The document summarizes the challenges of green ICT in the European Union. It discusses the ICT sector's energy footprint and potential to help meet climate change goals. The EU policy framework aims to develop more energy efficient ICT technologies and networks through research programs like FP7. Several FP7 projects are working on energy efficiency in future networks and the Future Internet.

1. Green ICT in the European Union iMINDS 2010 Conference 16 December 2010 Andrew Houghton Future Networks Unit D1 Information Society and Media DG European Commission Brussels, Belgium

2. Overview This presentation reviews the challenges for green ICT in the European Union. The potential contributions of ICT towards meeting some key policy challenges, including climate change and energy efficiency, are discussed. The EU policy framework and the current ICT energy footprint are presented. The challenge of developing "greener" ICT technology is addressed, in the context of increased use of ICTs in the future. The contributions of the FP7 Framework Research programme towards meeting these challenges are presented. In particular, several FP7 ICT projects are addressing the implications of energy efficiency as a primary design goal for future networks and the Future Internet.

3. EU action to tackle climate change 20-20-20 targets for 2020 -20% Green House Gases (compared to 1990 levels) -20% primary energy consumption (compared to projected levels) 20% renewable energy Climate and Energy package

4. ICT footprint ~ 2% of CO 2 emissions of EU ~ 100 Mt CO2 for EU-25 in 2005 ~ 8% of EU electricity consumption ~ 215 TWh for EU-25 in 2005 And it is increasing … Rising demand and usage Short product life Data centres Source of figures: bio Intelligence Service, Impacts of Information and Communication Technologies on Energy Efficiency, September 2008

5. ICT footprint Source: The Climate Group & GeSI “ SMART 2020:Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age”, 2008 ICT emissions by subsector (worldwide) (in % of total in GtCO 2 e)

6. ICT footprint Source: IEA, “Gadgets and Gigawatts - Policies for Energy Efficient Electronics, May 2009 - current share of ICT and CE equipment ~ 15% of global residential electricity consumption - current residential electricity consumption (worldwide) ~ 1/4 of total electricity consumption - 1700 TWh = current combined total residential electricity consumption of US and Japan Estimated electricity consumption by ICT and CE equipment in the residential sector (worldwide), 1990-2030

7. ICT footprint Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, Energy Star Program, Report to Congress on Server and Data Center Energy Efficiency, August 2007 Electricity use in US data centres 2000-2006

8. ICT contribution to climate action Enable reductions in other sectors Better monitoring and management of energy consumption New business models, working practices and lifestyles Reduce the ICT sector’s footprint More energy efficient ICT components and systems

9. ICT contribution to climate action Source: SCF Associates Ltd, “A Green Knowledge Society” Study for the Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications, Government Offices of Sweden, September 2009

10. EU ICT Energy policy framework Communication from the Commission – May 2008 Addressing the challenge of energy efficiency through Information and Communication Technologies ► points to ICT and ICT-based innovations as one of the potentially most cost-effective means to achieve the 2020 targets Communication from the Commission – March 2009 On mobilising Information and Communication Technologies to facilitate the transition to an energy-efficient, low-carbon economy ► sets out a policy to exploit the enabling capacity of ICT in contributing to energy efficiency Commission Recommendation – October 2009 On mobilising Information and Communication Technologies to facilitate the transition to an energy-efficient, low-carbon economy ► identifies specific actions for stakeholders to exploit ICT to effect change

11. EU ICT Energy policy framework Recommendations to the ICT sector Commitment to a progressive decarbonisation Measurable and verifiable reduction in energy intensity and carbon emissions Consideration of all processes involved in the production, transport and sales of ICT equipments and components Development of a framework to measure its energy and environmental performance Cooperation with other sectors Building and construction Transport and logistics Recommendations to Member States Support to the rollout of smart metering Procurement practices promoting dematerialisation

12. ICT for Energy Efficiency Forum  Launched in February 2010 Focus areas Measuring the energy efficiency of ICT processes collaboration with ITU Enabling energy efficiency in other sectors

13. ICT contribution to climate action Examples of action plans from the ICT industry CO 2 emissions Energy savings/ efficiency 2020 2020 1990 Projected energy use in 2020 20 20 European Union (all sectors) CO 2 emissions 2020 2006/2007 50 Vodafone Plc Eco-efficiency indicator 2008 2007 30 % increase Telecom Italia GHG emissions 2015 2007 20 Sun Microsystems Inc. Energy consumption of products 2009-2010 2007 20 - 49 Nokia Siemens Networks Energy consumption of offices and sites 2012 2006 6 Nokia CO 2 emissions 2010 2000 6 Motorola GHG emissions per production unit 2012 2010 2007 2004 20 30 Intel GHG emissions 2012 2005 7 IBM Energy and GHG emissions for operations and products 2010-2011 2005 16 - 40 Hewlett-Packard CO 2 emissions 2020 2006 20 France Telecom Energy efficiency 2008 2006 15 - 20 Ericsson CO 2 emissions 2020 2006 20 Deutsche Telekom Operational carbon intensity 2012 Not given Additional 15 Dell GHG emissions 2012 2007 25 Cisco Systems CO 2 emissions per unit of contribution to GDP 2020 1996 80 British Telecom GHG emissions 2012 Not given 15 Bell Canada GHG emissions per manufacturing index 2012 2006 33 Advanced Micro Devices Inc CO 2 emissions of facilities 2010 2007 10 Alcatel–Lucent Comment Target date Baseline * Target reduction % Companies

14. EU ICT Energy policy framework JRC voluntary codes of conduct On Data Centres Energy Efficiency (2008, updated in 2009) Best practices concerning the design and management of Data Centres (physical building, electrical plant, air conditioning, racks, software, etc.) On Energy Consumption of Broadband Equipment (2008) Target power levels for equipments both on customer and network provider sides  Already signed by several large telecom operators and equipment manufacturers

15. The Digital Agenda: Seven Action Areas ••• A vibrant digital single market Fast and ultra fast internet access Research and innovation Trust and Security Interoperability and standards Enhancing digital literacy, skills and inclusion ICT-enabled benefits for EU society

16. EU support to R&D&I Green ICT is now one of the main topics of the Work Programmes: Framework Programme for Research: FP7 Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme: CIP One dedicated theme Theme 1 – ICT for a low carbon economy and smart mobility -> 19m€ in 2010

17. EU support to R&D&I R&D in ICT for a Green economy in FP7 Work Programme 2011-12 (total budget: ~ 2.4b€) Considered across the whole WP One dedicated Challenge Challenge 6 – ICT for a low carbon economy -> 280 m€ (+76% compared to WP 2007-08) Two PPPs (with cross thematic coordinated calls) Energy efficient buildings -> 50 m€ from ICT theme (ch. 6) Green cars -> 60 m€ from ICT theme (ch. 6)

18. ICT R&D For Green Economy in FP7 Ch. 6: ICT for a low carbon economy Smart Energy Grids (30m€) ICT systems for energy efficiency (35m€) ICT for efficient water resources management (15m€) ICT for energy-efficient buildings and spaces of public use (20m€) ICT for energy-positive neighbourhoods (30m€) Low carbon multi-modal mobility and freight transport (50m€) Cooperative systems for energy-efficient and sustainable mobility (40m€) ICT for fully electric vehicles (60m€)

19. Green ICT in FP7: Networks and services Ch. 1: Pervasive and Trusted Network and Service Infrastructures Future Networks (160m€) Cloud Computing, Internet of Services and Advanced Software (70m€) Internet-connected objects (30m€) Trustworthy ICT (80m€) Networked Media and Search Systems (70m€) Future Internet Research and Experimentation (45m€) Future Internet PPP (170m€)

20. Future Inter(Net)work: Policy Drivers Communication on the European Digital Agenda: May 2010 Communication on the Innovation Union: October 2010 Communication on Next Generation Broadband Access: June 2010 Support for “eGovernment”: Education, learning , training Healthcare, personal health systems Sustainable transport (virtual…?) Energy efficiency and environmental sustainability Future Internet: scalable, reliable, secure High bandwidth, low latency, mobile, energy-efficient Broadband for all, everywhere Future services will be energy-efficient connected services!

21. Green ICT in FP7: Networks Objective 1.1: Future Networks Target outcomes: Development of energy-efficient future network infrastructures that support the convergence and interoperability of heterogeneous mobile, wired and wireless broadband network technologies as enablers of the future Internet.

22. Green ICT: Energy-Efficient Networks Design / Architecture for Energy-efficiency: Low OPEX, not CAPEX Design to maximise the substitutional “big wins” Where are the savings? Network? Terminal? Server? Processing: distributed or centralised? Access: Fibre or DSL? Radio link: J/bit or bit/Hz ? Connectivity: Always-on or Just-when-needed?

23. Green ICT in FP7: Networks Objective 1.1: Future Networks Wireless and broadband systems New radio transmission paradigms and system designs taking into account the need for radical cost and energy per bit reduction Novel radio network topologies , taking into account the need for (…) energy efficiency (…) and smaller low power base stations (…) High capacity end-to-end infrastructure technologies Ubiquitous fast broadband access : (…) seamless transparent end-to-end connectivity using optimised protocols and routing for energy efficiency and cost reduction. Ultra high capacity all optical networks (…) reducing the need for electronic-optical conversion, to solve the problem of unsustainable growth of power consumption of electronic routers (…)

24. Green ICT in FP7: Networks Objective 1.1: Future Networks Novel Internet architectures, management and operation frameworks Future Internet architectures that are resilient, trustworthy and energy-efficient and designed to support open access, increasing heterogeneity of end-points and networks

25. Green ICT in FP7: Future Networks projects

26. Green ICT in FP7 Energy Aware Radio and neTwork tecHnologies Objective: reduction of energy consumption of 4G mobile networks by at least 50% Comprehensive approach Energy-Efficiency analysis and measurement Network architecture, deployment and management Green radio technologies and components Means to achieve the objective: 14.8 m€ (out of which 9.5 m€ of EC funding) 3 years (Jan 2010 – Dec 2012) 15 partners from 10 EU countries  more info: www.ict-earth.eu

27. Green ICT in FP7 Cognitive radio and cooperative strategies for power saving in multi-standard wireless devices Objective: reduction of energy consumption of mobile devices by up to 50% (for the wireless subsystem) Approach: combination of cognitive radio and cooperative low power short range communications in order to optimize the power usage of the mobile devices Means to achieve the objective: 5.1 m€ (out of which 3.4 m€ of EC funding) 3 years (Jan 2010 – Dec 2012) 10 partners from 7 EU countries  more info: www.ict-c2power.eu

28. Green ICT in FP7 Low Energy COnsumption NETworks Objective: reduction of energy consumption of wired network equipment by 50% Approach: dynamic adaptation (based on standby and performance scaling capabilities) of network capacities and resources to current traffic loads and user requirements Green technologies for network device data plane Green strategies at control plane Green abstraction layer : novel standard interfaces, internal to the devices, for easy intercommunications between heterogeneous energy-aware HW and SW Means to achieve the objective: 10.1 m€ (out of which 6.1 m€ of EC funding) 3 years (Oct 2010 – Sep 2013) 15 partners from 7 EU countries + Israel  more info: www.econet-project.eu

29. Green ICT in FP7 Towards Real Energy-efficient Network Design Objective: integrate activities of several major European players in networking to quantitatively assess the energy demand of current and future telecom infrastructures, and to design energy-efficient, scalable and sustainable future networks Approach Data collection Identification of energy friendly devices, technologies, protocols and architectures Definition of new energy-aware network design criteria Experimental validation Means to achieve the objective: 4.4 m€ (out of which 3 m€ of EC funding) 3 years (Sep 2010 – Sep 2013) 12 partners from 6 EU countries + Switzerland  more info: www.fp7-trend.eu

30. Green ICT in FP7 Ch. 3: Alternative Paths to Components and Systems Very advanced nanoelectronic components (60m€) Smart components and smart systems integration (80m€) New paradigms for embedded systems, monitoring and control towards complex system engineering (50m€) Computing systems (45m€) Core and disruptive photonic technologies (117m€) Flexible, organic and large area electronics and photonics (50m€)

31. Green ICT in FP7 Photonics contribution to energy savings Keep information optical as long as possible Avoiding optical-electronic-optical switches New optical network architectures Miniaturization: integration of photonics and electronics More efficient components Low-loss waveguides, passive components Uncooled components

32. Green ICT in FP7 C3PO – Colourless and Coolerless Components for low Power Optical Networks Objective: design and develop a new generation of energy-efficient photonic and electronic components and apply them to next-generation access and high-speed metro-core networks Approach: Optoelectronic integrated circuits operating at high temperatures without requiring cooling equipment Photonic circuits that can operate equally well with different wavelengths of light, thus being plug-and-play to WDM systems Energy optimization Means to achieve the objective: 2.6 m€ (out of which 1.9 m€ of EC funding) 3 years (June 2010 – May 2013) 6 partners from 5 EU countries  more info: www.greenc3po.eu

33. Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Towards Zero-Power ICT (2zeroP) Energy harvesting technologies at the nanometre and molecular scale 3 projects started in August 2010 Green Silicon: Generate Renewable Energy Efficiently using Nanofabricated Silicon NANOPOWER: Nanoscale energy management for powering ICT devices SiNAPS: Semiconducting Nano-wire Platform for Autonomous Sensors Minimising Energy Consumption of Computing to the Limit (MINECC) Radically new technologies for computation that strive for the theoretical limits in energy consumption 15 m€ in WP 2011-12

34. More information Policy http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/ activities/sustainable_growth Research http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/ nav/nav_res FP7-ICT http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/ The ICT Future Networks web site: http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/future-networks/

35. Telecoms footprint Global telecoms emissions Source: The Climate Group & GeSI “ SMART 2020:Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age”, 2008