13.7.27 병권
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This document summarizes factors that determine skin color, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. It discusses the architecture of the skin, including the neural crest and melanocytes. It also examines the regulation of constitutive and facultative skin pigmentation, how melanin protects the skin from UV exposure, disorders of skin pigmentation like albinism and vitiligo, and different approaches to regulating skin pigmentation.
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Presentastion of birendra_kumar_singh_06.04.2013
This document discusses the regulation of human skin pigmentation. It covers the key factors that determine constitutive skin pigmentation, including melanocyte density, survival, differentiation, melanin synthesis, and transport. It also discusses facultative pigmentation induced by UV exposure. The roles of melanin in photoprotection are described. Disruptions to pigmentation regulation can cause disorders like albinism, vitiligo, or epidermal melanocytosis. Approaches to regulate pigmentation for cosmetics or pharmaceuticals face challenges in selectively targeting melanocytes without affecting other skin cells.
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Cyanide poisoning occurs when organisms are exposed to cyanide ions, which halt cellular respiration. Common sources of cyanide poisoning include hydrogen cyanide gas and cyanide salts. If inhaled, cyanide causes loss of consciousness, seizures, respiratory failure, and cardiac arrest. The standard antidote kit uses amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate to convert cyanide to less toxic compounds. Hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt edetate also bind cyanide. Oxygen therapy alone does not cure cyanide poisoning but can help the body metabolize low doses more quickly.
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Melanogenesis proceeds in three steps: production of cysteinyldopas, oxidation to pheomelanin, and production of eumelanin. Dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) catalyzes the tautomerization of dopachrome to increase the ratio of DHICA in eumelanin and eumelanin production. The initial production of cysteinyldopas and subsequent pheomelanin favors pheomelanogenesis over eumelanogenesis as long as cysteinyldopa levels remain high. The reactivity of o-quinones, which are highly reactive, chemically controls the early melanogenesis process.
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This document provides a chart summarizing antidotes including their generic and brand names, indications for use, notes, and suggested stocking levels for both 8 hours and 24 hours of treatment for a single 100 kg patient or for mass casualty situations. It includes antidotes for conditions like organophosphate poisoning, cyanide poisoning, heavy metal poisoning, cardiac toxins, and more. Access priorities and contact information for some specialty antidotes are also provided.
Albinism
This document discusses albinism, a congenital disorder characterized by little or no pigmentation in the skin, hair and eyes. It is caused by a recessive gene that results in a lack of the enzyme tyrosinase needed to produce melanin. There are different types of albinism that can affect the eyes only or eyes, skin and hair. Albinism is associated with vision defects like photophobia, nystagmus and astigmatism as well as sun sensitivity. Diagnosis involves genetic testing or eye exams. Treatment focuses on protecting the skin from sun exposure and addressing vision problems. The condition does not affect lifespan except in rare cases of associated disorders.
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Presentastion of birendra_kumar_singh_06.04.2013
This document discusses the regulation of human skin pigmentation. It covers the key factors that determine constitutive skin pigmentation, including melanocyte density, survival, differentiation, melanin synthesis, and transport. It also discusses facultative pigmentation induced by UV exposure. The roles of melanin in photoprotection are described. Disruptions to pigmentation regulation can cause disorders like albinism, vitiligo, or epidermal melanocytosis. Approaches to regulate pigmentation for cosmetics or pharmaceuticals face challenges in selectively targeting melanocytes without affecting other skin cells.
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Cyanide poisoning occurs when organisms are exposed to cyanide ions, which halt cellular respiration. Common sources of cyanide poisoning include hydrogen cyanide gas and cyanide salts. If inhaled, cyanide causes loss of consciousness, seizures, respiratory failure, and cardiac arrest. The standard antidote kit uses amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate to convert cyanide to less toxic compounds. Hydroxocobalamin and dicobalt edetate also bind cyanide. Oxygen therapy alone does not cure cyanide poisoning but can help the body metabolize low doses more quickly.
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Melanogenesis proceeds in three steps: production of cysteinyldopas, oxidation to pheomelanin, and production of eumelanin. Dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) catalyzes the tautomerization of dopachrome to increase the ratio of DHICA in eumelanin and eumelanin production. The initial production of cysteinyldopas and subsequent pheomelanin favors pheomelanogenesis over eumelanogenesis as long as cysteinyldopa levels remain high. The reactivity of o-quinones, which are highly reactive, chemically controls the early melanogenesis process.
Cyanide antidote for mass casualties
Cyanide poisoning can occur from industrial, natural, or environmental sources. Current antidotes like nitrites and hydroxocobalamin are effective but have limitations for mass casualty situations. A new intramuscular injectable antidote is needed. Sulfanegen salts show promise as they are highly water soluble and effective in mouse studies. Sulfanegen forms salts with amines like ethanolamine, diethanolamine and triethanolamine that have over 1M solubility, allowing effective intramuscular dosing to treat multiple cyanide victims rapidly in a mass casualty scenario.
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Albinism
This document discusses albinism, a congenital disorder characterized by little or no pigmentation in the skin, hair and eyes. It is caused by a recessive gene that results in a lack of the enzyme tyrosinase needed to produce melanin. There are different types of albinism that can affect the eyes only or eyes, skin and hair. Albinism is associated with vision defects like photophobia, nystagmus and astigmatism as well as sun sensitivity. Diagnosis involves genetic testing or eye exams. Treatment focuses on protecting the skin from sun exposure and addressing vision problems. The condition does not affect lifespan except in rare cases of associated disorders.
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This document summarizes information about cyanide poisoning. It discusses that cyanide inhibits cellular respiration by binding to cytochrome oxidase, stopping ATP production and oxygen utilization. Symptoms occur rapidly and include headache, weakness, confusion and potentially seizures or death. Treatment involves giving methemoglobin generators like methylene blue or sodium nitrite to bind cyanide, followed by thiosulfate to convert it to non-toxic thiocyanate. Oxygen may help displace cyanide but is not a specific antidote. Prompt treatment is needed given cyanide's fast mechanism of toxicity.
Antidote
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Vitiligo : What's new in 2012 - Howard Fox Memorial Lecture, New York Academy...
NYAM Section on Dermatology Presents the 2012 Howard Fox, MD Memorial Lecture
Date: March 13, 2012 to March 13, 2012
Time: 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM p.m., Lecture 7:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.
Speaker(s): Torello Lotti, MD, Professor of the Dermatology and Venereology Division at Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy - Honorary Professor of Dermatology - China Medical University Shenyang, 18 Dec.2011
Chair, Executive Scientific Committee Vitiligo Research Foundation, New York , NY , USA.
Sponsored by: NYAM Section on Dermatology
Location: The New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue at 103rd Street, New York, NY 10029
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According to our progress in understanding Vitiligo pathogenesis, new and experimental therapies, such as narrow-band ultraviolet B microphototherapy (NB-UVB), narrow-band ultraviolet B excimer laser and monochromatic excimer light are available for the treatment of the disease. In addition, there are new topical treatments such as antioxidants, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, prostaglandin E, and vitamin D derivatives. Excellent therapeutic results can be achieved through combination treatments.
About the Speaker(s)
Torello Lotti, MD, Prof. Lotti is Professor of the Dermatology and Venereology Division at Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy. Previously, he was Professor of the Dermatology and Venereology Division at University of Florence School of Medicine, Florence, Italy.
The fields of his principal scientific investigations are focused on the study of neuropeptides in numerous skin diseases, of plasminogen activators in autoimmune dermatoses and in lichen planus, and the clinical aspects and treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with particular emphasis on new therapies with biological agents. Of particular relevance is his research on the pathogenesis and innovative treatments for vitiligo.
Dr. Lotti is Visiting Professor and Director, International Centre for Balneology, Cell Biology, and Physiotherapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia (PA, USA), Visiting Professor of Dermatology in six international universities, and Key Note Lecturer, Japanese Society of Cosmetic Dermatology. Past activities: Past-President of the Italian Society of Dermatology and Venereology, Past President of International Society of Dermatology.
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Recent updates in cosmetic technology were discussed. Key points include:
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- Nanotechnology shows promise for cosmetics through nanoemulsions, liposomes and other nanoparticles that can improve delivery and stability of active ingredients. Potential risks need consideration.
- Stem cell cosmetics are an emerging area but current products do not contain actual stem cells. Regulations are still maturing around cell manipulation and product characterization for these types of cosmetics.
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reproduction.
These aspects have been used in the field of dermatology and
cosmetology to produce short, stable and synthetic peptides for extracellular matrix synthesis, pigmentation, innate immunity, acne and
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Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by little to no melanin production, resulting in pale skin, hair and eyes that are often light-colored. It is inherited through an autosomal recessive gene, meaning both parents must be carriers for a child to be born with albinism. There is no cure, but treatments can help ease vision problems and sensitivity to light through the use of sunglasses, sunscreen and protective clothing. Support organizations provide information and aid to those living with albinism.
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Antidote
The document discusses antidotes for poisoning treatment. It defines an antidote as a therapeutic substance used to counteract the toxic effects of a xenobiotic. Antidotes are classified based on their mode and site of action, and include physical, chemical, and pharmacological antidotes. Physical antidotes like activated charcoal work by adsorption. Chemical antidotes form non-toxic complexes with poisons or accelerate detoxification. Pharmacological antidotes counteract poisons by producing opposite effects, competing for receptors, blocking toxic receptors, or aiding normal function restoration. The proper use of antidotes with supportive care can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from poisonings.
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Vitiligo : What's new in 2012 - Howard Fox Memorial Lecture, New York Academy...
NYAM Section on Dermatology Presents the 2012 Howard Fox, MD Memorial Lecture
Date: March 13, 2012 to March 13, 2012
Time: 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM p.m., Lecture 7:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m.
Speaker(s): Torello Lotti, MD, Professor of the Dermatology and Venereology Division at Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy - Honorary Professor of Dermatology - China Medical University Shenyang, 18 Dec.2011
Chair, Executive Scientific Committee Vitiligo Research Foundation, New York , NY , USA.
Sponsored by: NYAM Section on Dermatology
Location: The New York Academy of Medicine, 1216 Fifth Avenue at 103rd Street, New York, NY 10029
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Vitiligo is a chronic acquired hypomelanotic disorder affecting 0.5-2% of the world's population. Different forms of vitiligo have been described, according to the distribution and the extent of the achromic lesion. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of vitiligo. The two major pathogenetic hypotheses are focused on immune-mediated or toxic-mediated cell damage primarily directed at melanocytes. New data demonstrated an important involvement of the keratinocytes and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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About the Speaker(s)
Torello Lotti, MD, Prof. Lotti is Professor of the Dermatology and Venereology Division at Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy. Previously, he was Professor of the Dermatology and Venereology Division at University of Florence School of Medicine, Florence, Italy.
The fields of his principal scientific investigations are focused on the study of neuropeptides in numerous skin diseases, of plasminogen activators in autoimmune dermatoses and in lichen planus, and the clinical aspects and treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with particular emphasis on new therapies with biological agents. Of particular relevance is his research on the pathogenesis and innovative treatments for vitiligo.
Dr. Lotti is Visiting Professor and Director, International Centre for Balneology, Cell Biology, and Physiotherapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia (PA, USA), Visiting Professor of Dermatology in six international universities, and Key Note Lecturer, Japanese Society of Cosmetic Dermatology. Past activities: Past-President of the Italian Society of Dermatology and Venereology, Past President of International Society of Dermatology.
recent updates in cosmetic technology
Recent updates in cosmetic technology were discussed. Key points include:
- Safety is the top priority in cosmetic formulation given skin's sensitivity. Animal testing is being phased out and alternatives like in vitro tests are being validated.
- Nanotechnology shows promise for cosmetics through nanoemulsions, liposomes and other nanoparticles that can improve delivery and stability of active ingredients. Potential risks need consideration.
- Stem cell cosmetics are an emerging area but current products do not contain actual stem cells. Regulations are still maturing around cell manipulation and product characterization for these types of cosmetics.
Topical peptides & plant stem cells in dermocosmetics
Peptides are known to have diverse biological roles, most prominently as signaling/regulatory molecules in a broad variety of physiological processes including:
defense, immunity, stress, growth, homeostasis and
reproduction.
These aspects have been used in the field of dermatology and
cosmetology to produce short, stable and synthetic peptides for extracellular matrix synthesis, pigmentation, innate immunity, acne and
inflammation..
Cell injury. intracellular extracellular accumulation
Cell injury and alterations can occur through various causes and result in reversible or irreversible changes to cells. Reversible cell injury may allow the cell to return to normal, while irreversible injury leads to cell death through necrosis or apoptosis. Specific patterns of acute cell injury include cellular swelling and fatty change. Long-term or persistent stimuli can also result in subcellular alterations and intracellular accumulations of substances such as lipids, proteins, pigments, and more. Extracellular accumulations may involve changes to collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and basement membranes in connective tissue.
Permeation enhancer of Transdermal drug delivery system
This document discusses permeation enhancers used in transdermal drug delivery systems. It defines permeation enhancers as compounds that promote skin permeability and alter the skin barrier to increase drug flux. Various classes of permeation enhancers are described, including physical enhancers like electroporation, iontophoresis, and microneedles, as well as chemical enhancers such as sulfoxides, surfactants, alcohols, and fatty alcohols. The mechanisms by which these enhancers increase skin permeability are explained. The importance of permeation enhancers is that they can increase drug absorption, provide broader drug options, improve patient compliance, enable steady drug release, avoid first-pass metabolism, and allow
Etiopathogenesis of Acne
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous units that generally manifests during adolescence with lesions such as comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and cysts. The key factors involved in its pathogenesis include increased sebum production due to hormonal factors, sebaceous gland hyperplasia and seborrhea, altered keratinization within the hair follicle, and colonization of the follicle by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes which triggers inflammation. Together, these factors can lead to the formation of microcomedones, the precursors to further inflammatory lesions.
Babizhayev MA (2017) Treatment of Skin Aging and Photoaging with Innovative O...
Babizhayev MA (2017) Treatment of Skin Aging and Photoaging with Innovative Oral Dosage Forms of Non-Hydrolized Carnosine and Carcinine. Int J Clin Dermatol Res. 5(5), 116-143.
Cutaneous Leprosy
The document provides an in-depth overview of atopic dermatitis (AD), including its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, systemic immune response, and treatment approaches. It discusses several theories for its pathogenesis, including abnormalities in cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling, the allergy hypothesis involving TH2 cell responses, and genetic factors like filaggrin gene mutations. Diagnosis involves characteristic clinical features along with personal or family history of atopy. Management focuses on emollients, topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, phototherapy, immunomodulators, and avoidance of triggers.
Cutaneous Leprosy
Atopic dermatitis is a recurring inflammatory skin disease that usually develops in childhood. It is associated with respiratory allergies and a family history of atopic diseases. Theories of its pathogenesis include abnormalities in cyclic AMP levels that lead to increased inflammatory cell activity and cytokine production, as well as early antigen exposures that cause Th2-dominant immune responses. Skin lesions show inflammatory infiltrates including lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, and increased expression of adhesion molecules. Systemic features include elevated IgE, eosinophils, and Th2 cytokines. Chronic lesions have increased expression of Th1 cytokines and eosinophils compared to acute lesions. Factors influencing T cell differentiation include cytokines, genetics, pharmac
ATOPY
The document provides an in-depth overview of atopic dermatitis (AD), including its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, systemic immune response, and treatment approaches. It discusses several theories for its pathogenesis, including abnormalities in cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling, the allergy hypothesis involving TH2 cell responses, and genetic factors like filaggrin gene mutations. Diagnosis involves characteristic clinical features along with personal or family history of atopy. Management focuses on emollients, topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, phototherapy, immunomodulators, and avoidance of triggers.
Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis is a recurring inflammatory skin disease that usually develops in childhood. It is associated with respiratory allergies and a family history of atopic diseases. Theories of its pathogenesis include abnormalities in cyclic AMP levels that lead to increased inflammatory cell activity and cytokine production, as well as early antigen exposures that cause Th2-dominant immune responses. Skin lesions show inflammatory infiltrates including lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, and increased expression of adhesion molecules. Systemic features include elevated IgE, eosinophils, and Th2 cytokines. Chronic lesions have increased expression of Th1 cytokines and eosinophils compared to acute lesions. Factors influencing T cell differentiation include cytokines, genetics, pharmac
닥터진-전자카다로그 (최종본)
This document provides information about Dr. Gene, a Korean skincare company. It lists the company's contact information, certifications obtained since 2010 for new skincare technology, and patented skincare devices. Product images and descriptions are presented for various skincare items containing stem cells and active hydrogen. Information is provided on the anti-aging benefits of hydrogen and how the company's hydrogen beauty device works. Key ingredients and their skin benefits are defined. Test results show the device and ingredients improve wrinkles and skin elasticity.
Grouth Factors-1
This document discusses a skin care and hair care product line that uses growth factor stem cell sciences. It begins with an FDA disclaimer stating the products have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended for use by consumers or medical providers. It then provides information on growth factors and their role in skin including reversing aging, stimulating collagen production, and improving elasticity. An overview of the product line and its uses and benefits is also given.
Obesity and inflammation
This document summarizes Manindra Singh's research on obesity-associated inflammation. It provides background on the worldwide rise in obesity and discusses how excess adipose tissue leads to inflammation. Macrophages recruited to obese adipose tissue secrete pro-inflammatory molecules, causing chronic inflammation. Singh's research goals are to understand how adipokines regulate macrophage activation and polarization. Preliminary results show that growth hormone and leptin increase macrophage activation markers and the M2 anti-inflammatory marker CD206 in cultured cells. Future studies aim to analyze cytokine profiles and signaling pathways to better understand macrophage-mediated inflammation.
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This document describes methods for stably transfecting cell lines to create new cell lines. It compares the calcium phosphate precipitation method, spontaneous transfection method, and lipofection method. It also details monitoring transfection efficiency by fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy. Results show the calcium phosphate method worked best for most cell lines tested except HeLa cells. Stable transfection of HeLa cells with a plasmid increased fluorescence over 21 days then plateaued. Plasmid DNA concentration did not correlate with fluorescence yield.
131116 paper study 준섭
This document describes methods for stably transfecting cell lines to create new cell lines. It compares the calcium phosphate precipitation method, spontaneous transfection method, and lipofection method. It also details monitoring transfection efficiency by fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy. Results show the calcium phosphate method worked best for most cell lines tested except HeLa cells. Stable transfection of HeLa cells with a plasmid increased fluorescence over 21 days then plateaued. Plasmid DNA concentration did not correlate with fluorescence yield.
130907 paper study 준섭
Artemisinic acid inhibits melanogenesis in human melanocytes by reducing cholesterol synthesis. It decreases cholesterol content by downregulating the HMG CoA reductase gene, which is critical for cholesterol synthesis. Artemisinic acid treatment leads to downregulation of the C/EBP α gene, which mediates reduced expression of the HMG CoA reductase gene. This inhibition of cholesterol synthesis attenuates melanogenesis in human melanocytes.
131116 paper study 준섭
1. The document describes methods for stably transfecting cell lines, including calcium phosphate transfection, lipofection, and spontaneous transfection.
2. It examines the efficiency of transfection for different cell lines using green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein plasmids.
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130907 paper study 준섭
Artemisinic acid inhibits melanogenesis in human melanocytes by reducing cholesterol synthesis. It decreases cholesterol content by downregulating the HMG CoA reductase gene, which is critical for cholesterol synthesis. Artemisinic acid treatment leads to downregulation of the C/EBP α gene, which mediates reduced expression of the HMG CoA reductase gene. This inhibition of cholesterol synthesis attenuates melanogenesis in human melanocytes.
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Melanogenesis proceeds in three steps: production of cysteinyldopas, oxidation to pheomelanin, and production of eumelanin. Dopachrome tautomerase catalyzes the conversion of dopachrome to dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, increasing eumelanin production. The initial production of cysteinyldopas determines the ratio of pheomelanin to eumelanin, as cysteinyldopas accumulate when cysteine concentrations are above 1 μM and pheomelanogenesis is favored over eumelanogenesis when cysteinyldopa levels exceed 10 μM. O-quinones are highly reactive, readily binding to cysteine residues
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The study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that the P protein influences tyrosine and tyrosinase localization. The results showed that tyrosine transport was not different between wild-type and P mutant melanocytes. While total tyrosinase activity was higher in P mutant cells, tyrosinase localization to melanosomes was impaired. This indicates that P protein plays an important role in localizing and stabilizing tyrosinase in melanosomes, rather than transporting tyrosine.
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The document discusses pharmacological activities of bioactive compounds from longan fruit. It describes longan fruit and different extraction techniques used to obtain bioactive compounds, including conventional, ultrasonic-assisted, and high pressure-assisted extraction. It then discusses the nutritional and phytochemical compositions of longan fruit, including sugars, acids, amino acids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids. Finally, it summarizes various pharmacological properties of longan fruit extracts, such as strong antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anti-glycated, and potential anticancer activities.
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The document summarizes the process of extracting and isolating a compound from the Chinese herbal medicine Erigeron breviscapus that has depigmenting effects. Materials and methods describe culturing cells and conducting inhibition and isolation assays. Through fractionation of the plant extract, the active compound (2Z,8Z)-Matricaria Acid Methyl Ester was isolated. Results show the compound decreased melanin synthesis and tyrosinase expression in cells, demonstrating its potential as a skin whitening agent for treating hyperpigmentation.
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This document investigates the physiological effects of He-Ne laser irradiation on two melanoblast (MB) cell lines - the immature NCCmelb4 and the more differentiated NCCmelan5. The results showed that He-Ne laser irradiation did not affect the growth of either cell line but did induce mobility in the NCCmelb4 cells. It also decreased attachment of NCCmelb4 cells to fibronectin and increased expression of pp125FAK, a protein involved in cell mobility. The laser treatment had little effect on the locomotion of the more differentiated NCCmelan5 cells.
130817 paper 이신애
The document summarizes a study analyzing the binding and cleavage of collagen by MMP-1. Key findings include:
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Paper review 전상귀 20130817
This paper demonstrated using lauryl alcohol as a feedstock for producing sophorolipids using Candida bombicola. Sophorolipids are biosurfactants that have antimicrobial and emulsifying properties. The study found that sophorolipid production was maximized at 96 hours of incubation, with 10% glucose concentration, initial pH of 6.0, and a temperature of 30°C. The produced sophorolipids reduced surface tension more than synthetic surfactants and had good emulsification activity and antibacterial effects against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
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This study analyzed the processing and trafficking of melanogenic proteins in primary melanocytes from mice with the underwhite (uw) mutation, a model for oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) type 4 in humans. The researchers found that uw-mutant melanocytes constantly secrete dark vesicles containing tyrosinase and other melanogenic enzymes into the medium, unlike wild-type melanocytes. Although tyrosinase synthesis was similar between uw-mutant and wild-type cells, tyrosinase activity and melanosome enrichment were reduced in uw-mutant cells. The abnormal tyrosinase secretion from uw-mutant cells, along with other findings, suggests OCA4 disrup
130803 paper study 준섭
The P protein regulates melanosomal pH through proton transport. Recessive mutations in the P gene lead to hypopigmentation by disrupting melanosomal acidification. The P protein likely functions with a proton pump to acidify melanosomes, favoring tyrosinase activity and melanosome biogenesis. Abnormal pH in P-deficient mice prevents proper targeting of proteins like tyrosinase, resulting in underpigmented melanosomes. The human P gene is homologous and causes oculocutaneous albinism when mutated.
13.8.3 병권
Pmel17 is an important structural component of melanosomes that is present in the limiting membrane of stage I melanosomes and enters intralumenal vesicles. Melanosomes undergo four stages of biogenesis, starting as non-pigmented stage I melanosomes derived from the endosomal system, acquiring internal striations in stage II, depositing melanin pigment in stage III, and becoming fully melanized in stage IV. Melanosome transport requires Rab27a GTPase association with melanosomes and regulation of their movement along microtubules and actin cytoskeleton to the cell periphery.
130803 paper melanie
This study examined the rs1426654 polymorphism in the SLC24A5 gene in 158 Greek patients with minor skin diseases. The researchers found that 99% of subjects carried the Thr111/Thr111 allele, with only two samples showing heterozygosity for the alanine and threonine alleles. They concluded that the Thr111/Thr111 haplotype is fixed in Europeans, even in those with darker skin, whereas MC1R regulates subtle pigmentation differences within white populations. In contrast, SLC24A5 is responsible for larger pigmentation differences among populations.
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This document summarizes small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), including their classification, biogenesis, mechanisms of action, and functions. siRNAs are non-coding RNAs 19-28 nucleotides in length that are derived from double-stranded RNA and induce gene silencing through base pairing with target molecules. The document outlines the major classifications of siRNAs and how they are processed from precursor molecules by RNase III enzymes like Dicer and Drosha. It also describes the four mechanisms by which siRNAs carry out gene silencing, including endonucleolytic cleavage, translational repression, transcriptional repression, and DNA elimination.
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13.7.27 병권
- 1. 1 Abstract 2013. 7. 27 Lee ByeongGwon Object : Until 2007 revealed information about skin pigmentation summarized in the form of a simple minireview .
- 2. 2 What Determines Skin Color ?
- 3. 2 What Determines Skin Color ? Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin
- 4. 3 Architecture of the Skin Neural crest Melanoblast Melanocyte
- 5. 3 Architecture of the Skin
- 9. 5 Regulation of Constitutive Skin Pigmentation
- 10. 5 Regulation of Constitutive Skin Pigmentation
- 11. 5 Regulation of Constitutive Skin Pigmentation
- 12. 6 Regulation of Facultative Skin Pigmentation http://www.ellabache.com.sg/suncare/protection/face.html
- 13. 6 Regulation of Facultative Skin Pigmentation ① Exposure to UV leads to increased expression of MITF ② Increased levels of PAR2 in keratinocytes also result from exposure to UV ③ Epidermal melanocytes and keratinocytes also respond to UV exposure by increasing their expression of MSH and ACTH ④ Endothelin 1 expression by keratinocytes is also increased by UV ⑤ Interleukin-1 secretion by keratinocytes is also elicited by UV ⑥ Stimulation of p53 in keratinocytes by UV increases expression of the POMCgene ⑦ UV can also affect fibroblasts in the dermis (HGF, bFGF, and SCF)
- 14. 6 Regulation of Facultative Skin Pigmentation ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦
- 15. 7 Role of Melanin in Photoprotection of the Skin cluster
- 16. 8 Disrupted Regulation of Skin Pigmentation Albinism Vitiligo Hermansky-pudlak syndrome
- 17. 9 Approaches to Regulating Skin Pigmentation Complex manner and limitations, but don’t be frustrated will be able to reach the goal.