The document describes the scientific method, which consists of 7 steps: 1) make observations, 2) state the problem, 3) collect preliminary data, 4) formulate a hypothesis, 5) test the hypothesis through experiments that have independent and dependent variables as well as control and experimental groups, 6) collect and analyze data, and 7) draw a conclusion. It provides examples of applying these steps, such as designing an experiment to test the hypothesis that plants can grow without direct sunlight.

1. Lesson 1.1
The Scientific Method

2. Learning Competency
Describe the components of a scientific investigation
(S7MT-Ia-1).
At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning
competency should be met by the students.

3. Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to
do the following:
● Describe the steps of the scientific method.
● Apply the steps of the scientific method to different
scenarios.

4. Have you ever
been stuck in
a difficult
decision ---
such as
deciding
which road to
take?

5. Did you form a
guess from your
observations and
decided to test it
by taking one of
the two roads?
If yes, then you just
performed a
simplified process
of what we call the
scientific method.

6. Try it!
Warm-Up
Can you solve these
Science riddles?
Fact5. March 30, 2017.
‘5 Science Riddles That
Will Blow Your Mind.’
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=HBWIVTrLO6E.
Parents Know Best

7. Learn about It
It is a series of organized steps that are taken to answer a
question of solve a problem.
Scientific Method

8. Learn about It
● Observation is a way of acquiring information using the five
senses
● There are two types of observations:
− Qualitative observations are observations from the five
senses.
− Quantitative observations are numerical values
obtained from measuring tools.
1. Make observations.

9. Learn about It
● In this step, you need to define the
problem that you want to solve or
know.
● The problem is usually in the form of
a question.
2. State the problem.

10. Learn about It
● Once you know the problem that
you want to answer, you should
read about it.
● Analyze the facts and data that
you collect, and look for trends
and patterns.
3. Collect preliminary data.

11. Learn about It
● After collecting necessary information, a
possible answer derived from the
collected information is formulated.
● A hypothesis is an educated guess that
may lead to a possible solution to the
problem.
● Commonly, it is stated as a cause-and-
effect relationship, making it testable.
4. Formulate a hypothesis.

12. Learn about It
● An experiment is performed to validate the hypothesis.
− A controlled experiment is designed to test the effect of
a change in a condition. These conditions or factors that
affect the outcome of an experiment is called a variable.
5. Test the hypothesis.

13. Learn about It
● There are two types of variables:
− The independent variable is the value that is being
changed or manipulated.
− The dependent variable is the factor that changes
relying on the change in the independent variable.
5. Test the hypothesis.

14. Learn about It
● If the dependent variable increases as the independent
variable increases, or the dependent variable decreases as
the independent variable decreases, they are said to be
directly proportional.
● If the dependent variable decreases as the independent
variable increases (or vice versa), they are said to be
inversely proportional.
5. Test the hypothesis.

15. Learn about It
● It is also usual for experiments to have two setups.
● The experimental group is the setup that all possible
variables are held constant except for the variable that is
manipulated in the experiment (independent variable).
● A control group is not exposed to any conditions of the
experiment and all other variables are held constant.
5. Test the hypothesis.

16. Learn about It
● The data from the experiment will either support or oppose
your hypothesis.
● Data gathered may be qualitative or quantitative. They are
usually presented in tables.
6. Collect and analyze data.

17. Learn about It
● Does the data support or invalidate the
hypothesis?
● If the data supports the hypothesis, then
the problem is solved.
● The study should then be shared to
other scientists to spread the
information.
7. Draw a conclusion.

18. Learn about It
● Other scientists may also work on your
hypothesis to further support your study.
● If the data otherwise opposes the
hypothesis, this does not mean that the
experiment is a failure.
● If this happens, a new hypothesis can be
made and another experiment may be
designed.
7. Draw a conclusion.

19. Try It!
You noticed that one plant was growing under
direct sunlight while another was hidden under
the shadow of the walls but both are growing
healthily. You hypothesize that direct sunlight is
not needed for plants to grow.
Design an experiment to test this hypothesis
and identify the independent and dependent
variable, and the control and experimental
group.

20. Try It! (Answer)
In the experiment, the following steps should be done:
● Gather two plants of the same kind, of the same age and size.
● Keep one away from direct sunlight. (experimental group)
● Keep one outside where it is exposed to sunlight. (control
group)
● The height of the two plants from the soil to the highest part
of the plant can be measured day for two to three weeks.
The independent variable is direct sunlight while the dependent
variable is the height of the plant.

21. Key Points
● The scientific method is a series of organized steps that
are taken to answer a question or solve a problem. The
steps of the scientific method are the following:
○ Make observations.
○ State the problem.
○ Collect preliminary data.
○ Formulate a hypothesis.
○ Test the hypothesis.
○ Collect and analyze data.
○ Draw a conclusion.

22. Key Points
● A hypothesis is an educated guess that may lead to a
possible solution to the problem.
● An experiment is performed to validate the hypothesis.

23. Check Your Understanding
During the ancient times, the Egyptians believed that
frogs are produced from mud. They had this belief
because every spring, many frogs appear in the mud near
the Nile River.
1. Given this scenario, use every
step of the scientific method
to accept or reject the
hypothesis on the origin of
frogs.

24. Check Your Understanding
During the ancient times, the Egyptians believed that
frogs are produced from mud. They had this belief
because every spring, many frogs appear in the mud near
the Nile River.
2. Identify the independent variable
and dependent variable.
2. Which is the experimental group
and which is the control group in
your experiment?

25. Bibliography
Boundless. “The Scientific Method.” Lumen Learning. Accessed January 31, 2022.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/the-scientific-method/.
Bradford, Alina, and Ashley Hamer. “Science and the Scientific Method: Definitions and Examples.”
LiveScience. Purch, January 17, 2022. https://www.livescience.com/20896-science-scientific-
method.html.
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "scientific method." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 15, 2021.
https://www.britannica.com/science/scientific-method.