk menghitung tegangan dan modulus elastisitas.
This document discusses various materials testing methods. It describes mechanical properties testing which involves destructive testing of specimens to determine properties like strength, ductility, and toughness. Common destructive tests mentioned are hardness tests and impact tests like the Charpy and Izod tests. Non-destructive testing methods discussed include dye penetration, magnetic particle, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. Specific hardness tests covered are Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, and Shore hardness tests.
This document discusses various topics related to welding metallurgy including:
- The classification of commercial welding processes such as gas welding, arc welding, and high density beam welding.
- How the microstructure of metals changes during the welding process as the weld metal transitions from liquid to solid states.
- Factors that influence the heat input required for welding like material thickness, thermal conductivity, and preheating temperature.
- Different welding parameters like current, voltage, speed, and electrode diameter and how they affect the weld bead.
- Common weld defects such as lack of penetration, porosity, cracks and how to prevent them.
- How residual stresses are induced during welding
The document discusses two common impact tests: the Charpy and Izod impact tests. The Charpy test involves dropping a pendulum onto a notched sample to measure the energy absorbed during fracture. It is used to evaluate toughness and notch sensitivity, especially of metals. The Izod test also measures energy absorbed during fracture but holds the sample in a cantilevered beam configuration rather than three-point bending. Both tests are useful for determining the strength and ductility of materials, especially their ability to withstand shocks and impacts in applications like forging, rubber products, and plastics.
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent materials that remain separate within the finished structure. They consist of a matrix that supports a reinforcement material, imparting enhanced properties. Common composites include bone, wood, fibers in resin, and carbon fibers in epoxy. Reinforced carbon-carbon is a composite of carbon fibers in a graphite matrix used in spacecraft and missiles due to its strength at high temperatures. Metal matrix composites contain at least two materials, one being a metal matrix with another material such as ceramic or organic reinforcement.
Grain size measurement according to astm standardsJMB
This document discusses three standard ASTM methods for measuring grain size: the comparison method, planimetric/Jeffries' method, and intercept method. The comparison method involves comparing a grain structure to graded images or overlays at 10x magnification, with a repeatability of ±1 grain size number. The planimetric method counts grains within a known area at higher magnifications from 100-500x, achieving ±0.25 grain size units precision. The intercept method counts the number of grains intercepted by a test line, allowing measurement of elongated grains faster than the planimetric method at the same precision of ±0.5 grain size units.
This document discusses metallurgy and material science, specifically focusing on the iron-carbon phase diagram and the microstructures and transformations associated with steels. It describes the five individual phases in the Fe-C diagram, including ferrite, austenite, cementite, and liquid. It also discusses the three invariant reactions of peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid. The document classifies different types of steels and cast irons based on their carbon content and describes the microstructures of hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels. It also discusses phase transformations in steels including pearlite, bainite, and martensite
The document discusses different types of stainless steel, including their compositions and properties. It begins with an overview of crystallography and allotropes, explaining that iron and steel are crystalline and can exist in different forms. It then covers the four main types of stainless steel: ferritic, austenitic, martensitic, and duplex. For each type, the document describes their typical compositions in terms of chromium, nickel, and other elements, as well as their properties such as corrosion resistance, strength, and magnetic permeability.
Metal Joining Process- Welding, Brazing and SolderingLearnwithus2
The document discusses different metal joining processes including brazing, soldering, and welding. It provides details on:
- Brazing involves melting a higher-temperature filler metal without melting the base metals. Soldering uses a lower-temperature filler metal.
- Welding can involve melting both the filler metal and base metals. Common welding processes discussed are shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, and gas metal arc welding.
- Proper ventilation and safety equipment are important when welding to avoid electrical, fire, explosion, and inhalation hazards.
Heat treatment defects &and its remediesNIAJ AHMED
Heat Treatment involves various heating and cooling procedures performed to effect structural changes in a material, which turn affect its mechanical properties
This document provides details about various topics covered in a welding course, including:
1. It outlines the topics, hours, and status of the course which covers welding science, processes, energy sources, fluxes, welding arc physics, heat flow, joint design, testing, and metallurgy.
2. It describes the key characteristics of different arc welding processes including shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, flux-cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, and gas tungsten arc welding.
3. It discusses the physics of arc welding including arc plasma formation, arc temperature, arc polarity, effects of magnetic fields, and arc types from different power sources.
Rockwell hardness testing involves indenting a material with either a diamond or steel ball indenter under a minor preload and then a major load. The difference in indentation depth is used to determine the Rockwell hardness number on various scales. There are 30 Rockwell scales that use different indenters and loads. Factors like material type, thickness, and location must be considered to select the appropriate scale. Rockwell hardness testing can detect variations in case hardness and decarburization of case hardened parts. Testing can also be done at elevated temperatures using specialized testers.
The Brinell hardness test is a macro hardness test that involves pressing an indenter, usually a hardened steel or carbide ball, into the surface of a material under a specified load. The Brinell hardness number is calculated based on the diameter of the indentation and the surface area of the indenter. The test is used to determine the hardness of metallic materials and check the quality and uniformity of metals and heat treatments. It has advantages such as being suitable for rough conditions and inhomogeneous materials, having a simple procedure and inexpensive indenter, and allowing conversion to tensile strength.
This document discusses various heat treatments that can be used on steels, including:
- Annealing treatments like full annealing, recrystallization annealing, stress relief annealing, and spheroidization annealing.
- Normalizing to refine grain structure, harden slightly, and reduce segregation.
- Hardening by heating above the transformation temperatures and quenching to form martensite, followed by tempering.
- Factors that influence the severity of quenching and hardenability of steels, such as the quenching medium, agitation level, and alloying elements. Microstructures can vary from surface to interior based on cooling rate.
This document is the Indian Standard IS 2102 (Part 1) from 1993 that specifies general tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications in four tolerance classes (fine, medium, coarse, very coarse). It applies to dimensions of parts produced by metal removal or sheet metal forming. The standard provides tables with permissible deviations for linear dimensions, broken edges, and angular dimensions according to the tolerance class and nominal size range. It specifies that drawings should refer to this standard and indicate the tolerance class to apply the general tolerances. Features exceeding the general tolerance are not cause for automatic rejection if function is not impaired.
This document provides information about various heat treatment processes including annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and hardenability. It describes the purposes and procedures for each process, including the effects on microstructure and material properties. Examples are given to illustrate how to determine the final microstructure based on time-temperature treatments using TTT diagrams.
This presentation is for mechanical engineering/ civil engineering students to help them understand the different type of destructive mechanical testing of materials. The tensile testing, hardness, impact test procedures are explained in detail.
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
Mumbai University
Mechanical engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 1.4
Strain Hardening:
Definition importance of strain hardening, Dislocation theory of strain hardening, Effect of strain hardening on engineering behaviour of materials, Recrystallization Annealing: stages of recrystallization annealing and factors affecting it
The document discusses different hardness testing methods including Brinell hardness testing and Rockwell hardness testing. Brinell hardness testing involves pressing an indenter ball into the surface of a metal under a load and measuring the diameter of the indentation. Rockwell hardness testing measures the additional depth of a heavy load indenter beyond the depth of a previously applied light load. Both tests provide standardized hardness values and have advantages such as being simple and quick to perform.
(1) The document analyzes a steel bar that cracked during a bending test. (2) Microstructural examination revealed a martensitic surface zone with higher hardness than the ductile ferrite-pearlite core. (3) Chemical analysis found the steel to meet specifications. (4) The steel bar was likely overquenched during manufacturing, leading to a martensite area exceeding 30% and reduced ductility, causing cracks during bending.
Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan pengujian lengkung pada bahan. Pengujian lengkung adalah proses pembebanan pada suatu bahan di tengah-tengahnya yang ditahan di dua tumpuan sehingga mengalami deformasi akibat dua gaya berlawanan. Dokumen tersebut juga menjelaskan metode pengujian lengkung tiga titik dan empat titik beserta rumus-rumus yang digunakan untuk menghitung tegangan dan modulus elastisitas.
The document discusses welding procedure specifications (WPS) and procedure qualification records (PQR). It describes that a WPS specifies how welding is to be performed to ensure repeatability, while a PQR documents that a welding procedure meets standards through testing. It provides details on the components of a WPS, including specifying the ASME code, using gas tungsten arc welding with argon gas and a thoriated tungsten electrode, and an ER70S-G filler metal. The document emphasizes that a WPS must be supported by a qualified PQR.
To determine the ductility of mild steel specimens using a three-point bend test. The test involves placing steel bar specimens on a bend test machine with supports 8 times the bar diameter apart and a handle 5 times the bar diameter above the supports. A load is applied until the bar bends at 180 degrees, though some spring back was observed. No cracks were observed, indicating the material is suitable for use. The three-point bend test provides a simple way to evaluate materials' ability to resist cracking during bending.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan penjelasan mengenai pengertian dan unsur-unsur lingkaran, termasuk titik pusat, jari-jari, diameter, busur, tali busur, tembereng, juring, dan apotema. Juga dijelaskan rumus-rumus untuk menghitung keliling, luas, sudut pusat, panjang busur, luas juring, dan luas tembereng pada lingkaran.
This document discusses the 3-point flexural test, which measures the flexural properties of materials. In a 3-point flexural test, a specimen is placed on two supporting pins and a loading pin is applied in the middle. Calculations are performed to determine flexural stress, strain, and modulus based on the load and deflection measurements. The test provides values for modulus of elasticity in bending, flexural stress, flexural strain, and flexural stress-strain response. It is a common test for evaluating a material's stiffness when flexed.
This document provides standards for conducting Charpy impact tests using U-notch specimens for metals. It specifies dimensions and tolerances for standard and subsidiary test pieces, requirements for the testing machine including hammer speed and energy, and test procedures. The standard was revised in 1977 to align with international standards and allow testing of all metals using various specimen sizes.
The document provides specifications for an apparatus used to measure the length change of hardened cement paste, mortar, and concrete. It describes the construction, dimensions, materials, and markings required for a length comparator, which uses a micrometer to measure the change in length of specimens against a reference bar. The length comparator consists of an adjustable frame that holds either a screw or dial micrometer and allows measurement of specimens of different lengths.
This document describes the Indian Standard method for conducting a Charpy impact test using a U-notch specimen for metals. It specifies the test machine requirements, including hammer speed, dimensions of the supports and hammer. It describes the standard 10x10mm test specimen and two subsidiary sizes, and gives tolerances for specimen dimensions. The procedure covers positioning and temperature of the test, with the standard being at 27°C ±2°C. Three specimens are to be tested and criteria for retests are given. Unbroken specimens are also addressed.
This document outlines standards for plane strain fracture toughness testing of metals. It describes the test method which involves precracking a notched metal specimen using fatigue, then applying a bending or tensile load to propagate the crack. Key parameters such as specimen thickness, crack length, and stress intensity during precracking are specified. The test aims to determine the plane strain fracture toughness (KIC) value, which indicates a material's resistance to crack growth under conditions of limited plasticity. Specimen dimensions, test procedures, and validity checks are provided to ensure accurate KIC measurements.
This document is the Indian Standard Specification for plain hard-drawn steel wire for prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, supply, and testing of steel wire used in prestressed concrete. Some key points:
- The wire must be cold drawn from steel produced by various processes like open hearth or basic oxygen process. The steel composition limits sulfur and phosphorus.
- Wires have nominal diameters between 2.5-8 mm. Tolerances on diameter are specified.
- Physical requirements include minimum tensile strengths specified for each diameter wire. Wire must also meet elongation, relaxation, and stress corrosion requirements.
- Manufacturing process involves cold drawing rods to size, stress relie
This document outlines testing procedures for evaluating the strength, deformation, and cracking of autoclaved cellular concrete flexural members under short duration bending loads. Key points:
- Test specimens should be full-size structural members to be used in construction.
- Members are simply supported and loaded at third points using steel plates to distribute the load evenly.
- Loads, deflections at mid-span, strains, and crack widths are measured.
- Members are loaded until cracking occurs or a prescribed load is reached to evaluate strength, deformation, and cracking behavior under short term bending loads.
This document outlines test methods for assessing the particle size and shape of aggregates used in concrete from an Indian Standard published in 1963. It includes procedures for sieve analysis to determine particle size distribution, and tests for materials finer than 75 microns, flakiness index, elongation index, and angularity number. The goal is to assist in evaluating the quality of aggregates used in concrete construction in India by testing relevant properties. Maximum sample weights and sieve sizes are provided for different tests.
This document provides specifications for hard-drawn steel wire fabric used for concrete reinforcement. It defines key terms, specifies the material and manufacturing requirements, and sets tolerances. There are two types of fabric - oblong and square mesh. Dimensions include mesh size, weight, and wire diameters. Sheets and rolls have specified widths and lengths to fit construction modules. Mass is calculated based on the steel density, and actual mass is determined by weighing samples.
This document provides the specifications for precast reinforced concrete street lighting poles. It outlines the materials, design considerations, testing requirements and more. Some key points:
- Poles must be a minimum of 5.2m in length, with mounting heights of at least 4m and planting depths of at least 1.2m.
- Concrete grade shall be at minimum M20. Reinforcement can be mild steel, medium tensile steel or deformed steel bars.
- Poles shall be designed to resist a maximum bending moment from loads like wind pressure and the weight of fixtures applied 600mm below the light source.
- Testing includes determining the ultimate transverse load at which the pole fails under a load
This document provides the specification for high tensile steel bars used in prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, sizes, tolerances, physical properties, testing procedures, sampling methods, and criteria for conformity of the steel bars. The bars must be made through specific steel manufacturing processes and have certain chemical compositions. They are tested to ensure they meet the specified requirements for properties like tensile strength, proof stress, and elongation.
This document provides the specification for high tensile steel bars used in prestressed concrete. It outlines the requirements for the manufacture, chemical composition, sizes, tolerances, physical properties including tensile strength, proof stress and elongation. It also describes the testing methods for these properties, including tensile testing and constant strain relaxation testing. Finally, it specifies the sampling and criteria for conformity, delivery, inspection, and required testing facilities.
The document is the Indian Standard Specification for High Strength Deformed Steel Bars and Wires for Concrete Reinforcement. It outlines the requirements and testing procedures for steel reinforcement bars in three strength grades (Fe 415, Fe 500, Fe 550). Key points include:
- The standard covers manufacturing process, chemical composition limits, mechanical properties, and surface characteristics/deformations required for adequate bond with concrete.
- Steel bars must meet requirements for carbon, sulfur, phosphorus and mechanical properties depending on the specified strength grade.
- Deformations on the bar surface are specified as a minimum projected rib area to ensure adequate bond capacity.
- Bars can be manufactured by hot rolling followed by optional cooling/cold working
This document provides the specifications for plain hard drawn steel wire intended for use in prestressed concrete. It outlines the following key points:
- The wire shall be cold drawn from steel produced via various processes to contain less than 0.05% sulfur and phosphorus.
- Nominal diameters shall be 3.0 mm, 4.0 mm, or 5.0 mm within specified tolerances.
- The wire must meet minimum tensile strength requirements and have a proof stress of at least 75% of the tensile strength.
- It must pass reverse bend tests without fracturing to demonstrate adequate ductility.
The document also describes manufacturing requirements, permissible defects, testing methods and sampling procedures to
This document outlines test methods for determining various properties of aggregates used in concrete from the Indian Standard IS:2386 (Part III) - 1963. It describes 4 methods (I-IV) for determining specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, water absorption and bulk density of aggregates. Method I is for aggregates larger than 10mm, Method II for aggregates between 40mm and 10mm, Method III for aggregates smaller than 10mm. The tests involve weighing samples in and out of water, surface drying, oven drying and calculating properties from weight changes. Reporting of individual and mean test results is recommended.
This document provides testing methods to determine the mechanical properties of aggregates for concrete. It describes the procedure to conduct an aggregate crushing value test, which involves placing a sample of coarse aggregate in a cylinder apparatus and compressing it at a uniform rate to measure its resistance to crushing. The sample is sieved after the test to determine the percentage of fines produced. It also outlines tests for 10% fines value, impact value, abrasion value, polished stone value, and crushing strength. The aim is to assess the quality and durability of aggregates used in concrete.
This document provides information on an Indian standard test method (IS 5816) for determining the splitting tensile strength of concrete. Some key points:
- The test method can be used to test both concrete cubes and cylinders. Specimen sizes are specified.
- Specimens are cured and tested at standard ages, most commonly 7 and 28 days.
- A compression testing machine applies a load via steel loading strips on the packing strips surrounding the specimen. This loads the specimen uniformly across its length.
- At least 3 specimens are tested for each age. Measurements are taken and the maximum load at failure is used to calculate splitting tensile strength.
This document provides the standard method for testing the permeability of cement mortar and concrete specimens. It outlines the necessary apparatus, including a permeability cell and water reservoir. It describes how to prepare and seal cylindrical specimens for testing. The standard test pressure is 10 kg/cm2, but may be reduced to 5 kg/cm2 or increased to 15 kg/cm2 depending on the permeability of the specimen. The test involves applying pressure to one side of the sealed specimen and measuring the quantity of water passing through over time to calculate the coefficient of permeability.
This document provides a summary of an Indian standard specification for steel pipe flanges. It includes:
1) The scope which outlines the different types of steel pipe flanges covered such as integral, welding neck, plate, screwed boss, slip-on boss, and loose flanges.
2) The material requirements including specifications for carbon steel, carbon molybdenum steel, chrome-molybdenum steel, and requirements for bolts and nuts.
3) The classification of flanges into different pressure-temperature classes ranging from Classes 0-1 to 16-0.
4) Tables providing material specifications and allowable stress values for different materials at various design temperatures.
This document outlines testing methods to evaluate bond strength between concrete and reinforcing bars. It describes procedures for pull-out tests using concrete cubes with embedded reinforcing bars. Specimen sizes are based on bar diameters up to 25mm being tested in 150mm cubes, and larger bars in 225mm cubes. Apparatus includes molds, dial micrometers to measure slip, and a testing machine capable of pulling the bar at a specified rate while measuring slip.
This document provides testing methods for measuring the mortar-making properties of fine aggregates for concrete. It outlines procedures for making a mortar with a water-cement ratio of 0.6 and fine aggregate, and testing the flow and compressive strength. Mortar is made and tested for flow using a flow table. Specimens are then molded and cured before testing compressive strength at ages of 24 hours and older. The test is intended to assess fine aggregates for use in concrete mixtures.
This document provides the standard test method for determining the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. It describes the procedure which involves applying a diametral compressive force along the length of a concrete cylinder at a controlled rate until failure. The maximum load sustained is used to calculate the splitting tensile strength in psi. Proper specimen preparation, loading rate, and calculations are specified to provide consistent results.
This document describes Standard Test Method C 39/C 39M for determining the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. It outlines the test method which involves applying a compressive axial load to molded cylinders or cores at a controlled rate until failure. The maximum load attained is used to calculate compressive strength by dividing by the cross-sectional area. Requirements are provided for the testing machine, specimen preparation, loading rates, and verification of machine accuracy. The test results are used for quality control of concrete mixes and acceptance testing.
The document discusses the differences and similarities between manual drafting techniques and computer-aided design (CAD) techniques. It notes that while CAD provides advantages like easier information updating and cross-referencing, it also has limitations related to screen display size and resolution. Both techniques aim to produce the same end product of construction drawings and documentation, though CAD allows for new functionality as well. The document seeks to identify issues in standardizing CAD practices given that the technology is still maturing.
This document outlines specifications and requirements for personal computers in India. It provides:
1) General requirements for PC components like the microprocessor, memory, interfaces, display, keyboard, and power supply.
2) Safety, EMC, and performance requirements for PCs to ensure quality, reliability, and electromagnetic compatibility.
3) Requirements for marking, user manuals, and testing including type tests, routine tests, and acceptance tests.
4) Environmental tests to ensure PCs can withstand vibration, temperature extremes, humidity, and mechanical stresses.
This document outlines standards for instruments used to measure vibrations from sources other than earthquakes. It discusses recommended instrumentation including accelerometers, signal conditioners, and signal processors. Accelerometers are preferred for vibration studies due to their versatility, ruggedness, and accuracy. Signal conditioners amplify and filter accelerometer signals, while signal processors analyze vibration data in real-time using computers. The document provides guidelines on installing accelerometers, collecting experimental vibration data, and ensuring instrumentation is calibrated and functioning properly prior to taking measurements.
This document provides guidelines for the utilization and disposal of fly ash from thermal power plants and other industrial facilities that use pulverized coal. It describes how fly ash can be collected and stored, and recommends several ways it can be used productively including in cement production, concrete, bricks, road construction, and land reclamation. Specific methods are outlined for utilizing fly ash in Portland pozzolana cement, concrete products, sintered lightweight aggregates, and lime-fly ash cellular concrete.
This document outlines procedures for sampling fly ash from lots for testing and analysis. It defines key terms like lot, sub-lot, increment, and describes how to divide lots into sub-lots for sampling based on lot size. It provides methods for collecting increments to form gross samples from conveyors, stockpiles during loading/unloading, and completed stockpiles. It also describes how to reduce gross samples to obtain laboratory samples and how to prepare a composite sample from laboratory samples for certain tests. The goal is to obtain representative samples to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of fly ash.
This document provides the general requirements for batch type concrete mixers according to Indian Standard IS: 1791-1985. It outlines specifications for drum size and capacity, materials used, water systems, tank capacities, and other design aspects. Key points include:
- Mixer sizes range from 100-1000 litres and may be tilting, non-tilting, or reversing drum types.
- Drum materials and thicknesses are specified according to mixer size.
- Water tanks must hold specified minimum volumes and deliver water in increments.
- Water meters and fittings must operate within specified pressure ranges.
This document is the Indian Standard specification for drinking fountains from 1973. It outlines the materials, construction requirements, and finishes that drinking fountains used in public places like schools and parks should meet. It specifies that basins should be one-piece with sloped sides for drainage and designed to prevent splashing. Jet mechanisms should issue water at an angle to prevent backflow and be protected by guards. Water supply should be controlled by a self-closing tap. The standard aims to ensure drinking fountains are hygienic and perform properly.
This document provides conversion tables and factors for converting between metric and non-metric units used in Pakistan. It includes tables for converting lengths, areas, volumes, capacities, weights and masses between metric and non-metric units like yards, feet, inches, miles, acres, gallons, pounds, tons and other units. The document is intended to aid in price conversion between metric and non-metric units commonly used in Pakistan.
This document outlines rules for rounding off numerical values in calculations and measurements to provide more rational results. It defines key terms like number of decimal places and significant figures. The main rules prescribed are: for unit rounding, keep or increase the last figure based on the next figure; for other rounding levels, divide by the rounding level and round the quotient according to unit rounding rules. The goal is to produce more accurate sums and averages when rounding multiple values.
This document outlines rules for rounding numerical values in calculations and measurements according to the Indian Standard IS: 2-1960. It provides definitions for terms like number of decimal places and significant figures. The main rules prescribed are:
1) Round to the nearest whole number, leaving unchanged values less than 0.5 and increasing values above 0.5. For values of exactly 0.5, round up if the preceding digit is odd and leave unchanged if even.
2) For non-unity fineness of rounding (e.g. 0.1 or 10), divide the value by the fineness, round the quotient according to the above rule, and multiply the rounded quotient by the fineness.
3)
This document outlines specifications for the National Flag of India made of cotton khadi. It provides details on:
- The design of the flag, which is a rectangular tricolor with saffron, white and green panels in a ratio of 3:2.
- Materials used, including cotton khadi bunting and duck fabrics, sewing threads, and hemp cordage. Fabric specifications include yarn count, weave, and physical requirements.
- Dimensions and tolerances for different sized flags, as well as dimensions of wooden toggles used to attach the flag to poles.
1. Gr3
18:1599-1985
(fbpsrscdi~IS~:g1 692-1974,IS:3260-1965
amdIS:4598-1968)
Indian Standard
( Reaffirmed 1996 )
METHOD FOR BEND TEST
(Second Revision)
Third Reprint FEBRUARY 1997
UDC 669 : 620.163.24
0 Copyright 1986
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
,’ January 1986
2. Indian Standard
METHOD FOR BEND TEST
( Second Rev&km )
Method8 of Physical Tests Sectional Committee, SMDC 3
chakman R~~rrzmthg
SEBI P. IC. CHAKRAVARTY The Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
Manbsrs
SERI R. IC. ABBOL
SEBI S. BOXDE ( Altmatr )
Bharat Steel Tubes Ltd, Canaur ( Haryana )
SHRI SUJIT Kmraa BASU M. N. Dastur & Co ( P ) Ltd, Calcutta
Sxxar S. SBN GWTA ( Aftma& )
SHRI K. K. BEATIA Quality Marking Centre, Amritrar
1 SHBI R. N. BISWAS Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Durgapur Steel
SRBI T. S. TEWARI ( Ahnatr )
Plant ), Durgapur
DR A. CHAKBABORTY Usha Martin Industries Ltd, Calcutta
SERI H. MAHE~WARY ( Altern& )
SEBI K. K. CEEEIAN Indian Aluminium Co Ltd, Calcutta
SERI PAIVKAJ DE ( Affematr )
DR R. F. D-AI. Indian Telephone Industries Ltd, Bangalore
SEEI V. V. PRABHU ( Afttmu~ )
. SHRI M. K. DAS GUPTA
SEBI K. G. GARO
National Physical Laboratory ( CSIR ), New Delhi
Directorate General of Technical Development
and Production ( Air ), NqDelhi
SEBI P. RAOHOTHAYA RAO ( AUrrnotr )
SEBI B. G. GEHAXI
SRBI G. S. SOBTI ( ~kI7kdr )
Blue Star Limited, Bombay
SHIKI A. GHOSH National Test House, Calcutta
SHBI D. S. MAJUMDAR ( AuIIMk )
SHBI S. A. HAQUE
SERI A. S. WALXA ( Alimats )
The Tata Iron and Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
SERI N. C. HORE Ministry of Railways
SRRI S. R. DE ( Altnncrtr )
SERI S. V. KULKAEWI Fuel Instruments & Engineas Pvt Ltd. Ichalkarrnji
Soar J. V. KULKABNI ( Altmatr )
SHRI S. KUXAX Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation Ltd,
DurgaPur
( Cbntimud onpug )
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected under the Indian cwiht Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
I
publisha shall be deemed to be an h&ingement of copyright under the said Act
3. ISrlrn-1985
( cG7atifIludfi rm pug#1 )
MnnbrrS R@resmlt~g
!~RI K. S. LAK.5HYrk~AYAX Avery India Ltd, Calcutta
$EBI R. D. SEABXA ( Alterm& )
SHBI C. B. LUXAWAT The Indian Tube Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
SRRI R. RANA RAO ( Altmat~ )
SHRI $. R. MAZUMDAR Miiirtry of Defencc ( DGI )
SRRI A. K. CHAKBOBOBTY ( Altarnotr )
SERI V. N. NANDA Associated Instrument Manufacture-’ ( India ) Pvt
Ltd, New Delhi
Soar S. C. JAIH ( Al&mate )
SHRI R. A. PADXA~ABH~IN Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute
SHRI M. PEASAD
( CSIR ), Durgapur
Steel Authority of India Ltd (Rourkela Steel
Plant ), Rourkela
SHRI N. GOPALAKEISHNA ( Altemutu )
SHBI S. RADEAKRISENAX National Aeronautical Laboratory ( CSIR ),
Da V. SR~IVASAN ( Altmatr )
Bangalore
DR V. RAO National Metallurgical
.Jamshedpur
DR D. J. CEAKRAVARTI ( Alfemute )
SARI R. N. SAHA Directorate General of
New Delhi
Laboratory ( CSIR ),
Supplies and Disposals,
SERI S. K. PANDEY ( Altarnuts )
SHRI D. N. SARKAB Ministry of Defence ( Ordnance Factories Board ),
Caicutta .
SERI A. R. BASU ( Altrmatr )
SHIU I?. C. SHARYA Directorate General of Civil Aviation, New Delhi
SEW K. SWAIUIAPPAX Ministry of Defence ( R&D )
SEW H. K. TANEJA
SHRI S. K-AR ( Altmuk )
Indian Register of Shipping, Bombay
S-1 YADH~IR SINWI SteelB?;$rity of India Ltd ( Bokaro Steel Plant ),
SERI P. N. TRIPATEY ( AfWnutr )
SERI K. RA~EAVJWDRAX, Director General, IS1 ( Ex-o&is iU& )
Director ( Stuc & Met )
SFI~I JAOYOHAX SINQE
Deputy Director ( Metals ). IS1
/ 2
4. IS:1599-1985
lndian Standard
METHOD FOR BEND TEST
( Second Revision )
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Second Revision ) was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 28 February 1985, after the draft finalized by
the Methods of Physical Tests Sectional Committee had been approved
by the Structural and Metals Division Council.
0.2 This standard was iirst published in 1960 and was revised in 1974.
While reviewing this standard in the light of the work done by ISO/TC
164 ‘Mechanical Testing of Metals’ at the international level, the Sectio-nal
Committee responsible for this standard decided to revise this
standard so as to have a single Indian Standard on Method for bend
test amalgamating three other Indian Standards on the subject.
0.2.1 This standard thus supersedes the following Tndian Standards:
IS : 1692-1974 Method for simple bend testing of steel sheet and
strip less than 3 mm thick
IS : 3260-1965 Method for bend test for copper and copper alloys
IS : 4598-1968 Method for single bend test for aluminium and
aluminium alloy sheet and strip of thickness
between 0’2 mm and 7 mm
6.3 This standard is based on the International Standard IS0 7438-1985
‘Metallic materials - Rend test’ issued by the International Organization
for Standardization.
0.4 In reporting the results of test or analysis made in accordance with
this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded
off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.
*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( rrrrisrd) .
3
5. IS I1599 - 19S5
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies the method of conducting bend test for
determining the ability of metallic materials to undergo plastic defor-mation
in bending. It applies, to the bend test of test pieces taken from
metallic products as apecilied in the relevant product standard.
1.2 This standard is not applicable to certain materials and/or products,
for example tubes in full section or welded joints, for which other
standards exist.
2. PRINCIPLE
21 The bend test consists of submitting a test. piece of round, square,
rectangular, or polygonal cross section to plastic deformation by bending,
without changing the direction of loading, until a specsed angle of bend
is reached.
2.2 The axes af the two legs of the test piece remain h a plane
perpendicular to the axis of bending. In the case of 130’ bend, the two
lateral surfaces may, depending on the requirements of the material.
standard, lie flat against each other or may be parallel at a specified
distance, an insert being used to control this distance.
3. SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATIONS
3.1 Symbols and designations used in the bend teat are shown in Fig. 1
and 2 and specified in Table 1.
SYMBOLS
0
(asshownin
Figurer )
TABLE 1 SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATIONS
D~~I~~~TxoN
Thickness or diameter of test piece ( or
diameter of the inscribed circle for
pieces of polygonal cross-section )
Width of test piece
Length of test pice
Distance between supports
Diimeter of mandrel
Angle of bend
Internal radios of bend portion of test
piece after bending
UNIT
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
dew--
mm
4
6. IS:1599-1985
4. TEST EQWMENT
4.1 The bend test shall be carried out in testing machines or presses
equipped with the following devices:
4
b)
4
Bending device with two supports and a mandrel as shown in
Fig. 1,
Bending device with a V-block and a mandrel as shown in
Fig. 2, and
Bending device with a clamp as shown in Fig. 3.
1
FIG. 1 SIMPLE BEND Taa
5
7. IS:15!99-1985
Fro. 2 BEND TEST BY TSSE USE OF V-BLOCK
Fro. 3 BEND TEST THROUGH AN ANGLE OVER A SPECIFIED RADIUS’
4.2 Bending Device with Supports and a Mandrel
4.2.1 The length of the supports and the width of the mandrel shall
be greater than the width or diameter of the test piece. The diameter
of the mandrel is determined by the material standard. The test piece
supports shall be rounded to a radius between 1 and 10 times the thick-ness
of the test piece and shall be sufficiently hard ( see Fig. 1 ).
6
8. 4.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the distance between fhe supports, I
shall be taken as approximately:
1=D+3a
and shall not change during the bend test.
4.3 Bending Device with a V-Bl6ck
4.3.1 The tapered surfaces of the V-block sha’ll form an angle of
180” - a ( see Fig. 2 ).
4.3.2 The edges of the V-block shall be rounded to a radius between 1
and 10 times the thickness of the test piece and shall be sufEciently hard.
4.4 Bending Device with a Clamp - Thedevice consists of a c@mp
and a mandrel of sufficient hardness; it may be eq&pped with a lever
for applying force to the test piece ( see Fig. 3 ).
5. TEST PIECE
5.1 Round, square, rectangular or polygonal cross section test pieces are
used in the test. Any areas of the mpterial #%cted by shearing or flame
cutting and similar operations during the +ting of tejt pie& SW a
removed. However, testing a test pi-, the &ected. parts of whii
have not been removed, is acceptable protided the resultant bend is
satisfactory.
5.2 The edges of rectangular test pieces shall be rounded to a radiw
not exceeding one-tenth of the thickness of test pieces. The munditig
shall be made in such a way that no transverse, burrg, scratches or marks
are formed which might adverse@ affect the tert result. However, testin@
e test piece, the edges of which have not been rounded, iti acceptable
provided the resultant bend is satisfactory.
5.3 Unless otherwise specified in the relevant standard, the width of.the
test piece shall be as follows:
a) The same, when the width of the product is equal to or less than
20 mm; and
b) When the width of a product is more than 20 mm:
i) 20 & 5 mm for products of thickness less than 3 mm, and
ii) Between 20 and 50 mm for products of thickness equal to or
greatei than 3 mm.
5.4 Thickness of the Test Piece
5.4.1 The thickness of the test piece from sheets, strips and sections
shall be equal to the thickness of the product to be tested. If the thick-ness
of the product is greater than 25 mm, it may be reduced by
machining one surface to not less than 25 mm. During bending, the
unmachined side shall be the tension-side surface of the test piece.
7
9. 5.4.2 The round or polygonal cross. section teat piece shall be submitted
to the bend test in the cross section equal to that of the product. In case
the diameter ( for a round cross section ) or the inscribed circle diameter
( for polygonal cross section ) does not exceed 50 mm. When the
diameter or the inscribed circle diameter, of the test piece exceed 30 mm
up to and including 50 mm, it may be reduced to not less than 25 mm.
When the diameter or the inscribed circle diameter, of the test piece
exceeda 50 mm, it shall be reduced to not less than 25_mm ( SM Fig. 4 ).
During bending, the urmachined side shall be the tension-side surface
of the test piece.
Fro. 4 h6ITION OF BEND TRST PIECE IN ROUND OR
POLYcmaL SBCTIONS
55 In the cam of forgings, castings and semifinished products, the
dimensions of the test piece and sampling shall be as specified in the
relevant standard or by agreement.
6.6 By agreement but not in cases of dispute, test pieces of a greater
thickness and width than those specified in 5.3 and 5.4 may be subjected
to the bend test.
8.7 The length of a test piece depends on the thickness of the test piece
and the test equipment used.
6. PROCRDURR
6.1 In general, the test is carried out at ambient temperature between 10
and 35%. Tests carried out under controlled conditions shall be made
at a temperature of 23 f 5°C.
6.2 The bend test is carried out using one of the following methods
specified in the relevant standard:
4
b)
4
That a specified angle of bend is achieved under the force and
for the given conditions ( 8~ Fig. 1,2 and 3 );
That the legs of the test piece are parallel to each other at a
specified distance apart while under the force ( see Fig. 6 ); and
That the legs of the piece are in direct contact while under the
force ( see Fig. 7 ).
8
10. IS:1599 -1985
6.S In the bend test to a specified angle of bend, lay the test piece on
the supports ( see Fig. 1 ) or on the V-block ( se8 Fig. 2 ) and bend it in
the middle between the supports by the action of a continuously increas-ing
force. Apply the bending force slowly ao as to permit free pkutic
flow of the material.
6.3.1 If it is not possible to bend the test piece to the specified angle in
the manner described in 6.3, complete the bend by pressing directly on
the ends of the legs of the test piece ( $88 Fig. 5 ).
Fro. 5 BEND TEST THROUOH A SPECIFIED ANGLE
6.4 In the bend test to parallelism of the legs, the test piece may be bent
first, as indicated in 6.3 and then placed between the parallel plates of
the press ( scc Fig. 6 ) where it is further formed by application of a conti-nuously
increasing force to obtain parallelism of the legs. The test may
be carried out with or without the inrert. The thickness of the insert
shall be defined in the relevant standards or by agreement.
An alternate method of test is that of bending over a mandrel
( SC8 4.4 ).
6.5 If specified, the test piece, after its preliminary bending, is further
bent between the parallel plates of the press, by application of a conti-nuously
increasing force, to obtain direct contact between the legs of
the test piece ( sue Fig. 7 ).
9
11. FIG. 6 BEND TEST THROUGH AN ANKLE OF’ 180” OVER A SPECIFIEojR~n~~
Fm. 7 BEND TEST TO FLAT CONDITION
7. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
7.1 The interpretation of the bend test is carried out according to the
requirements of, the material standards. When these requirements are
not specified, absence of cracks visible without the usebf magnifying
aids is considered as the evidence that the test piece withstood the ‘bend
test. . . ...
7.2 The angle of bend, specified in material rtandards, ’ is always
considered as a minimum. If the internal radiusof ‘a bend is specified,
it is considered as a maximum.
10
12. IS : 1599 - 1985
8. TEST REPORTS
8.1 The test report shall include the following information:
4
b)
Reference to this standard;
Identification of the test piece ( type of the material, cast
number, direction of the test piece axis relative to a product,
etc );
Cl Shape and dimensions of the test piece;
4 Test method; and
4 Test result.
11