History of Counselling, Approaches, American History, Counselling in India

1. History of counseling

2. Counseling
• Need for mental health and guidance counselling for individuals facing
developmental milestones.
• Wellness, situational difficulties, persons with different situational
difficulties, psychological disorders
• Important Events
• World War 1
• World War 2
• ACA played major role in the growth of counseling.

3. Counseling in the 1900
• Industrial Revolution in America.
• Beginning of political support for compulsory education.
• Jesse B. Davis, was the first person to develop public school
counseling and guidance programs.
• Davis believed that character development was central to
preventing behavioural problems and to creating good
relationships with other students.
• The goals of the vocational focus were to assist students in
understanding their character and in becoming socially responsible
workers.
• In 1909 Parsons wrote Choosing a Vocation, a highly influential
book that called for the designation of school teachers as
vocational counselors.

4. Counseling in the 1910’s
First event was the founding of the National Vocational Guidance Association
(NVGA) in 1913.
In 1915, the NVGA published the first National Vocational Guidance Bulletin and
by1921 it was publishing it regularly.
In 1924, the title was changed to the National Vocational Guidance Magazine.
The Smith Hughes Act of 1917 was passed by Congress.
Beginning of World War 1.

5. Counseling in 1920’s
The 1920s saw the
emergence of an even
greater influence of school
guidance.
Vocational guidance
became the primary focus
of training programs,
starting with Harvard
University.
Counseling field into more
solid development.
Development of the first
standards for occupational
inventories and guidelines
for their development.
The Strong Vocational
Interest Blank (SVIB),
created and published by
Edward Strong in 1927 (now
called the Strong Interest
Inventory).

6. Counseling in the 1930’s
In 1936, the George-Deen Act was approved by Congress; this act allowed for the creation of the
Vocational Education Division of the U.S. Office of Education.
It assist an individual toward becoming an effective and successful individual, and most popular
in the 1930s and 1940s and it was used by the military in World War II for selection.
E. G. Williamson developed the trait-factor theory based on modifications of Parson’s theory.
Increased need for helping processes and counseling for employment placement.

7. Counseling in the 1940’s
One of the most significant events was World War II.
Increase in the number of women in the workforce.
During the 1940s there was a growing interest in psychotherapy.
Rogers grew in popularity after the publication of his book Counseling and Psychotherapy. It
came to the forefront of counseling and psychology theories, but new counseling theories
emerged as well.
The George Barden Act of 1946 was passed.

8. Counseling in the 1950’s
Historical events as the launch of Sputnik, the baby boom, the women’s rights movement, and
the civil rights movement.
The passing of the National Defense Education Act (NDEA), professional developments, the
introduction of new guidance and counseling theories, and the emergence of diverse
marriage and family counseling theories.
Greatest increase in the number of school counsellors.
(1) the establishment of the American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA),
(2) the establishment of Division 17, the Division of Counseling Psychology of the
American Psychological Association
(3) the founding of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA).

9. Counseling in the 1960’s
• crime and drug use were increasing.
• Vietnam War
• In 1963, the Community Mental Health Act was enacted.
• Major developments in the care for the mentally ill, this act provided
employment opportunities for counselors.
• The APGA published its first code of ethics.
• The first professional journal, The Counseling Psychologist is published.
• Education Resources Information Clearinghouse (ERIC) in 1966.
Specifically related to the counseling profession was the ERIC section on
Counseling and Personnel Services (ERIC/CAPS) at the University of
Michigan.
• Emergence of Maslow’s humanistic counseling theory.
• licensure for counselors was started by APGA.

10. Counseling in
the 1970’s
The Association of Counselor Education and
Supervision (ACES),
The American Mental Health Counseling Association
(AMHCA),
The Association for Religious and Value Issues in
Counseling (now ASERVIC),
The Association for Specialists in Group Work
(ASGW),
The Association for Non-White Concerns in
Personnel and Guidance (ANWC), and the Public
Offender Counselor Association.
ACES published its first standards for master’s
degree programs in counseling, and it approved
guidelines for doctoral education in counseling.

11. Counseling in the 1980’s
• Divorce rates increasing, violent crime increasing, and prisons
overflowing
• In 1981, the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related
Education Programs (CACREP) was formed.
• The National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) was formed in
1983.
• APGA was changed to the American Association for Counseling and
Development (AACD).
• formation of Chi Sigma Iota, by Thomas J. Sweeney
• AACD saw an increase in membership and an increase in the number
of divisions, highlighting the diversification in the counseling field.

12. Counseling in the 1990’s
• World Trade Center bombing.
• Two primary influences in the 1990s, in addition to advances in
technology, were managed care and an increase in accountability.
• In 1992, the AACD instituted another name change, this time to
the American Counseling Association (ACA).
• counseling as a primary mental health profession.
• Organizations established in the 1970s and 1980s such as
CACREP, Chi Sigma Iota, and NBCC experienced continued
growth during this time, more states were passing licensure
legislation for counselors, and both ACA and APA were publishing
articles and books on counseling.

13. Counseling in
the 2000’s
Increase in the focus on trauma, crisis
counseling, wellness, advocacy, and social
justice were highlighted.
ASD,PTSD disorders.
Managerial leadership and identity.
Greater emphasis on technology.
Managed care

14. COUNSELLING IN INDIA

15. In India, elders especially parents and teachers thought that
imparting counseling in the form of advice and guidance was
one of their fundamental, and sacred duty.
The often repeated adage, “Mata, Pita, Guru, Deivam”
(Mother, Father, Teacher, God) reminded the youngsters not
only of the agents of counseling but also of the priority as to
who should impart counseling at various stages of life.

16. The most widely acknowledged counseling
situation in the epics is that of the dialogue
between Krishna and Arjuna in the battlefield of
Kurukshetra.
Whether this dialogue had all the characteristics
of modern counseling may have to be answered
by committed researchers in this area.

17. It was at the Mysore University in south India that the first Chair in
psychology was endowed.
Perhaps less than a year or so before this, the Calcutta University
started a department of psychology with a lecturer as the in
charge Head of the Department.
In Calcutta the guidance movement became associated with David
Hare training college. In Bombay, Batliboy and Mukherjee started,
in 1941, a private agency known as Batliboy Vocational Guidance
Bureau.

18. Counseling was recognised as an important service in India as
early as 1938 when Acharya Narendra Dev committee underlined
the importance of counseling and guidance in education.
The guidance and counseling were considered to be new and
emerging forces that were vitally important to the education
system.
The same vigor was not seen in the 1980’sand 1990’s and interest
in guidance and counseling diminished.

19. Counseling was also identified an essential service by
the national framework curriculum in 2005 by the
NCERT ((National Council for Educational Research and
Training).
The strongest attention for counseling has arisen from
the school sector. During its 2001 National conference,
the CBSE resolved that it would be mandatory for all its
schools to have trained school counselors.

20. To Conclude…..
The nature and scope of counseling itself
remains poorly articulated. At present there
is no licensing system for counselors as
anyone can become a counselor and there
is no system to monitor the skills in a
systematic manner.