Oceans play a key role in regulating Earth's temperature through several mechanisms. They absorb more solar heat than land due to their low albedo, and currents redistribute heat from the equator to cooler regions. This helps prevent temperatures from becoming too extreme. However, as global warming causes oceans to warm, currents are slowing down. This will reduce the oceans' ability to moderate temperatures between regions and supply nutrients, with significant effects on climate and ocean life.
An atmospheric circulation pattern occurring in the tropics and circulation is intimately related to the trade winds, tropical rainbelts, subtropical deserts and the jetstreams.
Process
Air rises up into the atmosphere at or near the equator, flows toward the poles above the surface of the Earth, returns to the Earth’s surface in the subtropics, and flows back towards the equator converging with its counterpart from northern or southern hemisphere.
The Hadley cells show seasonal variation in their intensity, geographical extent and latitudinal position.
Hadley cell
History
Need of mapping circulation?
Early Ideas on Trade Winds
British Debate
Hadley Principle’s birth
George Hadley (1735)
Why this happens?
Energy Balance
30 N and 30 S there is a surplus of radiation
Net deficit at all greater latitudes
mechanisms to transport the surplus energy towards the poles
Cont’d
Cont’d
Mechanism Explained!
Flow of air occurs because the Sun heats air at the Earth’s surface near the equator.
warm air rises, creating a band of low pressure at the equator.
Rising air reaches the top of the troposphere (10-15 kms) above Earth’s surface, air flows towards north and south poles.
The Hadley cell eventually returns air to the surface of the Earth in the subtropics, near 30 degrees north or south latitude.
Cont’d
1) ITCZ 2)mid-latitude precipitation zone
ITCZ
ITCZ and Hadley cells are not stationary
Move north and south with the position of sun
Presence of ITCZ produces rain in over that area
Evidences
Evidence of poleward expansion
Evidence of Solar Influence
UV irradiance and ozone heating in the upper stratosphere.
cyclic variations in relationship invisible in the long-term average.
Experimental observations?
Expansion of about 2 to 4.5 degrees of latitude since 1979.
The expansion of the Hadley circulation implies a poleward expansion of the band of subtropical subsidence, leading to enhanced mid-latitude tropospheric warming and poleward shifts of the subtropical dry zone.
This would contribute to an increased frequency of midlatitude droughts in both hemispheres.
Poleward expansion
Both observational outgoing longwave radiation and precipitation datasets show an annual average total poleward expansion of the Hadley cells of about 3.6o latitude.
A widening of the Hadley cell has also been seen in recent satellite observations
Cont’d
Analysis of upper tropospheric humidity, cloud amount, surface air temperature, and vertical velocity confirm that changes are associated with a decadal-time-scale strengthening of the tropical Hadley circulations.
Equatorial convective regions have intensified in up-ward motion and moistened, while both the equatorial and subtropical subsidence regions have become drier and less cloudy.
It explains about how climatic changes are inducing natural disaster. It contains a series of climatic changes, which ultimately results in disasters. Enjoy the facts and info.
Climate is a long term condition happened in a specific place. While, weather is a short-term condition happened in a specific area and specific time. The factors affecting climate are latitude, altitude, topography, distance of bodies of water
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3. Effect of
Heat Energy
on Oceans
• More heat more evaporation increase in
temperature and humidity of surrounding areas
resulting in storms
4. Currents
• Movements of ocean water in a continuous flow driven
by surface winds, temperature (density), and salinity
(density)
5. What is the
role of
currents and
heat
distribution?
• Currents transport warm water from the equator to
cooler regions and bring cooler nutrient filled water
back from the poles
6. What is the
effect of
ocean
currents on
climate?
• They redistribute energy from the uneven heating of
Earth
• Prevents temperatures from being too extreme and
areas from becoming inhabitable
7. Effect of
Global
Climate
Change on
Currents
• As global ocean temperatures increase, there is less
temperature differences between equator and poles,
thus slowing/stopping global currents
• No more cold currents to moderate warm temperatures
• No more nutrient filled upwelling killing ocean life
8. ENSO
• El Nino – Southern Oscillation
• Periodic Warming (El Nino) and Cooling (La Nina) of the
Pacific Ocean
• El Nino/La Nina last several months
• Happen every 2 to 7 years; El Nino more often
• Change normal temperature and precipitation patterns
in the US
9. Effect of
Glaciers
• “planet’s air conditioner”
• High albedo reflect more energy/light
• Take longer to form than to breakdown
• Melting at alarming rate rise in sea levels and global
temperatures
Increased surface
temperature
Increased glacier
melting
Decreased albedo
(reflected sun)
More heat retained
