This document provides information on an Indian standard test method (IS 5816) for determining the splitting tensile strength of concrete. Some key points:
- The test method can be used to test both concrete cubes and cylinders. Specimen sizes are specified.
- Specimens are cured and tested at standard ages, most commonly 7 and 28 days.
- A compression testing machine applies a load via steel loading strips on the packing strips surrounding the specimen. This loads the specimen uniformly across its length.
- At least 3 specimens are tested for each age. Measurements are taken and the maximum load at failure is used to calculate splitting tensile strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A study on the mechanical properties of s45 c medium type carbon steel specim...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental process is a fundamental technique used to determine the nature and behavior of many materials under study. In order to evaluate the fundamental properties of many engineering materials the use of mechanical testing techniques frequently play a crucial role. The development of new materials and the control of material quality are essential in the process of design and in their usage for industrial applications and construction. In this experiment, there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon content that were rigorously prepared according to ASTM standards under specific varied parameters. These parameters include the machining cutter speeds on the lathe machine and the mediums selected and temperatures set for the quenching process on the steel specimens in order to affect their overall microstructure. The specimens were then subjected to aggregate mechanical loading using a conventional tensile testing machine. The consequential effect of material structure metamorphosis under the selected quenching techniques was ultimately not part of the study as it involves microscopic analysis of grain boundaries and high-end precision equipment would be necessary to do any significant material analysis. The results of the experiment suggest that the macroscopic (not microscopic) effect of the lathe machining speeds do not significantly affect the tensile material strength of the S45 medium carbon steel specimen. Thus, the mediums and temperatures selected for the quenching process on the specimens had a marginal but significant effect on the elevated levels of tensile mechanical strength and strain of medium type carbon steel. Keywords: mechanical properties, carbon steel, lathe machine, S45C, quenching process, tensile test, stress, strain.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A study on the mechanical properties of s45 c medium type carbon steel specim...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental process is a fundamental technique used to determine the nature and behavior of many materials under study. In order to evaluate the fundamental properties of many engineering materials the use of mechanical testing techniques frequently play a crucial role. The development of new materials and the control of material quality are essential in the process of design and in their usage for industrial applications and construction. In this experiment, there were 2 sets (5 samples each) of medium type steel specimens S45C of 0.45% carbon content that were rigorously prepared according to ASTM standards under specific varied parameters. These parameters include the machining cutter speeds on the lathe machine and the mediums selected and temperatures set for the quenching process on the steel specimens in order to affect their overall microstructure. The specimens were then subjected to aggregate mechanical loading using a conventional tensile testing machine. The consequential effect of material structure metamorphosis under the selected quenching techniques was ultimately not part of the study as it involves microscopic analysis of grain boundaries and high-end precision equipment would be necessary to do any significant material analysis. The results of the experiment suggest that the macroscopic (not microscopic) effect of the lathe machining speeds do not significantly affect the tensile material strength of the S45 medium carbon steel specimen. Thus, the mediums and temperatures selected for the quenching process on the specimens had a marginal but significant effect on the elevated levels of tensile mechanical strength and strain of medium type carbon steel. Keywords: mechanical properties, carbon steel, lathe machine, S45C, quenching process, tensile test, stress, strain.
Experimental investigation on buckling of GFRP cylindrical shells subjected t...IOSR Journals
Composite cylindrical shells are being used in submarine, underground mines, aerospace applications and other civil engineering applications. Thin cylindrical shells are more prone to fail in buckling rather than material failure. An experimental study on buckling of glass fiber reinforced plastics layered composite cylindrical shells under displacement and load controlled static axial compression are reported The experimental results are compared with general purpose finite element program (ANSYS). Limit point loads evaluated for geometric imperfection magnitudes shows an excellent agreement with experimental results which clearly indicates the confidence gained on the numerical results presented. Present study finds direct application to qualitatively investigate the influence of geometric imperfection on other advanced grid-stiffened structures.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Damage tolerance study of honeycomb sandwich structureeSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite materials are essential component in today’s modern world. Structural sandwich construction is one of the first form of composite structures. In this study honeycomb sandwich structure which is a peculiar type of composite structure was investigated for crashworthiness. They are manmade structures with a honeycomb geometry. It consists of three elements ; Top face sheet, Core, Bottom face sheet. They are widely used in aerospace industry, marine, rail, automotive industry, in construction field as prefabricated partition walls, mezzanine floor, doors etc. The main objective of this study was to assess the damage tolerance of honeycomb sandwich structure based on serviceability and safety of the structure ie. to understand ability of structure to sustain defects safely until repair/replacement is performed. Damage tolerance study was performed to know with how much load this structure would safely withstand and also to know till how much load this structure would be made serviceable, if a damage is caused to it. Investigations were performed on both damaged and undamaged specimens by conducting. Four point bending flexure test and Edgewise compression test based on ASTM standards. Also finite element modeling of honeycomb sandwich structure was developed and analysis of the two experiments were performed in Ansys. Ultimate load, tensile and compressive stress values etc. obtained from the two experiments were compared for both damaged and undamaged specimen. Based on the results obtained it could be inferred that the load carrying capacity of honeycomb sandwich structure reduces, if a damage is caused to it but can perform its duty with reduced efficiency.
Keywords: Honeycomb Sandwich, Crashworthiness, Four point bending and Edgewise compression.
INVESTIGATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDING AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL BE...Journal For Research
AISI310 is widely used in the manufacture of heat exchangers, radiant tubes, muffles, furnace parts, food processing equipments. Welding is widely used fabrication method in such type of industrial applications; but unfortunately welding induces few problems such as residual stresses and induced distortions. Residual stresses have significant effect on performance of the weld joint subjected to loading. The AISI310 is welded using matched filler material. Thus the weld joint consist of two different materials having different behavior under tensile loading. In this study residual stresses are estimated by using Labeas and Diamantakos formula and values are assigned as an initial stress in FEM of weld joint. The weldment specimen model is subjected to tensile loading and effect of residual stress on local yielding is investigated. The ANSYS is used for this purpose. The response of weld joint to monotonically increasing tensile load is determined experimentally by conducting the transverse and longitudinal tension tests on UTM. The stress-strain behavior of the weld joint is studied vis a vis virgin 310 stainless steel alloy.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep C...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
This presentation is for mechanical engineering/ civil engineering students to help them understand the different type of destructive mechanical testing of materials. The tensile testing, hardness, impact test procedures are explained in detail.
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
Review Paper Based On the Relation between the Strength of Concrete Cubes and...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the review about comparison of the compressive strength of cubes and cylinders of different grades of concrete. The cubes of standard size of 150x150x150 mm were cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each. The cylinders of standard size 150mm dia. and 300mm height are cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each.
Experimental investigation on buckling of GFRP cylindrical shells subjected t...IOSR Journals
Composite cylindrical shells are being used in submarine, underground mines, aerospace applications and other civil engineering applications. Thin cylindrical shells are more prone to fail in buckling rather than material failure. An experimental study on buckling of glass fiber reinforced plastics layered composite cylindrical shells under displacement and load controlled static axial compression are reported The experimental results are compared with general purpose finite element program (ANSYS). Limit point loads evaluated for geometric imperfection magnitudes shows an excellent agreement with experimental results which clearly indicates the confidence gained on the numerical results presented. Present study finds direct application to qualitatively investigate the influence of geometric imperfection on other advanced grid-stiffened structures.
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Damage tolerance study of honeycomb sandwich structureeSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite materials are essential component in today’s modern world. Structural sandwich construction is one of the first form of composite structures. In this study honeycomb sandwich structure which is a peculiar type of composite structure was investigated for crashworthiness. They are manmade structures with a honeycomb geometry. It consists of three elements ; Top face sheet, Core, Bottom face sheet. They are widely used in aerospace industry, marine, rail, automotive industry, in construction field as prefabricated partition walls, mezzanine floor, doors etc. The main objective of this study was to assess the damage tolerance of honeycomb sandwich structure based on serviceability and safety of the structure ie. to understand ability of structure to sustain defects safely until repair/replacement is performed. Damage tolerance study was performed to know with how much load this structure would safely withstand and also to know till how much load this structure would be made serviceable, if a damage is caused to it. Investigations were performed on both damaged and undamaged specimens by conducting. Four point bending flexure test and Edgewise compression test based on ASTM standards. Also finite element modeling of honeycomb sandwich structure was developed and analysis of the two experiments were performed in Ansys. Ultimate load, tensile and compressive stress values etc. obtained from the two experiments were compared for both damaged and undamaged specimen. Based on the results obtained it could be inferred that the load carrying capacity of honeycomb sandwich structure reduces, if a damage is caused to it but can perform its duty with reduced efficiency.
Keywords: Honeycomb Sandwich, Crashworthiness, Four point bending and Edgewise compression.
INVESTIGATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDING AND ITS EFFECT ON MECHANICAL BE...Journal For Research
AISI310 is widely used in the manufacture of heat exchangers, radiant tubes, muffles, furnace parts, food processing equipments. Welding is widely used fabrication method in such type of industrial applications; but unfortunately welding induces few problems such as residual stresses and induced distortions. Residual stresses have significant effect on performance of the weld joint subjected to loading. The AISI310 is welded using matched filler material. Thus the weld joint consist of two different materials having different behavior under tensile loading. In this study residual stresses are estimated by using Labeas and Diamantakos formula and values are assigned as an initial stress in FEM of weld joint. The weldment specimen model is subjected to tensile loading and effect of residual stress on local yielding is investigated. The ANSYS is used for this purpose. The response of weld joint to monotonically increasing tensile load is determined experimentally by conducting the transverse and longitudinal tension tests on UTM. The stress-strain behavior of the weld joint is studied vis a vis virgin 310 stainless steel alloy.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization and Performance Evaluation of HSS Cutting Tools under deep C...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Comparison of Fatigue Characteristic for AISI 1039 Steel with Surface Treatmentijceronline
Wear and fatigue resistance in steel components used in various industries can be improved by surface treatments. Coatings systems which are used for improving the mechanical properties, generally, decreased the components fatigue life due to micro cracks, that propagate through the substrate , it is possible to improve the fatigue resistance of a component by the application of shot peening treatment, whose compressive residual stresses delay or eliminate the initiation and propagation of fatigue cracks. The aim of this study is to obtain the fatigue limit of untreated, shot peened, and hard chromium coating of medium carbon steel AISI 1039 and comparison between them. Fatigue tests were carried out using small samples with 4 mm diameter, with hard chromium layer of (47.1) µm thick. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening with steel balls of about 20 minutes peening time. Experimental results showed that hard chromium electroplating decreased the fatigue life and fatigue limit in comparison with the uncoated steel. As the highest thickness for coating was 23µm. On the other hand, Shot peening Results indicated that the fatigue strengths of samples are increased and the highest fatigue limit was (298.566Mpa) after treated the samples by shot peening for 20 minutes.
This presentation is for mechanical engineering/ civil engineering students to help them understand the different type of destructive mechanical testing of materials. The tensile testing, hardness, impact test procedures are explained in detail.
To find effects of GMAW parameters on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum AlloysIJERA Editor
The present research aims to investigate the effects of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) on the mechanical
properties of different grades of aluminum alloys. GMAW is the most common method of joining aluminum
alloys used in various industrial processes. It replaces the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) method of providing equally
high quality of joints with a much higher performance. Aluminum alloys under consideration for this
experiment will be from 6XXX series, consisting of Silicon and Magnesium as main alloying elements. Weld
joints Will be produced with the help of a Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process. The Hardness, Tensile
strength, yield stresses and elongation will be the mechanical properties to be obtained. As aluminum alloys
show large micro structural changes after welding it is necessary to know about the effect of welding parameters
on the mechanical properties of weldements as too high welding current and too high welding speed will result
in high heat input and weakening of weld profile so a balance is need to be struck between welding parameters
and mechanical properties. Scattering Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique will be used to analyze micro
Review Paper Based On the Relation between the Strength of Concrete Cubes and...IJERA Editor
This paper reports the review about comparison of the compressive strength of cubes and cylinders of different grades of concrete. The cubes of standard size of 150x150x150 mm were cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each. The cylinders of standard size 150mm dia. and 300mm height are cured and tested after 7 and 28 days each.
The Indian Standard for Compressed Asbestos Fiber Jointing Sheet
The 1998 version is extremely obsolete and very few are actually aware that METALLIC reinforcement cannot be certified as IS 2712 Standard.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
1. Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information
Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
इंटरनेट मानक
“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
“प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”
Jawaharlal Nehru
“Step Out From the Old to the New”
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार”
Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
है”
ह”
ह
IS 5816 (1999): Method of Test Splitting Tensile Strength
of Concrete [CED 2: Cement and Concrete]
2.
3.
4. IS 5816 : 1999
Indian Standard
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE -
METHOD OF TEST
(First Revision )
ICS91.100.30 '
OBIS 1999
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAKBHAVAN,9BAHADURSHAHZAFARMARG
NEWDELHI 110002
.Ju(v
1999 Price Group 4
( Reaffirmed 2004 )
5. Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, CED 2
FORE WORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.
Tensile strength is one of the basic and important properties of concrete. A knowledge of its value is required for
the design of concrete structural elements subject to transverse shear, torsion, shrinkage and temperature effects.
Its value is also used in the design of prestressed concrete structures, liquid retaining structures, roadways.and
runway slabs. Direct tensile strength ofconcrete is difficult to determine; recourse is often taken to the determination
of flexural strength or the splitting tensile strength and computing the direct tensile. The usefulness ofthe splitting
cube test for assessing the tensile strength of concrete in the laboratory is widely accepted and the usefulness of
the above test for control purposes in the field is under investigation. The standard has been prepared with a view
to unifying the testing procedure for this type of test for tensile strength of concrete.
This standard was first published in 1970. In this first revision test on cube specimen has also been incorporated
as it was felt that cube specimens, being used for compression testing, would be convenient to use.
In this revision assistance has been derived from BS I88 1 (Part 117) : 1983 ‘Method for determination of tensile
splitting strength’. Assistance has also been rendered by conducting test and supplying valuable data by the
following:
National Council for Cemenl and Building Material, Ballabgarh and Ciujrat Ambuja Cement, Ahmedabad.
In reporting the result of a test made in accordance with this standard, ifthe final value, observed or calculated, is
to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values
(/Zvi.scd)’ .
The composition of the technical committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given at Annex A.
6. IS 5816 : 1999
Indian Standard
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE-
METHOD OF TEST
( First Revision )
I SCOPE
This standard covers the procedure for determining the
splitting tensile strength of moulded concrete cubes and
cylinders.
2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
The Indian Standards listed below contain provisions,
which through reference in this standard, constitute
provision of this standard. At the time of publication
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision and parties to agreement based on
this standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below:
IS No. Title
516 : 1959 Method of test for strength of concrete
1500: 1983 Method for Brine11hardness test for
metallic materials (second revision)
1658 : 1977 Fibre hardboards (second revision)
3 TEST SPECIMENS
3.1 Cube
Cube specimen shall be of size not less than four times
the maximum size of the course aggregate and not
less than 150 mm.
3.2 Cylinder
The cylindrical specimen shall have diameter not less
than four times the maximum size of the coarse
aggregate and not less than 150 mm. The length of the
specimens shall not be less than the diameter and not
more than twice the diameter. For routine testing and
comparison of results, unless otherwise specified the
specimens shall be cylinder 150 mm in diameter and
300 mm long.
.
3.3 Making and Curing Test Specimen
The procedure of making and curing tension test
specimen in respect of sampling of materials,
preparation of materials, proportioning, weighing,
mixing, workability, moulds, compacting and curing
shall comply in all respects with the requirements given
in IS 516.
4 APPARATUS
4.1 Testing Machine
Any compression machine of reliable type, of sufficient
capacity for the tests and capable of applying the load
at the rate specified in 7.5 shah be used. It shall comply
with the requirements given in IS 516 as far as
applicable except that the bearing faces of both platens
shall provide a minimum loading area of 12mm x the
length of the cylinder or cube, as the case may be so
that the load is applied over the entire length of the
specimen. If necessary, a supplementary bearing bar
or plate of machined steel may be used.
4.2 Jigs
Either jig shown in Fig. 1 for splitting cylindrical and
cubic specimen or alternatively jig shown in Fig. 2 for
cubic specimen shall be used.
4.2.1 Components of Jigs shown in Fig. 1
4.2.1.1 Two packing strips of tempered hardboard of
nominal thickness 4 mm conforming to IS 1658 having
following dimensions of the test specimen shall be used
only once:
Width 15*2mm
Nominal thickness 4mm
Length Greater than the length of the
line of content of the test
specimen
4.2.I.2 Steel loading strips
A steel loading plate having minimum hardness value,
when tested in accordance with IS 1500 shall be used
between the platen of the machine and the hardboard
packing strips. The piece shall not be shorter than the
specimen. For cylindrical specimens it shall be of
rectangular cross section. For cubic specimens, it shall
be a section of a cylinder, with a,radius of 75 mm, so
1
7. IS 5816 : 1999
that the load is applied along a line on the surface of 550 when tested in accordance with IS 1500, shall be
the specimen (see Fig. 1A and 1B). This loading piece auxiliary platens incorporating steel strips with the
can be incorporated within the jig. following dimensions:
4.2.2 Components of Jigs shown in Fig. 2 Width 6* 1 mmfor 150mmsize
Thickness 4*1mm
4.2.2.1 Steel loading pieces Length Not less than the length of the line
of content with the test specimen
Steel loading pieces having a minimum hardness of
LOADINGPIECE
HARDBOARD
PACKING STRIP DETAIL AT A
FIG. IA APPARATUS FOR SPLITTINGCYLINDERS
FIG. 1B APPARATUS FOR SPLITTINGCYLINDER AND CUBE
FIG. 2 ALTERNATE APPARATUS FOR SPLITTINGCUBES
8. 4.3 Tolerances
The steel loading pieces specified in 4.2.1.2 and 4.2.2.2
shall have flatness, squareness parallelism and surface
requirements along the length of the strips within the
tolerances given below:
a>
b)
c)
d)
Flatness - 0.03 mm for each contact face.
Squareness - for each edge of the piece with
respect to the adjacent edge as datum shall be
0.06 mm.
Parallelism - one contact face with respect
to the other face as datum shall be 0.06 mm.
Ra value for the surface texture of the contact
faces - 0.04 m and 3.2 m.
The steel loading pieces shall be replaced when the
dimensions are out of tolerance or they are seriously
damaged or pitted along the content face.
5 AGE AT TEST
Tests shall be made at the recognized ages of the test
specimens, the most usual being 7 and 28 days. Tests
at any other age at which the tensile strength is desired
may be made, if so required. The ages shall be
calculated from the time of the addition ofwater to the
dry ingredients. The age at test shall be reported along
with the results.
6 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS
At least three specimens shall be tested for each age of
tests.
7 PROCEDURE
7.1 Specimens when received dry shall be kept in
water for 24 h before they are taken for testing. Unless
other conditions are required for specific laboratory
investigation specimen shall be tested immediately on
removal from the water whilst they are still wet. Surface
water and grit shall be wiped off the specimens and
any projecting fins removed from the surfaces which
are to be in contact with the packing strips.
7.2 Marking
Central lines shall be drawn on the two opposite faces
of the cube using any suitable procedure and device
that will ensure that they are in the same axial plane.
7.3 Measurement
The mass and dimensions of the specimen shall be P = maximum load in Newtons applied to the
noted before testing. The sides of the specimen, lying specimen,
IS 5816 : 1999
in the plane of the pre-marked lines, shall be measured
near the ends and the middle of the specimen and the
average taken to the nearest 0.2 mm. The length of the
specimen shall be taken to the nearest 0.2 mm by
averaging the two lengths measured in the plane
containing the pre-marked lines.
7.4 Placing of the Specimen in the Testing Machine
The bearing surfaces of the testing machine and of the
loading strips shall be wiped clean.
7.4.1 Positioning
The test specimen shall be placed in the centring jig
with packing strip and/or loading pieces carefully
positioning along the top and bottom of the plane of
loading of the specimen. The jig shall then be placed
in the machine so that the specimen is located centrally.
In the case ofcubic specimens, the load shall be applied
on the moulded faces in such a way that the fracture
plane will cross the trowelled surface.
For cylindrical specimen it shall be ensured that the
upper platen is parallel with the lower platen.
7.5 Rate of Loading
The load shall be applied without shock and increased
continuously at a nominal rate within the range 1.2 N/
(mm*/min)to 2.4 N/ (mmVmin). Maintain the rate, once
adjusted, until failure. On manually controlled
machines as failure is approached the loading rate will
decrease; at this stage the controls shall be operated to
maintain as far as possible the specified loading rate.
The maximum load applied shall then be recorded. The
appearance of concrete and any unusual features in the
type of failure shall also be noted.
The rate of increase of load may be calculated from
the formula:
(1.2 to 2.4) x 7r/2x I x d N/min
8 CALCULATION
8.1 The measured splitting tensile strengthfc, of the
specimen shall be calculated to the nearest 0.05 N/mm2
using the following formula :
L=+$
where
.. ..
3
9. IS 5816 : 1999
I = length of the specimen as shown in Fig. 3
(in mm), and
d = cross sectional dimension of the specimen
as shown in Fig. 3 (in mm).
9 REPORT
9.1 The following information shall be included in
the report on each specimen:
a) Date of test,
b) Identification mark, shape and size of the
specimen in mm,
c)
d)
e)
0
8)
h)
Age of specimen at date of test when known,
Curing history,
Weight of specimen in Newtons,
Type of fracture and the appearance of
concrete on the fractured face if these are
unusual,
Splitting tensile strength to the nearest 0.05
N/mm’ on the lower side, and
Estimate of the proportion of coarse aggregate
fractured during test.
FIG.3 .PLANE
OFLOADING
10. IS 5816: 1999
ANNEX A
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Cement and Concrete Sectional Committee, CED 2
Chairman
DR H.C. VKVESVARAYA
Chandrika, 63-64, East Park Road,
Malleswaram, Bangalore 560003
Members
SHRI H. BHAITAOIARYA
SHRI G. R. BHARTIKAR
DR A. K. CHATXR~EE
SHRI S. H. SUBRAMANIAN(Alrernale)
CHIEF ENGINEER(DESIGN)
SIJPERINTENDING
ENGINEER (S&S) (llbernafe)
CHIEF ENGINEER, NAVAGAM DAM
SUPERINTENDIN(;ENGINEER. QCC (Alternate)
CHIEF ENGINEER(RESEARCH-CUM-DIRECTOR)
RESEARCHOFFICER (CONCRETETECHNOLOGY)(Alternate)
DIRECTOR
JT DIRECTOR(Alfernate)
DIRWTOR (C’MDD) (N&W)
DY DIRECTOR(CMDD) (NW&S) (Ahernate)
SHRI K. H. GANGWAL
SHRI V. PA~ABHI (Alternate)
SHRI V. K. GHANEKAR
SHRI S. GOPINATH
SHRI R. TAMILAKARAN (Alternate)
SHRI S. K. GUHA THAKURTA
SHRI S. P. SANKARANARAYANAN
(Alternate)
SHRI N. S. BHAL
DR IRSHAD MASOOD (Alternate)
DR IRWAD MASSED
SHRI N. C. JAIN (Alfernote)
JOINT DIRECTORSTANOARDS(B&S) (CB-I)
JOINT DIRECTOKSTANDARDS(B&S)
(CB- 1I) (Alternate)
SHIR N. G. JOSHI
SHiR P. D. KELKAR (Alternate)
SHRI D. I(. KANIJNGO
SHRI B. R. MEENA (ACemate)
SHRI P. KRIsHNA~~~RI~~~
SHRI S. CHAKRAVARTHY(Alfernate)
Representing
Orissa Cement Limited, New Delhi
B.G. Shrike &Co, Pune
The Associated Cement Companies Ltd, Mumbai
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
Sardar Sarovar Nirman Nigam Ltd, Gandhinagar
Irrigation and Power Research Institute, Amritsar
A. P. Engineering ResearchLaboratories, Hyderabad
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
Hyderabad’Industries Ltd, Hyderabad
Structural Engineering ResearchCentre (CSIR), Ghaziabad
The India Cements Ltd, Chennai
Gannon Dunkerley & Co Ltd, Mumbai
Central Building ResearchInstitute (CSIR), Roorkee
Cement Corporation of India, New Delhi
Research, Designs& StandardsOrganization (Ministry of Railways),
Lucknow
Indian Hume Pipes Co Ltd, Mumbai
National Test House, Calcutta
Larsen and Toubro Limited, Mumbai
(Conrinued onpage 6)
5
11. IS 5816: 1999
(Continued,from page 5)
Members Representing
DR A. G. MADHAVA RAO
SHRI K. MANI (Alternate)
Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Chennai
SHRI G. K. MAJUMDAR
SHRI J. SARUP(Alternate)
Hospital Services Consultancy Corporation (India) Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI PRAFULLAKUMAR
SHR~P. P. NA~R(Alternate)
Ministry of Transport, Department of Surface Transport, Roads Wing,
New Delhi
MEMBER SECRETARY
DIRECTOR(CIVIL) (Afremafe)
Central Board of Irrigation and Power, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. NAITHANI, SO I
DR A. S. GOEL, EE (Alternate)
Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi
SHRI Y. R. PHLILL
SHRI S. S. SEEHRA(Allernole)
Central Road Research Institute (CSIR), New Delhi
SHKI Y. R. PHULL
SHR~A. K. SHARMA (Aliernate)
Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
DR C. RAJKUMAR
DR K. MOHAN (Alternate)
SHRI G. RAMDAS
SHRI R. C. SHARMA (Alternate)
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, New Delhi
Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals, New Delhi
SHRI S. A. REDDI
SHRI J. S. SANGANERIA
SHRI L. N. AGARWAL (Alternate)
Gammon India Ltd, Mumbai
Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
SHRI S. B. SURI Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi
SIIRI N. CHANDRASEKARAN(Alternate)
S~J~ERINTENDINGENGINEER(DESIGN)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER. S.M.R. DIVISION (A/fern&e)
Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai
SHRI A. K. CHADHA
SHRI J.. R. SIL (Alrernate)
Hindustan Prefab Ltd, New Delhi
DR H. C. VISVESVARAYA
SHRI D. C. CHATURVEDI (Alternate)
The Institution of Engineers (India), Calcutta
SHRI VINOD KUMAR,
Director (Civ Engg)
Director General, BIS (Er-oflcio Member)
,
Member-Secretary
Convener
DR A. K. MULLICK
Members
SHRI C. R. ALIMCHANDANI
SHRI S. RANGARAJAN(Alternate)
DR P. C. CHOWDHARY
DK C. S. VISHWANATH(Alternan)
SHRI J. K. PRASAD
Additional Director (Civ Engg), BIS
Concrete Subcommittee, CED 2 : 2
National Council for Cement & Building Materials, New Delhi
Stup Consultants Ltd, Mumbai
Torsteel Research Foundation in India, Calcutta
6
(Continued on page 7)
12. IS 5816 : 1999
(( ‘onlimred, from page 6)
Members
SHKI J. P. DESAI
SHRI 13. K. JAC~ETIA
(Alrernate)
DIKECTOR
SI~RIN. CHANDRA~EKARAN(Allernate)
JT DIRECTORSTANDARDS(B&S)/CB-I 1
JT DIRECTOR STDS (B&S)/CB-,l (Alternafe)
SUPERINTENDING
ENGINEER(DESIGNS)
EXECUTIVE ENGG. (DESIGNS) (Alternate)
SIIR~ V. K. GHANAKAR
SHRI D. S. PRAKASHRAO (Alternate)
SCIRIS. K. GUHA THAKLJRTA
SHRI S. P. SANKARANARAYANAN
(Aiternafe)
SHRI J. S. HINGORANI
SHRI A. P. REMEDIOS(Alfernate) ’
SHRI LALIT KIJMAR JAIN
SHRI M. P. JAISINGH
SHRI B. KAMESWARARAO (Alternafe)
C’HIEFENGINEER& JOINT SECRETARY
SWERINTENDING ENGINEER(A/fern&e)
PROF. S. KRISHNAMOORTHY
SI~RI K. K. NAYAR (Alternate)
DR S. C. MAI II
MANAGING DIRECTOR
SHRI M. KUNDU (Ahernate)
SIIRI M. K. MWERJEE
SHRI N. K. SINHA (Al/et&e)
StttuB. V. B. PAI
SHRI M. G. DANDAVATE (Alternate)
SHRI A. B. PHADKE
SHRI 0. M. SAVUR (Al/ernafe)
SHRI Y. R. PIWLL
SW S. S. SEEHRA(Alternate I)
SHRI SAT~NDER KUMAR (Alternate II)
SHRI A. S. PRASADRAO
SHRI K. MANI (Alternate)
SHRI K. L. PRVTHI
SHRI J. R. GABRIEL (Al&ware)
SHRI B. D. RAHALKER
Sari II. S. P. VERMA (Alternate)
SHRI HANUMENTHA RAO
SiiRI G. RAMAKRISHNEN(Alternate)
SHRI S. A. REDDI
DR N. V. NAYAK (Alternate)
Representing
Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd, Ahmedabad
Central Soil Materials Research Station. New Delhi
Research,Designs & StandardsOrganization, Lucknow
Central Public Works Deptt, New Delhi
Structural Engineering ResearchCentre, Cihaziabad
Gannon Dunkerlay & Co Ltd. Mumbai
Associated Consulting Services, Mumbai
In personalcapacity (Consulting Structural Engineer, 36, Old Sneh
Nagar, Wardha Road, Nagpur 440015)
Central Building ResearchInstitute, CSIR, Roorkee
Public Works Department, Mumbai
Indian Institute ofTechnology, New Delhi
National Council for Cement & Building Materials, New Delhi
Hindustan Prefeb Ltd. New Delhi
Ministry of Transport (Road Wing). New Delhi
The Associated Cement Co Ltd. Mumbai
The Hindustan Construction Co Ltd. Mumbai
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi
Structural Engineering ResearchCentre (CSIR), Chennai
National Building and Construction Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
Nuclear Power Corporation, Mumbai
A. P. Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad
Gammon India Ltd, Mumbai
(Continued on page 8)
7
13. IS 5816 : 1999
(Con/inued,from page 7)
Members
SHRIS. C. SAWHNE~
SHRIR. P. MEHROTRA
(Al#ernale)
SHRIJ. II. SHARMA
SHRISVRINDER
MOHAN(Alternate)
PROFM. S. SHEITY
SHRIB. 1‘. UNWALLA
DIRECTOR
(CBMDD)
DY DIRECTOR
(C&MDD) (Alternate)
Representing
Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
Army Headquarters, Engineekin-ChiePs Branch, New Delhi
Indian Concrete Institute, Chennai
In personalcapacity (1519, Rustam Baug, Victoria Road, Mumbai-27)
Central Water Commission, New Delhi
14. Bureau sf Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of ItrdiartStandards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publication), BIS.
Review of Indian Standards
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of ‘BIS Handbook’ and ‘Standards Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. CED 2 (4850).
Amend No.
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Date of Issue Text Affected
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