The document describes the major changes in Earth's atmosphere over time from 4.6 billion years ago to the present. Initially, the atmosphere was dominated by volcanic emissions of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. As the planet cooled over billions of years, oceans formed and early life emerged that began processing carbon and sulfur compounds. Around 2.2 billion years ago, photosynthetic organisms produced enough oxygen that it accumulated in the atmosphere, in an event known as the Great Oxygenation Event. The coevolution of life and atmospheric composition led to increasingly complex organisms on Earth.
Here you can find the Ocean circulation, as it is happening by natural activities, Coriolis effect will occur due to the wind pattern and changes in the ocean floors.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature
If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal. However, the Earth is more complex than this, being composed of a mosaic of land and water. This mosaic causes latitudinal (horizontal) zonation of temperature to be disrupted spatially.
AS Level Physical Geography - Atmosphere and WeatherArm Punyathorn
Weather influences every part of our daily life. Climate shapes our culture, our history and our civilization. The changes in wind, temperature, humidity can not be underestimated.
Here you can find the Ocean circulation, as it is happening by natural activities, Coriolis effect will occur due to the wind pattern and changes in the ocean floors.
Horizontal Distribution & Differences of Temperature
If the Earth was a homogeneous body without the present land/ocean distribution, its temperature distribution would be strictly latitudinal. However, the Earth is more complex than this, being composed of a mosaic of land and water. This mosaic causes latitudinal (horizontal) zonation of temperature to be disrupted spatially.
AS Level Physical Geography - Atmosphere and WeatherArm Punyathorn
Weather influences every part of our daily life. Climate shapes our culture, our history and our civilization. The changes in wind, temperature, humidity can not be underestimated.
En esta parte se desarrrolla que es una atmosfera y su estructura, la temperatura de un planeta,el efecto invernadero con respecto a la temperatura y cambio climatico global.
The Origin of the Earth’s Atmosphere: Still Many UncertaintiesEzioAang
About 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed out of nebula of gases and dust that were to become the solar system
Small objects--called planetoids-- accreted or combined together to build larger objects…such as planets
The early atmosphere would have been similar to the Sun--mainly hydrogen and helium, but this atmosphere was lost quickly for two reasons:
(1) The gravity of the modest size earth was not strong enough to prevent such light gases from escaping to space. Particularly since the early earth was hot!
(2) It appears that around 30 million years after the earth’s formation, it was struck by a large object…the size of Mars. The result: the origin of the moon and loss of earth’s early H, He atmosphere.
The surface of the earth during this period was extremely hot with numerous volcanoes
The earth was under near constant bombardment by objects of varying sizes
Slowly, the earth started to cool down and the second atmosphere began to form.
A new atmosphere was established by the outgasing of volcanoes…the mixture of gases was probably similar to those of today’s volcanoes:
H20 vapor (roughly 80%)
CO2 (roughly 10%)
N2 (few percent)
Small amounts of CO, HCL, HS (Hydrogen Sulfide), SO2, CH4 (Methane), Ammonia (NH3), and other trace gases.
Virtually no oxygen in that second atmosphere.
Thus, no ozone layer, so ultraviolet radiation flooded the earth’s surface.
With a huge influx of water vapor and the cooling of the planet, clouds and earth’s oceans formed.
At that time the sun was about 30% weaker than today…why didn’t the earth freeze over?
The apparent reason: so much CO2 so there was a very strong greenhouse effect.
In the first two billion years of the planet’s evolution, the atmosphere acquired a small amount of oxygen, probably by the splitting of water (H20) molecules by solar radiation.
The evidence of this oxygen is suggested by minor rust in some early rocks.
The oxygen also led to the establishment of an ozone layer that reduced UV radiation at the surface.
With the rise of photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) and early plants, oxygen levels began to rise rapidly as did indications of rust in rocks
Between 2.5 billion years ago to about 500 bya, 02 rose to near current levels.
While O2 was increasing, CO2 decreased due to several reasons:
(1) In photosynthesis CO2 is used to produce organic matter, some of which is lost to the system (e.g., drops to the bottom of the ocean or is buried)
(2) chemical weathering, which removes CO2
Sulfur compounds were taken out of the atmosphere as acid rain and were deposited on the ground as sulfates.
N2 gas increased slowly but progressively since it was relatively inert.
Current composition of the atmosphere was established approximately a billion years ago.
With lower CO2 levels the earth became more susceptable to ice ages when solar radiation decreases due to orbital variations,
It appears that around 750-550 million years ago the earth cooled down and became nearly entirely glaciated.
Earth’s atmosphere is slightly warmer than what it should be due to direct solar heating because of a mild case of greenhouse effect…
The ground is heated by visible and (some) infrared light from the Sun.
The heated surface emits infrared light.
The majority of Earth’s atmosphere (N2 and O2) are not good greenhouse gas.
The small amount of greenhouse gases (H2O, CO2) traps (absorb and re-emit) the infrared radiation, increasing the temperature of the atmosphere…
The universe began about 14.4 billion years ago.
The Big Bang Theory states that, in the beginning, the universe was all in one place.
To know more, see the presentation.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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120. Atmospheric Changes Over Time Notes
1. Notes:
Summarize: Five lines to write on
Width ~ 3 Fingers
Key Words and
Questions:
Atmospheric Changes Over Time
2. Primeval
Atmosphere
• 4.6-4.0 Billion Years Ago
• Earth was dominated by volcanoes so the atmosphere
was full of volcanic emissions (water vapor, CO2, sulfur
compounds)
3. Cooling
Period
• 4.0 Billion Years Ago
• Earth’s surface cooled allowing water vapor to condense
forming the oceans
4. Early Life
• 4.0-2.5 Billion Years Ago
• Primitive life arises which begin to process the carbon
and sulfur compounds
5. Great
Oxygenation
Event
• 2.2 Billion Years Ago
• Photosynthetic organisms began to produce enough
oxygen for it to be released into the atmosphere and
build up
6. Coevolution
• The slow evolution of organisms over time due to
abiotic (non-living) or biotic (living) factors
• Ex: the rise in oxygen levels allowed for larger and more
complex life on Earth
