Counselling relationship, counsellor relationship, approaches, psychotherapy, CBT,

1. INTRODUCTION TO
COUNSELLING G.Anandhi
Assistant Professor,
Montfort College

2. COUNSELLOR- COUNSELEE
RELATIONSHIP
• The therapeutic alliance is one of the
most powerful predictors of client
outcome regardless of the therapist's
theoretical orientation.
• Empathy
• Unconditional Positive regard
• Congruence
• Respect and Trust

3. GENUINENESS Unfeigning Understanding
Clearing pipelines
Expressing directly
Being spontaneous
Responding Immediately
Being Non –defensive
Being Consistent
Manifesting vulnerability

4. RESPECT
•Paying
Attention
•Valuing
Individuality
•Assuming
Goodwill
•Faith in
Potentials
•Valuing
diversity
•Physically
Prizing
•Giving
Freedom
•Maintaining
Neutrality
•Being
Honest

5. COMPONENTS OF EMPATHY
Understanding
Communicating
To the satisfaction of the client

6. EMPATHY
Reporting content and Feeling
Checking accuracy
Picking up core Messages
Noting Client Resistance
Being tentative
Expressing the implied
Identifying themes
Connecting Islands
Summarizing

7. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
EFFECTIVE COUNSELORS
Have an Identity
Respect and appreciate themselves
Open to change
Make choices that are life-oriented Living life to the fullest
Authentic, Sincere and Honest

8. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
EFFECTIVE COUNSELORS
Have a sense
of Humor
Make mistakes
and are willing
to admit them
Generally live
in the present
Appreciate the
influence of
culture
Sincere interest
in the welfare
of others

9. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
EFFECTIVE COUNSELORS
Possess effective Interpersonal skills
Deeply involved in their work and derive
meaning out of it
Passionate – Dreams Energy
Maintain Healthy Boundaries

10. DEFINITION OF COUNSELLING
According to the APA Dictionary of Psychology,
counselling is defined as professional assistance in coping
with personal problems, including emotional, behavioral,
vocational, marital, educational, rehabilitation, and life-
stage (e.g., retirement) problems.
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11. COUNSELLING
Focuses on specific
issues
A short-term
treatment over weeks
or months.
In the process, the
client figures
out ways
to navigate adversity.

12. DEFINITION - PSYCHOTHERAPY
• Psychotherapy is any psychological service provided by a trained
professional that primarily uses forms of communication and interaction to
assess, diagnose, and treat dysfunctional emotional reactions, ways of
thinking, and behavior patterns
• There are many types of psychotherapy, but generally they fall into four
major categories: psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and
Existential.

13. PSYCHOTHERAPY
Tends to explore past issues that might be contributing to
present-day problems.
Generally a long-term
treatment that can intermittently take over a period of
years.
Psychotherapy focuses on gaining insight

14. TYPES
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
Behavior
Humanistic-Existential

15. FOCUS ON UNCONSCIOUS PROCESSES AS THEY ARE
MANIFESTED IN A PERSON’S PRESENT BEHAVIOUR.
UNDERSTANDING OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE PAST
ON PRESENT BEHAVIOUR.
EXAMINING UNRESOLVED CONFLICTS AND SYMPTOMS
ARISING OUT OF PAST RELATIONSHIPS AND
UNCONSCIOUS DESIRES.
PSYCHODYNAMIC
THERAPY

16. PSYCHODYNAMIC
BASIS
Mind three components-
Id- Consists of instincts and drives and
largely unconscious
Ego- Reality oriented, balances the id with
societal demands and self. Mostly
conscious
Superego- Internalized values and beliefs
of childhood and society. Not in our
immediate consciousness

17. COGNITIVE A
PPROACH
We all have inherent tendencies to certain
negative thoughts that evoke unhappiness and
disturbance especially in response to particular
trigger situations.
We learn to spot these negative thoughts and
distortions as they arise and then challenge and
change them.
Dr. Aron Beck

18. EXAMPLES
• DEPRESSION – The person has negative view of the world, himself and
future. Every situation is viewed by negative interpretation.
• ANXIETY- In anxiety the patient distorts the physical and psychological
threat and underestimate the individual’s capacity to cope with them. E.g
palpitations are interpreted as heart attack

19. COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
All-or-nothing
thinking
Overgeneralization Mental filter Personalization
Jumping to
conclusions
Magnification
(catastrophizing)
or minimization
Emotional
reasoning
Should statements
Labelling and
mislabelling

20. BEHAVIOUR
APPROACH
Developed by Skinner, Pavlov, Josef Wolpe
Learning principals as the base of the therapy
Pathology stemming out of faulty conditioning
Emphasis is on behavior and not the cause of
the behavior
Has clearly defined measurable set goals
Its made to suit each individual

21. BEHAVIOUR APPROACH
• Identifying the learnt pattern of maladjusted behavior
• Learning to change the maladaptive response
• Modifying the behavior by dispensing reinforcers- negative or
positive
• Changing the set patterns of learnt behavior which are causing the
psychological problem
• Changing the emotions by bringing about change in the response,
so working from behavior to feelings to thoughts
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22. TECHNIQUES USED
IN BT
Relaxation and systematic desensitization
Assertiveness training
Modeling and Behavioral rehearsal
Cognitive behavioral therapies- CBT and REBT
Response elimination- Response cost, response prevention
Contingency management
You can use BT successfully to treat anxiety, OCD, aggressive
behavior, group behavior, classroom management, skills training

23. HUMANISTIC
APPROACH
Looks at whole person, body, mind and
spirit
Importance of striving for self- actualization
inherent in every human being
Client is in charge of his own behavior and
responsible for action, no external force
Focus on clients to find constructive ways
of coming to terms with everyday
challenges.

24. HUMANISTIC
APPROACH
Dr. Victor Frankl’s Logotherapy which
gives importance to not only mind and
body but also spirit.
Dr. Carl Roger’s Client Centered therapy
which gives importance of non –directive
method of letting client find his path
Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis
therapy which gives importance to
person’s personality communication
patterns and relationships

25. HUMANISTIC
• Roots in Psychoanalysis of catharsis and release after talking
• Non- directive approach
• Importance of unconditional regard
• Acceptance of the client
• Atmosphere of genuineness and congruity of the therapist
• Belief in human being’s inner ability to find his or her path and providing the safe
environment for it
• Ability to empathize to understand the client

26. TENETS OF CLIENT CENTERED
THERAPY
• Not to provide with diagnosis
• Allowing clients to chose their own pace for catharsis and growth
• Client and therapist at an equal level
• Not to provide with solutions or interpretations
• Letting client explore his own thoughts and attitudes
• Most important is the unconditional love and acceptance

27. TECHNIQUES USED IN THERAPY
• Reflections
• Paraphrasing
• Summarizing
• Completing
These are more or less techniques used in listening. CCT doesn’t use specific methods but
conveying empathy and understanding to the clients