14.1 carbonates
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The document discusses the manufacture and uses of limestone and its products. Limestone is primarily calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and is heated to produce calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide, a process known as thermal decomposition. Calcium oxide is then mixed with water to produce slaked lime or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). Limestone and its products are used in cement production, iron manufacturing, soil treatment, flue gas desulfurization, and more.
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14.1-carbonates
Calcium oxide (lime) is manufactured from calcium carbonate (limestone) through thermal decomposition. Limestone is heated to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide is then mixed with water to produce calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). Slaked lime reacts with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate, providing a standard chemical test for carbon dioxide. Limestone and its products are used in iron production, cement manufacturing, treating acidic soils and water, and reducing pollution through flue-gas desulfurization.
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of the shells of dead sea creatures that built up over millions of years. It exists in various forms from soft chalk to hard limestone to the hardest marble. Limestone is mined through both open cast and underground mining. It has many chemical and industrial uses such as in cement, glass, paper, building materials, road construction, and more. Key processes in working with limestone include calcination to produce quicklime, hydration to produce hydrated lime, and reaction with carbon dioxide to produce precipitated calcium carbonate.
Magnesium - Engineering Material
Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is extracted from seawater, dolomite, and magnesite ore. It has a melting point of 650°C and boiling point of 1107°C. Traditionally, magnesium is produced through electrochemical processes where dolomite or magnesite ore is crushed, roasted, and reacted with seawater or magnesium chloride to produce molten magnesium chloride, which is then electrolyzed to separate magnesium metal. Magnesium is also extracted from salt brines through drying and electrolysis.
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This document provides information on calcium carbide, including its properties, manufacturing process, uses, packaging and international standards. Some key points:
- Calcium carbide is produced through heating limestone and coke to 2200-2500°C in an electric furnace. It reacts with water to produce acetylene gas.
- Its main uses are in producing acetylene for welding/cutting and calcium cyanamide as a fertilizer. It also acts as a dehydrating/reducing agent.
- The BIS specification outlines purity levels and gas yield requirements for different grades of calcium carbide. International standards also provide size classifications.
- Calcium carbide is packed in moisture
Beneficiation and mineral processing of magnesium minerals
Beneficiation and mineral processing of magnesium mineralsGeology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University
Beneficiation and Mineral Processing of Magnesium Minerals, Magnesite; Fused Magnesia Production Process, Dolomite; Sea water, Magnesium Extraction By Electrolytic Processes; IG Farben process; Thermal Reduction of magnesium oxide; Pidgeon Process; Magnetherm Process; Mintek Process; Caustic Calcined Magnesia; Dead Burned Magnesia; Fused MagnesiaCarbondioxide
Carbon dioxide was discovered by Van Helmont and proved to be an oxide of carbon by Antoine Lavoisier. It can be prepared by heating carbon or fuels like methane, or by heating carbonates like calcium carbonate. It is a colorless, odorless gas that is heavier than air and turns limewater milky. It is used in carbonated drinks, fire extinguishers, by plants during photosynthesis, and to preserve foods like meat and vegetables.
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14.1-carbonates
Calcium oxide (lime) is manufactured from calcium carbonate (limestone) through thermal decomposition. Limestone is heated to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide is then mixed with water to produce calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). Slaked lime reacts with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate, providing a standard chemical test for carbon dioxide. Limestone and its products are used in iron production, cement manufacturing, treating acidic soils and water, and reducing pollution through flue-gas desulfurization.
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of the shells of dead sea creatures that built up over millions of years. It exists in various forms from soft chalk to hard limestone to the hardest marble. Limestone is mined through both open cast and underground mining. It has many chemical and industrial uses such as in cement, glass, paper, building materials, road construction, and more. Key processes in working with limestone include calcination to produce quicklime, hydration to produce hydrated lime, and reaction with carbon dioxide to produce precipitated calcium carbonate.
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Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is extracted from seawater, dolomite, and magnesite ore. It has a melting point of 650°C and boiling point of 1107°C. Traditionally, magnesium is produced through electrochemical processes where dolomite or magnesite ore is crushed, roasted, and reacted with seawater or magnesium chloride to produce molten magnesium chloride, which is then electrolyzed to separate magnesium metal. Magnesium is also extracted from salt brines through drying and electrolysis.
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This document provides information on calcium carbide, including its properties, manufacturing process, uses, packaging and international standards. Some key points:
- Calcium carbide is produced through heating limestone and coke to 2200-2500°C in an electric furnace. It reacts with water to produce acetylene gas.
- Its main uses are in producing acetylene for welding/cutting and calcium cyanamide as a fertilizer. It also acts as a dehydrating/reducing agent.
- The BIS specification outlines purity levels and gas yield requirements for different grades of calcium carbide. International standards also provide size classifications.
- Calcium carbide is packed in moisture
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Carbon dioxide was discovered by Van Helmont and proved to be an oxide of carbon by Antoine Lavoisier. It can be prepared by heating carbon or fuels like methane, or by heating carbonates like calcium carbonate. It is a colorless, odorless gas that is heavier than air and turns limewater milky. It is used in carbonated drinks, fire extinguishers, by plants during photosynthesis, and to preserve foods like meat and vegetables.
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carbonates.pdf
Carbonates are usually insoluble except for alkali metals. Carbonates decompose when heated to form oxides and carbon dioxide. Calcium carbonate (limestone) decomposes to form calcium oxide (lime) and carbon dioxide. All carbonates react with acids to form salts, water and carbon dioxide. Limestone is used to manufacture cement, iron, and lime. Lime is made by heating limestone to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Slaked lime is formed when water is added to calcium oxide and is used to neutralize acidic soils and wastes. Carbon dioxide turns lime water milky by forming insoluble calcium carbonate.
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Lime is produced from limestone through a process involving excavation, crushing, grinding, and calcination to produce quicklime. Quicklime is then pulverized, slaked by mixing with water to produce slaked lime, and dried. Slaked lime is used to produce lime mortars and plasters. There are different types of kilns used for calcination including intermittent, continuous, rotary, and reactor kilns. Quicklime can be classified based on particle size and chemical composition. When mixed with water, quicklime undergoes hydration, producing heat. Over time, slaked lime hardens through carbonation as it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.
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3) Lime is produced by heating limestone to decompose it into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide, and calcium hydroxide is made by adding water to calcium oxide.
Water and Its Industrial Applications
The document summarizes the process of water softening. It involves chemically converting hardness-causing calcium and magnesium salts in water into insoluble compounds using milk of lime and soda. Lime is added to precipitate temporary hardness as calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. Soda is added to precipitate permanent hardness as calcium carbonate. The amounts of lime and soda required are calculated based on the types and amounts of hardness present. If the purity of lime or soda is less than 100%, corrections must be made to calculate the actual amounts needed. The precipitates formed are then filtered out, removing hardness from the water.
Concrete
Concrete Construction: Batching of mixes; casting process, compaction and curing;
requirement of mix design and casting of test cubes – removing cubes from moulds and
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Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
Cement
The document discusses the manufacturing process of cement. It begins with crushing and mixing of raw materials such as limestone, clay, and iron ore. The raw materials are then heated in a kiln to form clinker. Clinker is ground into a fine powder to produce cement. When mixed with water, cement undergoes chemical reactions that result in hardening over time as it hydrates. The hydration process involves calcium silicates and aluminates reacting with water to form compounds like calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrates.
12.2 sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide can be produced by directly combining sulfur with oxygen. This reaction is used to make sulfuric acid, which is one of the main industrial chemical processes. Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water to form sulfurous acid. Sulfur dioxide turns acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution from purple to colorless. Acid rain occurs when sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the air react with water, forming acids. This increases the acidity of rainwater and damages forests, lakes, and buildings made of limestone through corrosion.
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9.7 Making magnets
This document discusses making and testing magnets. It describes how magnets can be made by using another magnet to magnetize a piece of iron or steel by stroking it in one direction many times. It also explains how the strength of a magnet can be tested by observing how much mass it can lift and how far away it can attract other objects. Stronger magnets can lift heavier objects and work from a greater distance. Horseshoe magnets, which bring the poles closer together, are much stronger than bar magnets of the same size.
9.7-Making magnets
This document discusses making and testing magnets. It describes how to make a new magnet by using a strong magnet to magnetize a piece of iron or steel by stroking it in one direction multiple times. It also explains how to test the strength of a magnet by assessing how much mass it can lift and how far away it can attract objects, with stronger magnets affecting larger objects from greater distances. Additionally, it notes that horseshoe magnets, with their U-shape bringing the poles closer together, are much stronger than bar magnets.
9.5 FORCES AND MOVEMENT
This document discusses forces and movement. It defines acceleration as a change in speed or direction of an object. The two main factors that affect acceleration are the net force acting on an object and the object's mass. Greater net force or lower mass results in greater acceleration. Acceleration can be calculated using change in velocity over time or force over mass. When objects fall through air, their acceleration decreases over time due to increasing air resistance until they reach terminal velocity, where air resistance equals the object's weight and net force is zero. Sample problems calculate net force on different objects.
9.5 forces and Movement
This document discusses forces and movement. It defines acceleration as a change in an object's speed or direction over time. The two main factors that affect acceleration are the net force acting on an object and the object's mass. Greater net force or lower mass results in greater acceleration. Acceleration can be calculated using change in velocity over time or force over mass. When objects fall through air, their acceleration decreases over time due to increasing air resistance until they reach terminal velocity, where air resistance equals the object's weight and net force is zero. Sample problems calculate net force on different objects.
9.3-measuring speed electronically
This document discusses measuring the speed of objects electronically using light gates or ultrasonic sensors. Light gates use a beam of light between a transmitter and receiver that is broken when an object passes through, starting a timer. Ultrasonic sensors reflect sound waves off moving objects and can calculate position from pulse echo times. Electronic timers provide more accurate measurements than manual stopwatches by eliminating human reaction time errors.
9.3-measuring speed electronically
This document discusses measuring the speed of objects electronically using light gates or ultrasonic sensors. Light gates use a beam of light between a transmitter and receiver that is broken when an object passes through, triggering a timer. Ultrasonic sensors reflect sound waves off moving objects and calculate position from pulse echo times. Electronic timers provide more accurate measurements than manual stopwatches by eliminating errors from human reaction times.
9.2-more about speed equation
This document discusses speed, distance, and time calculations using the speed equation. It provides three examples of using the speed equation to calculate distance or time given two of the variables. It also includes a table to fill in missing time or speed values and two additional practice problems calculating total distance and average speed for a car's journey, and converting between m/s and km/h for a helicopter's speed.
9.1-speed
- Speed is defined as the distance traveled divided by the time taken. The speed equation can be used to calculate average speed from the total distance and total time of a journey.
- Speed can be measured in different units depending on the distance and time units used, such as meters/second, kilometers/hour, miles/day.
- Over time, the average speed of the 800m world record holders has increased, as shown by their decreasing recorded times and increasing calculated speeds from 1972 to 2012.
7.9 ---lenses and cameras
Cameras capture images similarly to the eye by using lenses to focus light and form an image. Early cameras did not use lenses and instead used a pinhole to form an unfocused image on a screen. Modern cameras use a glass lens to focus light onto an electronic sensor made of millions of light detectors, which allows the image to be digitally processed and stored. The lens moves in the camera to focus light precisely onto the sensor, whereas the eye changes the shape of its internal lens.
7.8 -sight
The eye has several key structures that allow for vision. The cornea and iris control the amount of light entering the eye. The pupil is a gap in the iris that changes size depending on lighting. Behind the pupil is the lens, which focuses light using refraction. The lens thickness changes to focus on distant or near objects. Light hits the retina, a light-sensitive layer, which sends signals through the optic nerve to the brain for vision. Some eyes have imperfections causing near- or far-sightedness.
7.7- Coloured light and filters
When light passes through certain materials like filters, only some colors of light are transmitted while others are absorbed. Red, green and blue filters each transmit only their respective color, while cyan filters transmit green and blue, yellow filters transmit green and red, and magenta filters transmit red and blue. These primary colors - red, green and blue - can be combined additively to produce other colors, with all three producing white. Filters can also be used in series to prevent any light from passing through by absorbing all colors.
7.6-investigating colours
The document discusses color and how objects appear colored. It explains that:
- The color of an object appears depends on which colors of light it reflects and which it absorbs. A red object reflects red light and absorbs other colors, appearing red.
- A mixture of reflected colors is seen as a single color by our eyes. A pink object reflects more than one color, and we perceive the mixture as pink.
- In subtractive color mixing, new colors are obtained by combining paint colors through absorption rather than reflection. Cyan, magenta, and yellow can be mixed in different combinations to produce other colors.
7.5-dispersion and spectrum
This document discusses the dispersion of white light into a spectrum of colors using a glass prism. It explains that each color of light refracts by a slightly different amount, causing the colors to spread out when white light passes through the prism. The spectrum of colors produced is called the visible spectrum and includes red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Rainbows occur due to a similar dispersion effect when light passes through water droplets in the sky.
Revision ch8 sound (8.6 & 8.7& 8.8)
The document is a physics revision on sound for a Cambridge secondary exam. It contains questions about the stages of hearing sound, the range of human hearing, frequencies audible to humans, and parts of the ear involved in hearing. The questions cover topics like:
- The correct order of how we hear sounds from the source vibrating to sound waves reaching the brain.
- The approximate range of frequencies, between 20-20,000 Hz, that are audible to humans.
- Examples of sound sources and whether their frequencies would be audible.
- Parts of the ear, like the inner ear, that are most vulnerable to damage from loud or sudden noises.
- The unit used to
5.3-Electroplating
Electroplating is a process where the surface of one metal is coated with a layer of a different metal. The metal being used to coat is less reactive than the one being coated. The anode is made from the pure metal used to coat, while the cathode is the object being electroplated. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of a soluble salt of the pure metal at the anode. Electroplating is done to make metals more resistant to corrosion or damage and also to improve their appearance, such as chromium and nickel plating for resistance and silver plating cutlery for appearance.
7.4- refraction
1) Refraction is the change in direction of light when it passes from one transparent material to another.
2) When light travels from air into water or glass, it slows down and bends toward the normal line at the boundary between the materials.
3) Conversely, when light travels from water or glass into air, it speeds up and bends away from the normal line at the boundary.
7.3- Reflection of Light
When light hits a surface, it can be absorbed, transmitted, or reflected. Reflection is when the light ray bounces back from the surface, such as from a mirror. The law of reflection states that the angle at which the light hits the surface, called the angle of incidence, is equal to the angle at which it bounces off, called the angle of reflection. When light hits a surface perpendicular, or at a 90 degree angle, the light ray will reflect back along the same path it came, with both angles equal to zero.
Unit 1-Topic 1 (A&B&C)
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5.2- electrochemistry ((ELECTROLYSIS))
Electrolysis is the process of using an electric current to drive nonspontaneous chemical reactions. During electrolysis, ions move towards the electrodes and undergo changes. At the anode, ions lose electrons and form gases. At the cathode, ions gain electrons and form elements or hydrogen gas. The products of electrolysis depend on factors like the electrolyte, its concentration, and the reactivities of the ions. Electrolysis has many industrial applications like electroplating and producing reactive elements.
7.2 absorbing,,transmitting and;reflection
This document discusses the behavior of light rays and how vision works. It contains the following key points:
1. When light rays reach a surface, they can be absorbed, reflected, transmitted, or refracted. Absorption converts light to heat, reflection bounces light off a surface, transmission passes light through a material, and refraction changes the direction of light when moving between materials.
2. For vision, light reflects off an object and enters the eyes, causing a chemical reaction at the back of the eye that produces a signal to the brain, allowing us to see objects that do not emit their own light.
3. Shadows are caused when an object blocks light from a source, creating
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Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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14.1 carbonates
- 1. Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid CIE - IGCSE Chemistry Chapter 13 Inorganic carbon chemistry
- 2. Wednesday, September 2, 2020 Calcium Oxide & Calcium Carbonate Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid Manufacture of lime Limestone consists mainly of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 Lime which is calcium oxide, is manufactured from calcium carbonate by thermal decomposition: 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 Slaked lime, calcium hydroxide, is made by adding a small amount of water slowly to calcium oxide: 𝐶𝑎𝑜 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
- 3. Wednesday, September 2, 2020 Calcium Oxide & Calcium Carbonate Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid Manufacture of lime Limewater is a solution of calcium hydroxide in water, hence it is alkaline The addition of carbon dioxide to calcium hydroxide produces the initial starting material, calcium carbonate: 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆.𝑇 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 This reaction is the basis of the standard chemical test for CO2
- 4. Wednesday, September 2, 2020 Standard chemical test for CO2 Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid Ca(OH)2 solution turns cloudy when in the presence of CO2 gas due to the formation of insoluble white calcium carbonate
- 5. Wednesday, September 2, 2020 Standard chemical test for CO2
- 6. Wednesday, September 2, 2020 Stages in the limestone cycle Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid
- 7. Wednesday, September 2, 2020 Uses of limestone and limestone products Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid
- 8. Wednesday, September 2, 2020 Uses of limestone and limestone products Limestone (calcium carbonate) is used in the manufacture of iron and cement In the production of iron, limestone is added to the blast furnace where it decomposes to form lime (CaO) and carbon dioxide The lime reacts with silica impurities to form calcium silicate, which floats to the top of the molten iron and is removed: 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑖𝑂3 Cement is manufactured by heating a mixture of powdered limestone and clay in a rotary kiln Once heated, calcium sulfate and water are added which produce cement Cement is a hardened, interlocked structure of calcium aluminate (Ca(AlO2)2 and calcium silicate (CaSiO3) Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid
- 9. Wednesday, September 2, 2020 Uses of limestone and limestone products CaCO3 is also used in treating excess acidity in soils and lakes where it is often preferred to lime because it does not make the water in the soil alkaline Lime (calcium oxide) is used in lime mortar and in flue-gas desulfurization Flue-gas desulfurization involves spraying acidic sulfur dioxide emissions with jets of slaked lime to reduce pollution by neutralising these gases before they leave the factory chimneys It is also used in treating excess acidity in soils and lakes. If excess lime is used, however, the water in the soil may become too alkaline Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is used in treating acidic soils and neutralising acidic industrial wasted products Sir. Muhammad Abdul Mageid