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The document discusses the scientific method, which involves making testable hypotheses, conducting experiments to test predictions based on those hypotheses, and evaluating whether the data collected supports or falsifies the hypotheses. Some key aspects of the scientific method covered include critical thinking, inductive and deductive reasoning, variables, experimental and control groups, and revising hypotheses based on experimental results.
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Scientific method notes 2013
The scientific method is a process for gathering and evaluating information through observation and experimentation. It involves making an observation, asking a question, researching background information, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis through experimentation, analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. The steps are: (1) make an observation, (2) ask a question, (3) research, (4) develop a hypothesis, (5) design an experiment to test the hypothesis, (6) collect and analyze data, and (7) report conclusions. The scientific method provides a logical way to solve problems and discover new facts through reproducible experiments.
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Scientific method (ways of acquiring knowledge and solving problems)
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03 the scientific method
This document provides information and definitions related to the scientific method. It discusses testable questions, hypotheses, variables, data collection and organization, graphs, conclusions, and the two types of reasoning - deductive and inductive. Key terms defined include independent and dependent variables, qualitative and quantitative data, and the components of a strong conclusion. The document is intended to prepare the reader for a quiz on applying the scientific method.
Introduction to social science research
This document provides an introduction to social science research. It discusses the scientific method, possible definitions of research, why research is conducted, different fields of research, and characteristics of research. The scientific method seeks to explain natural events in a reproducible way to make useful predictions. Research can be defined as a systematic investigation or experimentation to discover facts or revise theories. Research is conducted for knowledge, understanding, career purposes, and to improve quality of life. Fields include everyday, professional, development, and academic research. Scientific research aims to establish facts using abductive, deductive, and inductive reasoning. Hypotheses should be clear, specific, testable, and value-free predictions of relationships between variables. Objectives and variables
Unit 1 rm
The document discusses various topics related to research including objectives, purposes, definitions, and processes. The key objectives of research are to discuss new facts, verify important facts, analyze causes and effects, develop new tools and theories, and find solutions to problems. The main purposes are exploratory research to gain new insights, descriptive research to accurately portray characteristics, diagnostic research to determine frequencies, and hypothesis testing research. Research is defined as a systematic process involving problem identification, hypothesis formulation, data collection, analysis, and conclusions. The overall research process involves selection of topics, literature reviews, methodology, experiments, analysis, and findings.
Unit 1 rm 2
The document discusses research objectives, purposes, definitions, and processes. It outlines the main objectives of research as discussing new facts, verifying important facts, analyzing causes and effects, developing new tools and theories, and finding solutions to problems. The key purposes of research are exploratory research to gain new insights, descriptive research to accurately portray characteristics, diagnostic research to determine frequencies of occurrences, and hypothesis-testing research to test causal relationships. Research is defined as a systematic process of enunciating problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing facts, and reaching conclusions. The stages of research include topic selection, problem definition, literature review, hypothesis formulation, research design, data collection and analysis, interpretation, and findings.
Research_Ch2.pptx
This document outlines the key hallmarks of scientific research, including purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision, objectivity, generalizability, and parsimony. It discusses the hypothetico-deductive method of scientific investigation, including making observations, gathering preliminary information, formulating theories, generating hypotheses, collecting scientific data, analyzing data, and making deductions. It also briefly outlines other types of research approaches like case studies and action research.
ME Sci 7 Q1 0101 PS.pptx
The document describes the scientific method, which consists of 7 steps: 1) make observations, 2) state the problem, 3) collect preliminary data, 4) formulate a hypothesis, 5) test the hypothesis through experiments that have independent and dependent variables as well as control and experimental groups, 6) collect and analyze data, and 7) draw a conclusion. It provides examples of applying these steps, such as designing an experiment to test the hypothesis that plants can grow without direct sunlight.
Unit1-introductiontoresearchmethodology - Copy.pptx
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, types of research approaches, and the research process. The research process involves formulating the research problem, conducting a literature review, developing hypotheses, preparing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. It also distinguishes between research methods, which are techniques for collecting data, and research methodology, which considers the logic and procedures of the research approach.
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Unit1-introductiontoresearchmethodology - Copy.pptx
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Anemia is a condition where the blood has a low ability to carry oxygen due to having too few red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are several types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia, and sickle-cell anemia. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by an abnormal hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped, rupture easily, and block blood vessels. Blood doping artificially increases red blood cell counts and oxygen delivery but risks health issues. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only complete cells in blood and include granulocytes like neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and others that fight infection and disease
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8.6
Common joint injuries include cartilage tears, ligament sprains, and dislocations. Cartilage tears can cause locking or binding of the joint and are repaired through arthroscopic surgery. Ligament sprains occur when ligaments are stretched or torn, and require immobilization or surgical repair. Dislocations involve bones being forced out of alignment, accompanied by sprains and inflammation.
Inflammatory and degenerative joint conditions include bursitis, tendonitis, and various forms of arthritis. Bursitis and tendonitis involve inflammation of the bursa and tendon sheaths, usually from overuse. Arthritis encompasses over 100 diseases that damage joints, with osteoarthritis being the most common and involving breakdown of cartilage
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Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
8.3
Cartilaginous joints unite bones through cartilage and have little movement. There are two types: synchondroses unite bones through a hyaline cartilage plate and are immovable, examples include epiphyseal plates in children; symphyses unite bones through fibrocartilage and allow some movement, examples include intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.
8.2
Fibrous joints are immovable joints joined by dense connective tissue fibers. There are three types: sutures which are rigid interlocking skull joints that allow growth; syndesmoses where bones are connected by ligaments of varying fiber length, allowing some movement; and gomphoses which are peg-in-socket joints like teeth in sockets held by the periodontal ligament.
8.1
Joints are where two or more bones meet, giving mobility to the skeleton while holding it together. There are two main classifications of joints - structural and functional. Structurally, joints are classified into three types based on the material binding them and whether a cavity is present: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial. The document will focus on the clearer structural classifications.
8.5 no vids
The document describes several synovial joints: the knee, shoulder, elbow, and hip. The knee is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. The shoulder has the most freedom of movement but lacks stability. The elbow acts as a hinge joint for flexion/extension. The hip is a ball-and-socket joint with the spherical femoral head fitting into the deep acetabulum.
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The document describes several synovial joints, focusing on the knee, shoulder, and elbow joints. It provides details on:
- The knee joint is the largest and most complex joint, consisting of the femoropatellar joint and medial/lateral tibiofemoral joints. It allows flexion/extension and some rotation. Cruciate ligaments and menisci help stabilize the joint.
- The shoulder joint is the most freely moving but least stable joint, with a large humeral head fitting into a shallow glenoid cavity. Rotator cuff muscles and the long head of the biceps brachii provide stability.
- The elbow joint is a hinge joint formed by the tro
8.4
Synovial joints have six general features including articular cartilage, a joint cavity, an articular capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, and blood vessels. They allow movements like gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, and rotation. Stability is influenced by factors like bone shape, ligaments, and muscle tone. There are six types of synovial joints classified by their shape and motion: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket.
6.7
Fractures occur when bones break. There are three classifications of fractures based on the position of bone ends, completeness of the break, and whether the skin is penetrated. Treatment involves realigning the broken bone ends through closed or open reduction and immobilizing the bone to heal. Bone repair occurs in four stages - hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling to reconstruct the original bone structure.
6.6
Bone remodeling occurs continuously as old bone is removed by osteoclasts and new bone is deposited by osteoblasts. Approximately 5-7% of bone mass is remodeled each week, with spongy bone being replaced about every 3-4 years and compact bone every 10 years. Bone remodeling is regulated by two control loops - hormonal control of blood calcium levels including PTH and calcitonin, and response to mechanical stress based on Wolff's law where bones remodel in response to stresses placed upon them.
6.5
Bone development occurs through two main processes: endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification forms bones below the skull through replacement of cartilage models with bone tissue in a multi-step process beginning in the second month of development. Intramembranous ossification forms some flat bones of the skull through the direct development of bone within fibrous membranes in mesenchymal tissue. Postnatal bone growth continues through adolescence via growth at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
6.4
Bones have a complex structure at multiple levels:
- Gross level includes compact bone on the outside and spongy bone on the inside, with membranes like the periosteum covering bones. Long bones have a shaft and ends.
- Microscopic level shows bone is made of osteons containing concentric lamellae, with canals containing blood vessels. Bone cells like osteoblasts and osteoclasts are involved in formation and breakdown.
- Chemical level consists of collagen fibers mineralized with calcium salts to give bone its strength.
6.8
The document discusses three major bone diseases: osteomalacia/rickets caused by vitamin D deficiency which results in soft, weak bones; osteoporosis where bone resorption exceeds formation leading to loss of bone mass and increased fracture risk, particularly in postmenopausal women; and Paget's disease where bone formation and resorption are excessive and disorganized. It also covers age-related changes to bone such as increased formation in childhood balancing resorption in adulthood, and declining bone density with age beginning in the fourth decade of life.
6.3
The document summarizes the classification of bones in the human skeleton. It is divided into two parts:
1) The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs attached to the axial skeleton by girdles.
2) Bones are also classified by their shape into four categories: long bones are longer than wide and found in the limbs, short bones are cube-shaped in the wrist and ankle, flat bones are thin and curved like those in the skull, and irregular bones have complicated shapes like the vertebrae and hip bones.
6.2
Bones have seven key functions: to provide support for the body and soft organs, protect vital organs like the brain and spinal cord, serve as levers for muscle movement, store minerals and growth factors like calcium and phosphorus, allow for blood cell formation in red bone marrow, store fat for energy, and help regulate hormones through the production of osteocalcin.
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1.5
- 2. © Cengage Learning 2015 1.5 How Does Science Work? • Thinking about thinking – Critical thinking: judging information before accepting it – Move beyond the content of new information to consider supporting evidence, bias, and alternative interpretations
- 3. © Cengage Learning 2015 The Scientific Method • Science: systematic study of the observable world • Hypothesis: testable explanation of a natural phenomenon
- 4. © Cengage Learning 2015 The Scientific Method (cont’d.)
- 5. © Cengage Learning 2015 The Scientific Method (cont’d.) • Inductive reasoning: drawing a conclusion based on observation • Prediction: statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is correct • Deductive reasoning: using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case
- 6. © Cengage Learning 2015 The Scientific Method (cont’d.) • Model: analogous system used for testing hypotheses • Experiment: test designed to support or falsify a prediction • Researchers often investigate causal relationships by changing and observing variables – Variable: a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time
- 7. © Cengage Learning 2015 The Scientific Method (cont’d.) • Independent variable: condition or treatment controlled by the experimenter • Dependent variable: observed result that is influenced by the independent variable • Experimental group: receive a certain treatment or have certain characteristics • Control group: identical to an experimental group, but without exposure to the independent variable
- 8. © Cengage Learning 2015 The Scientific Method (cont’d.) • Data (test results) that are consistent with the prediction support the hypothesis • Data inconsistent with the prediction are evidence that the hypothesis is flawed and should be revised • Scientific method: making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses
- 9. © Cengage Learning 2015 The Scientific Method (cont’d.)
Editor's Notes
- Figure 1.8 Tierney Thys travels the world’s oceans to study the giant sunfish (mola). This mola is carrying a satellite tracking device.
- Table 1.3 The Scientific Method