Temperature of the Earth (student presentation)
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student presentation Temperature of the Earth General Physics 1 presentation 1 group 4 24 Jan 2009 trimester 2, 2008-2009
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Okay, let me solve this step-by-step:
* Given: q = 10 m3/s/m, y1 = 1.25 m
* To find y2, use the sequent depth ratio: y2/y1 = 2.5√(1+8Fr1^2)
* Fr1 = q/(gy1)^0.5 = 10/(9.81*1.25)^0.5 = 4
* y2/y1 = 2.5√(1+8*16) = 2.5√33 = 5.5
* y2 = 5.5*1.25 = 6.875 m
* v2 = q/y
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The document discusses how Milankovitch cycles have driven climate changes on Earth throughout geological history. It explains that Milankovitch cycles are variations in Earth's eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession that influence the amount of solar radiation received in different locations over long time periods. Specifically, it notes that periods of low eccentricity and tilt are linked to glacial periods, while high eccentricity and tilt encourage interglacial phases. When all three factors are aligned to point towards a warmer or colder Earth, peak glacial or interglacial periods are reached. The combined effects of these orbital variations are thought to be responsible for the cyclical glacial and interglacial periods seen in Earth's climate
Orbital variations
The document discusses natural causes of climate change, focusing on variations in Earth's orbit. It describes three types of variations: eccentricity, which refers to changes in Earth's elliptical orbit from nearly circular to more elliptical over long time periods; axial tilt, which involves oscillations in Earth's tilt relative to its orbital plane over 41,000 years; and precession, a 26,000 year cycle involving the wobble and rotation of Earth's axis and orbital ellipse. These Milankovitch cycles alter seasonal and latitudinal sunlight distribution, driving climatic variations like glacial-interglacial patterns over thousands of years.
Climate_Change_ppt.ppt
The document discusses evidence of climate change caused by human activity since the industrial revolution. It provides evidence of rising global temperatures and CO2 levels from ice core and direct measurements. Some effects of warming include rising sea levels, shrinking ice sheets, retreating glaciers, declining Arctic sea ice, increased extreme weather events, and ocean acidification. The document also discusses how the Earth's rotation, revolution, and tilt influence its climate through factors like seasons and the Milankovitch cycles.
Week 6.1 orbital scale climate change
Orbital scale climate change is driven by variations in Earth's orbit and axial tilt over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. The orbit varies in eccentricity, axial tilt varies between 22-24 degrees, and precession causes the solstices and equinoxes to shift positions over a 25,700 year cycle. These factors combined are known as the Milankovitch cycles and influence the amount of solar radiation received in different latitudes and seasons. Analysis of ocean sediments has shown that Milankovitch cycles correlate well with periods of glaciation over the past million years, with the 100,000 year cycle becoming increasingly influential in driving ice sheet growth after 0.9 million years ago.
Long term & short term effects of climate 2
The document discusses both long-term and short-term effects of climate change. Over millions of years, continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit have triggered changes by altering ocean currents, wind patterns, and the distribution of land masses. In the short-term, volcanic eruptions and shifts in air and ocean currents can temporarily cool the climate by blocking sunlight. The Milankovitch cycles of Earth's orbit and axial tilt occurring over tens of thousands of years are linked to recurring ice ages and interglacial periods.
Master Naturalist Presentation: Weather and Climate
The document discusses various factors that influence weather and climate, including the sun, Earth's orbit and tilt, ocean currents, greenhouse gases, and human activities. It provides details on climate cycles driven by changes in eccentricity, obliquity and precession of Earth's orbit over thousands of years. Climate variations also occur over shorter timescales due to phenomena like El Nino. The document examines how climate change is affecting Virginia's ecosystems and species.
Long term & short term effects of climate 2
The document discusses long and short term changes in climate. Long term changes over millions of years are caused by continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit, which affect ocean currents and heat transfer. Short term changes over decades to thousands of years can be caused by volcanic eruptions, which block sunlight, or changes in ocean currents and air currents driven by uneven heating of the Earth. The cycles of ice ages and interglacial periods that occur every 100,000 years are explained by changes in the Earth's orbit, tilt, and wobble over long time scales.
Long term & short term effects of climate 2
The document discusses long and short term changes in climate. Long term changes occurring over millions of years are influenced by continental drift and changes in Earth's orbit. Short term changes occurring over decades to thousands of years can be caused by volcanic eruptions, fluctuations in the sun's radiation, and shifts in ocean and air currents. Major long term climate shifts are also linked to variations in Earth's axial tilt, orbital shape, and the wobbling direction of its axis.
Long term & short term effects of climate
This document discusses both long-term and short-term causes of climate change. Long-term causes occurring over millions of years include continental drift, changes in Earth's orbit and tilt, which affect ocean currents and temperatures. Short-term causes operating over decades to thousands of years include volcanic eruptions, which eject particles that block sunlight, and shifts in ocean and air currents driven by wind and temperature changes. Together, these natural factors have triggered shifts between ice ages and warmer periods throughout Earth's history.
Theory of climate change (kiran thorat)
This document discusses the theory of climate change, including natural causes like variations in the Earth's orbit, axis, and solar activity as well as human causes like fossil fuel burning. It also examines effects of climate change such as increased drought and flooding harming agriculture and effects on water resources. The document proposes mitigating climate change through technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and enhance carbon storage in soils and restored lands.
milankovitch cycle.pptx
Milankovitch proposed that variations in the Earth's orbit and axial tilt (known as the Milankovitch cycles) can explain the 100,000-year ice age cycles. The three Milankovitch cycles that influence climate are eccentricity (shape of Earth's orbit), obliquity (axial tilt), and precession (wobble of Earth's rotational axis). Changes in these cycles alter the distribution of solar radiation across the Earth's surface, causing the climate to fluctuate between ice ages and warmer periods over long time scales.
Natural causes of climate change
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
Earth's Climate
The document discusses several factors that influence Earth's climate:
1) Solar energy is the main driver of climate, affecting global temperatures as it is absorbed by the atmosphere, oceans, and land.
2) Other factors like Earth's orbit, axial tilt, and rotation influence the distribution of solar radiation and cause seasonal changes.
3) Large bodies of water like oceans influence climate by slowly storing and transferring heat around the world.
SALDIVAR_CLIMATE- AND ITS FACTORS. .pptx
Climate is a long term condition happened in a specific place. While, weather is a short-term condition happened in a specific area and specific time. The factors affecting climate are latitude, altitude, topography, distance of bodies of water
Climate change and its effects
Climate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions, or in the distribution of weather around the average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. Certain human activities have also been identified as significant causes of recent climate change, often referred to as "global warming"
Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and theoretical models. A climate record — extending deep into the Earth's past — has been assembled, and continues to be built up, based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from deep accumulations of ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial processes, stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers, and records of past sea levels. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record. General circulation models, based on the physical sciences, are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data, make future projections, and link causes and effects in climate change.
Science climate project
This document discusses both short-term and long-term changes in climate. Short-term changes are caused by volcanic eruptions, small variations in solar radiation, and ocean and air currents. Long-term changes are influenced by changes in the Earth's energy balance, temperature variations due to greenhouse gas emissions, orbital and solar cycles, glacial activity, plate tectonics, and human influences. The document also discusses past climate events like the Medieval Climate Optimum and Little Ice Age, and predicts future climate impacts including increased forest fires in Canada and rising sea levels worldwide due to melting polar ice caps.
218087672 mokgopa.sun&earth presentation
The document discusses the relationship between the Earth and the Sun. It explains that the Earth orbits the Sun from a distance of approximately 150 million km. As the Earth revolves around the Sun and rotates on its tilted axis, it experiences seasons. The amount of sunlight received at different locations on Earth varies over the course of the year due to its revolution, rotation, axial tilt, and spherical shape. The Sun provides the Earth with radiant energy through fusion, sustaining all life.
Milankovitch theory
The Milankovitch cycle theory explains changes in the Earth's orbit that cause variations in seasons over long periods of time. The theory was proposed by Serbian astronomer Milutin Milankovitch and attributes climate shifts to three factors: eccentricity affecting the distance between Earth and Sun, obliquity changing the tilt of Earth's axis, and precession altering the orientation of Earth's rotational axis over thousands of years. Together, these orbital variations influence the amount of solar radiation received to potentially trigger ice ages and temperature fluctuations.
Science climate project
Long and Short Term Changes of Climate discusses various factors that cause changes in climate over both small and long terms. Small-term changes are caused by volcanic eruptions, small variations in solar radiation, and shifts in air and ocean currents. Long-term changes are influenced by changes in Earth's energy balance, orbital variations, glacial activity, plate tectonics, and human influences like fossil fuel usage. The document also discusses how climate change can affect animals and ecosystems, as well as how scientists monitor and study climate change.
Natural Disasters Topic 6 (Hydrologic System)
The hydrologic system involves the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth, driven by solar energy. It includes atmospheric moisture, precipitation, surface water in rivers, lakes, glaciers, groundwater, and oceans. The hydrologic system shapes landscapes through weathering and erosion and transports sediment. It also influences climate patterns and regulates heat distribution around the planet through processes like the greenhouse effect.
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Electricity powers computers and allows them to process, store, and display digital information. Computers use electricity to power components like the CPU, graphic card, hard drives, and RAM. The CPU processes digital signals represented as strings of 1s and 0s. Hard drives store data using magnetic platters and read/write heads, while RAM temporarily stores running programs by changing the state of electric circuits. LCD monitors display colors by adjusting the voltage applied to liquid crystal pixels.
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