14 peri corn thin & ulcer
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This document discusses various causes of peripheral corneal thinning and ulceration. It is divided into conditions that present without systemic disease such as dellen, Terrien marginal degeneration, and Mooren ulcer, and those associated with systemic diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener granulomatosis, and polyarteritis nodosa. For each condition, the document describes signs, causes, progression, and recommended treatments.
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Marginal keratitis, rosacea keratitis, phlyctenulosis, and acute stromal keratitis are forms of peripheral corneal inflammation. Marginal keratitis causes a circumferential subepithelial infiltrate near the limbus and is treated with short-term steroids. Rosacea keratitis results in a chronic, bilateral peripheral inferior vascularization and thinning requiring steroids and antibiotics. Phlyctenulosis presents as transient pinkish-white nodules near the limbus, typically in children. Acute stromal keratitis is rare and unilateral, associated with scleritis, and treated with steroids and NSAIDs.
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This document discusses scleritis, which is inflammation of the sclera. It describes the different types of scleritis including anterior diffuse, nodular, and necrotizing scleritis as well as posterior scleritis. Potential causes are noted such as rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and connective tissue disorders. Signs, symptoms, and treatments are provided for each type of scleritis. Imaging techniques like ultrasound and CT scans are also mentioned for evaluating posterior scleritis.
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The limbus is the transitional zone between the sclera and cornea. Lesions of the limbus can be classified as congenital, inflammatory, allergic, vascular, traumatic, degenerative, nutritional, neoplastic, or miscellaneous. Common limbal lesions include dermoids, dermolipomas, raised nevi, episcleritis, scleritis, phlyctenules, vernal catarrh, ophthalmia nodosa, hemangiomas, granulomas, implantation cysts, pinguecula, cystic pterygium, papillomas, squamous cell carcinoma, and primary melanoma. The document provides details on characteristics, causes, and treatment of various limbal
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This document summarizes various disorders of the eyelashes including:
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Vitiligo is a skin condition that causes loss of skin color in patches due to lack of melanin. It most often appears in childhood or young adulthood. There are several types classified by the distribution of patches. Autoimmune diseases like thyroid problems are common in vitiligo patients. Treatment focuses on stopping progression and repigmenting areas, using topical corticosteroids, phototherapy, or occasionally systemic immunosuppressants. Melasma causes brown patches on sun-exposed skin, especially in females, and is associated with sun exposure and hormones like pregnancy. It is treated with sun protection and bleaching creams containing hydroquinone.
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1) The document discusses various malignant eyelid tumours including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, melanoma, and rare tumours.
2) It describes the clinical features, risk factors, histology, signs and symptoms, and treatment options for each tumour type.
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The document discusses the effects of blue light from digital devices and LED lighting on eye health. It notes that exposure to blue light is increasing due to more time spent on screens and transition to LED lighting. While light is essential, too much blue light can damage the retina over time and increase risks of age-related macular degeneration. It provides tips for reducing eye strain when using devices as well as recommendations for blue-light filtering lenses and coatings.
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Corneal degeneration refers to degenerative changes in the normal cells of the cornea under the influence of age or pathology. There are various types classified by location (axial or peripheral) or etiology (age-related or pathological). Common age-related degenerations include arcus senilis, Vogt's white limbal girdle, and Hassal-Henle bodies. Pathological degenerations comprise fatty degeneration, amyloidosis, calcific/band keratopathy, Salzmann's nodular degeneration, and pellucid marginal degeneration. Treatment options include phototherapeutic keratectomy, corneal transplantation, or superficial keratectomy depending on the type and severity of degeneration.
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Urticaria is a common skin disorder caused by localized mast cell degranulation, leading to itchy wheals that typically develop and fade within hours. Acute eczematous dermatitis presents as erythematous papules and plaques that can become crusted or scaled due to conditions like atopic dermatitis. Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by well-demarcated salmon-colored plaques covered in silver scale. Lichen planus features purple, pruritic planar papules in a symmetric distribution. Common benign skin tumors include seborrheic keratoses, actinic keratoses, and melanocytic nevi, while squamous cell
Vitiligo, Pityriasis rosea, Discoid lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme
Here are the answers to your test:
1. C - Herald patch
2. D - All of the above
3. B - False
4. A - Melanocytes
5. B - False
6. Erythema multiforme - It describes the target or iris-like lesions.
7. Discoid lupus erythematosus - It is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the skin.
8. Malar rash - It is a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose seen in systemic lupus erythematosus.
9. Systemic lupus erythematosus - It is an autoimmune disease that can
Skin tumors
Skin tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors include seborrheic keratosis, skin tags, epidermoid cysts, and milia. Malignant tumors include basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer, usually appearing as a painless raised area on sun-exposed skin. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop from sun exposure and occasionally spread. Malignant melanoma is more likely to metastasize and its risk factors include fair skin, many moles, and intense sun exposure. Proper diagnosis and treatment of skin tumors is important for patient prognosis and outcomes.
Peripheral Corneal Inflam.ppt
Marginal keratitis, rosacea keratitis, phlyctenulosis, and acute stromal keratitis are forms of peripheral corneal inflammation. Marginal keratitis causes a circumferential subepithelial infiltrate near the limbus and is treated with short-term steroids. Rosacea keratitis results in a chronic, bilateral peripheral inferior vascularization and thinning requiring steroids and antibiotics. Phlyctenulosis presents as transient pinkish-white nodules near the limbus, typically in children. Acute stromal keratitis is rare and unilateral, associated with scleritis, and treated with steroids and NSAIDs.
Phakomatoses
This document discusses various phakomatoses, which are defined as neurocutaneous syndromes with autosomal dominant inheritance and multi-organ hamartomas or tumors. It describes several specific phakomatoses including neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, Von Hippel-Lindau disease, and Wyburn-Mason syndrome. For each, it covers epidemiology, pathogenesis, characteristic ocular and systemic findings, diagnostic criteria, investigations, and treatment.
Skin tumors
Skin tumors can be benign or malignant. Seborrhoeic keratosis is a common benign epidermal tumor unrelated to sebaceous glands that usually arises after age 50 as multiple 'stuck-on' lesions on the face and trunk. Malignant skin tumors include basal cell carcinoma, the most common type of skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Risk factors for these cancers include sun exposure. Accurate diagnosis and treatment is important given the risk of local invasion and metastasis for malignant skin tumors.
CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF DM.pptx
This document summarizes various cutaneous manifestations that can occur in patients with diabetes mellitus. It discusses infections, vascular changes, and other conditions that are more common or specific to diabetics. These include infections like candidiasis and bacterial infections due to impaired immunity. Microvascular changes can lead to complications like diabetic dermopathy, foot ulcers, and gangrene. Other conditions like necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, acanthosis nigricans, and various dermatoses may be associated with diabetes. Cutaneous signs can also arise from complications of diabetes therapy.
Diabetic retinopathy
This document provides an overview of diabetic retinopathy. It defines diabetes and discusses the two main types. It identifies long-term complications that can affect multiple organs, including microvascular complications like retinopathy. Risk factors for retinopathy include duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. The pathogenesis of retinopathy involves microvascular leakage and occlusion. Retinopathy is classified as non-proliferative or proliferative, and signs and symptoms of non-proliferative retinopathy are discussed.
49 diabetic retinopathy
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, beginning with risk factors like long diabetes duration and poor control. It describes the progression from early background changes to more advanced preproliferative and proliferative stages. Clinically significant macular edema is defined and treatment with laser photocoagulation is outlined. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is discussed along with its laser treatment, panretinal photocoagulation. Vitreoretinal surgery criteria are listed.
Eyelid inflammation & tumors
The document discusses various eyelid conditions including inflammation, tumors, and cysts. It describes blepharitis as inflammation of the eyelid margin that causes redness, grittiness, and burning. It distinguishes between anterior and posterior blepharitis. Common benign eyelid lesions include chalazia (meibomian cysts), styes (hordeola), molluscum contagiosum, xanthelasma, and sebaceous cysts. Malignant eyelid tumors discussed are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Treatment options involve lid hygiene, warm compresses, antibiotics, and surgical excision or cryotherapy depending on the condition.
Skin in ckd Dr.chandan
This document discusses the various dermatological manifestations of chronic kidney disease. It describes:
1) Skin conditions associated with diseases that can lead to end-stage renal disease like diabetes and connective tissue disorders.
2) Common uremic skin manifestations in patients with kidney failure like xerosis, pruritis, nail changes, and pigmentary alterations.
3) Dermatological complications related to renal transplantation like infections, drug reactions, and malignancies. Specific conditions discussed in detail include calciphylaxis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, and bullous disease of dialysis.
Common Skin Lesions in Pediatrics.pptx
The document discusses the approach to describing skin lesions. It notes that primary lesions are the initial visible changes, while secondary lesions represent evolved changes from skin disorders or infections. Primary lesions are usually more helpful for diagnosis. Key aspects for describing lesions include number, size, color, shape, border, texture, nature (flat, raised, fluid-filled), location and arrangement. Common pediatric skin lesions described include tinea capitis, impetigo, scabies, measles and diaper dermatitis.
lecture5.pptx
This document summarizes several common inflammatory skin conditions:
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the immune system that causes red scaly plaques. Treatment includes topical agents and phototherapy. Lichen planus presents as pruritic purple polygonal papules that may involve oral mucosa. Pityriasis rosea typically causes a herald patch followed by scattered oval papules that resolve within 5 weeks.
Parotid gland diseases .pptx
This document discusses diseases of the salivary glands, focusing on inflammatory disorders of the parotid gland. It describes various causes of parotid inflammation including viral infections like mumps, bacterial infections, HIV-associated sialadenitis, and obstructive disorders. It also discusses benign conditions such as sialadenosis and Sjogren's syndrome. The document outlines the indications for and steps of parotid surgery including superficial parotidectomy, total parotidectomy, and radical parotidectomy. Post-surgical complications like Frey's syndrome are also mentioned.
Benign Gynecologic Lesions.pptx
This document summarizes several benign gynecological lesions that can occur on the vulva. It discusses urethral caruncles, cysts, nevi, hemangiomas, fibromas, lipomas and other benign growths. It also covers dermatological conditions that can affect the vulva such as contact dermatitis, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis and lichen planus. For each condition, it provides details on symptoms, diagnosis and treatment recommendations. The document is a reference for medical students on common benign vulvar lesions and dermatological diseases encountered in gynecology.
COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE...
COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
The complications of diabetes mellitus are far less common and less severe in people who have well-controlled blood sugar levels.Wider health problems accelerate the deleterious effects of diabetes. These include smoking, elevated cholesterol levels, obesity, high blood pressure, and lack of regular exercise.Similar to 14 peri corn thin & ulcer (20)
Vitiligo, Pityriasis rosea, Discoid lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme
Vitiligo, Pityriasis rosea, Discoid lupus erythematosus, erythema multiforme
COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE...
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More from Mohamad Jeffrey Ismail
45 drug related retinopathies
This document discusses three categories of drug-related retinopathies: 1) antimalarials such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, 2) phenothiazines like chlorpromazine and thioridazine, and 3) crystalline maculopathies from tamoxifen and canthaxanthin. Antimalarials can cause bull's-eye maculopathy, with hydroxychloroquine posing a very small risk and chloroquine risking toxicity over 300g cumulative dose. Phenothiazines may cause plaque-like pigmentation or focal/diffuse loss of retinal pigment epithelium and choroid. Tamoxifen can deposit crystalline rings in the macula while canth
41 principles retinal detachment surgery
This document outlines principles of retinal detachment surgery, including scleral buckling procedures, pneumatic retinopexy, and vitrectomy. Scleral buckling involves configuring scleral buckles, localizing retinal breaks, applying cryotherapy, and inserting an explant. Pneumatic retinopexy uses gas injection and postoperative positioning. Vitrectomy is used for giant retinal tears, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and diabetic tractional retinal detachments to release traction and unfold retinal flaps. The causes and techniques addressed aim to reattach the retina and prevent early failure.
29 primary angle closure glaucoma
Intermittent angle-closure glaucoma occurs when the iris temporarily blocks the drainage angle, causing a spike in eye pressure. Acute congestive angle-closure glaucoma is a medical emergency characterized by a sudden, complete blockage of the drainage angle and severe symptoms. Treatment involves lowering eye pressure with medications, hyperosmotic agents, or YAG laser iridotomy. Post-congestive angle-closure glaucoma develops after an acute attack and is marked by iris and corneal changes. Chronic angle-closure glaucoma has similar visual field loss and optic nerve damage as open-angle glaucoma but the drainage angle is partially blocked.
26 ectopia lentis
Ectopia lentis refers to displacement of the lens from its normal position. It can be acquired through trauma or tumors, or inherited through isolated familial forms or associated with systemic syndromes like Marfan syndrome, Weill-Marchesani syndrome, and Homocystinuria. Treatment options depend on the cause and symptoms but may include spectacle correction, laser zonulysis to displace the lens, or surgical removal of the lens.
25 abnormal lens shape
This document discusses three abnormalities of lens shape: 1) Lenticonus, which is an axial bulge of the posterior or anterior lens that can be unilateral and sporadic or bilateral and familial/associated with Lowe syndrome. 2) Coloboma, which is a defect in the iris, choroid, or retina that can be associated with giant retinal tears. 3) A small lens, which can be microphakia with a small diameter or microspherophakia with a small spherical diameter, and may be familial or associated with Lowe or Weill-Marchesani syndrome.
23 congenital cataract
This document discusses congenital cataracts, including their classification, causes, and important facts. Cataracts can be idiopathic (33%), inherited (33%), or associated with systemic disease (33%). The classification includes anterior polar, posterior polar, coronary, cortical spoke-like, lamellar, central pulverulent, sutural, and focal dot cataracts. Causes in healthy neonates include hereditary factors and being idiopathic. In unwell neonates, causes include intrauterine infections like rubella or toxoplasmosis, and metabolic disorders like galactosemia.
12 conjunctival tumours
This document categorizes and describes various conjunctival tumors including:
1. Benign tumors such as naevus, papilloma, epibulbar dermoid, and lipodermoid.
2. Pre-malignant tumors including primary acquired melanosis and intraepithelial neoplasia.
3. Malignant tumors like melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphoma. It provides details on signs, locations, risk factors, and treatments for each type of tumor.
20 corneal surgery
This document summarizes various corneal surgery procedures:
1. Penetrating keratoplasty is used to treat optical, tectonic, therapeutic, or cosmetic corneal issues and involves excision of the host corneal tissue and fixation of donor tissue.
2. Keratoprosthesis involves insertion of an artificial lenticule into the corneal stroma for patients with bilateral blindness from conditions like ocular pemphigoid.
3. Refractive surgeries like radial keratotomy, photorefractive keratectomy, laser in-situ keratomileusis, and non-contact laser thermal keratoplasty are used to treat refractive errors by reshaping the cornea using techniques like exc
03 diffuse eyelid diseases
This document discusses various diffuse eyelid diseases categorized into allergic, infectious, and miscellaneous causes. Allergic causes include acute edema from insect bites or urticaria/angioedema, contact dermatitis from topical medications, and atopic dermatitis which is associated with asthma/hay fever and causes chronic itching/scratching. Infectious causes involve preseptal cellulitis from skin trauma/insects, herpes simplex causing vesicles/crusting, herpes zoster ophthalmicus causing painful vesicles/pustules, impetigo causing golden-yellow crusting, erysipelas causing acute spreading cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis causing
10 allergic conjunctivitis
This document discusses three types of allergic conjunctivitis: allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis involves a hypersensitivity reaction to airborne antigens and is associated with nasal and eyelid swelling. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis commonly affects children and males in warm climates and involves itching, discharge, and tearing, with papillae forming on the eyelids that can rupture and form giant papillae. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis typically affects young patients with atopic dermatitis and causes red, thickened, fissured eyelids, with
11 immunobullous diseases
This document discusses several immunobullous diseases:
1) Cicatricial pemphigoid is a chronic, progressive disease typically affecting elderly women with oral mucosal lesions and less common skin lesions. It can lead to complications affecting the eyes including ankyloblepharon.
2) Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an acute, self-limiting disease typically affecting young men with oral and eye lesions that are often hemorrhagic and necrotic. Eye complications can include symblepharon.
3) Other diseases discussed include toxic epidermal necrolysis, epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus vulgaris, and linear IgA bullous dermatosis
09 conjunctival infections
This document describes various infectious conjunctival diseases including bacterial, viral, and chlamydial causes. Bacterial conjunctivitis can be caused by simple bacteria or gonorrhea. Viral conjunctivitis can be caused by adenovirus, molluscum contagiosum, herpes simplex virus, or chlamydia. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may cause pharyngoconjunctival fever in children or epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in adults. Chlamydial conjunctivitis includes adult and neonatal forms as well as trachoma, a chronic infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Each disease is characterized by signs and symptoms and discussed
08 infection lacrimal
1. The document discusses various infections of the lacrimal passages including congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, congenital dacryocele, chronic canaliculitis, and acute and chronic dacryocystitis.
2. Treatment for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction includes massage, antibiotic drops, and probing if no improvement by 12-18 months, with a 90% cure rate from first probing.
3. Congenital dacryocele presents as a bluish cystic swelling that may become infected; treatment involves initial massage and probing if massage fails.
02 chronic marg bleph'tis
This document discusses different types of chronic marginal blepharitis: staphylococcal, seborrhoeic, meibomianitis, and meibomian seborrhoea. It describes the symptoms of each type as well as potential complications. Treatment involves lid hygiene with baby shampoo, tear substitutes, systemic tetracyclines for severe posterior blepharitis, and warm compresses to melt solidified sebum.
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14 peri corn thin & ulcer
- 1. PERIPHERAL CORNEAL THINNING AND ULCERATION 1. Without systemic disease • Dellen • Terrien marginal degeneration • Mooren ulcer 2. With systemic disease • Rheumatoid arthritis • Wegener granulomatosis • Polyarteritis nodosa
- 2. Dellen • Saucer-like thinning with intact epithelium • Fluorescein pooling but no staining • Causes - chemosis, raised limbal lesions, abnormal blinking Treatment - lubricants and elimination of cause Signs Causes • Common and unilateral • Innocuous
- 3. Terrien marginal degeneration • Uncommon, bilateral but asymmetrical • Initially asymptomatic • Fine stromal lipid deposition separated by clear zone • Mild thinning and vascularization • Circumferential thinning and increasing astigmatism • Formation of pseudo-pterygia if longstanding Progression Treatment of severe astigmatism - crescent-shaped excision of gutter
- 4. Mooren ulcer • Limited form - usually unilateral, affects elderly • Progressive form - bilateral, affects younger patients Peripheral ulcerative keratitis Circumferential and central spread Progression End-stage scarring and vascularization Treatment - systemic steroids and/or cytotoxic drugs
- 5. Peripheral corneal involvement in rheumatoid arthritis • Chronic and asymptomatic • Circumferential thinning with intact epithelium (‘contact lens cornea’) • Acute and painful • Circumferential ulceration and infiltration Treatment - systemic steroids and/or cytotoxic drugs Without inflammation With inflammation
- 6. Peripheral corneal involvement in Wegener granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa Circumferential and central ulceration similar to Mooren ulcer Unlike Mooren ulcer sclera may also become involved Treatment - systemic steroids and cyclophosphamide
- 7. Peripheral corneal involvement in Wegener granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa Circumferential and central ulceration similar to Mooren ulcer Unlike Mooren ulcer sclera may also become involved Treatment - systemic steroids and cyclophosphamide