The document summarizes a study on the distribution of macrophytes near a water intake point on the River Narmada in India. A total of 8 macrophyte species were recorded, including both submerged and emergent types. Submerged macrophytes dominated the study areas. The highest diversity was observed at upstream sampling sites, while no macrophytes were found at the site located at the water intake point due to construction. Downstream sites showed lower macrophyte numbers despite suitable water quality conditions. The study concluded that water abstraction negatively impacted the distribution and diversity of macrophytes in the river.
It has been observed that anthropogenic activities namely, farming, tree harvesting, seasonal fire regimes, introduction of exotic tree species like Eucalyptus and Greviella, and collection of herbs for medicinal use are going on and form a major threat for the orchid Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. This study determined the relative abundance and distribution of the species Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. in the Manga range ecosystem of Kisii, Western Kenya during two flowering seasons. Other results of the present study were analyzed with SPSS version 17 for paired sample correlations, OriginPro7 t-Test and ANOVA, Minitab 16 chi-square test. From the analysis there is a significant correlation between altitude and number of orchid population clusters with a p-value of 0.008 in the distribution of Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. which led to rejection of the null hypothesis. The Levene’s test for equal variance shows that at α 0.05 there is a significant difference between altitude and number of clusters as indicated by the P value of 0.00004. Of the 88 sites sampled, only 41sites had orchid clusters. Principal component analysis using Unscrambler 9.7 indicated that many of the orchid population clusters fell within the range of one or two orchid population clusters. The score plots from the two Hoteling’s outputs show how well data is distributed including sample patterns, groupings, similarities and differences during the study. The two analyses illustrated how fire affects the orchid population on fire prone sites of the range. Orchid population clusters progressively increased with increase with altitude range (from 1800m to 1850m) above sea level, but number of orchid population clusters decreased towards 1950m. Sites with minimal anthropogenic disturbances (1796m, 1830m, 1854m, 1886m, and 1890m) had a higher number of orchid population clusters.
The Effects of Eichhornia crassipes on the water resourcestheijes
Eichhornia crassipes transfered to Iraq from Egypt in order to use as garnish plants in plantation in military channel region in Baghdad, and transferred to Tigris River, then spread in rivers, streams and irrigation stations in Karbala city and Dhi Qar city. Eichhornia crassipes is the most serious aquatic plants affecting the water resources in most countries , which is one of the most dangerous jungles of the world , widespread and endemic in a region is a disaster of those regional water and cause devastating case and cause significant economic losses due to the quickly spread of this plant. There are three generally methods used to control Eichhornia crassipes invasion (mechanical method, chemical method, biological method). The mechanical method is the oldest method used in treatment this herb, chemical method used in very high spread of herb, while biological method is very effective without any environmental effects.
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic "HYDROTROPISM". Hope you like it. If you like it then please *like*, *Download* and *Share*.
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*******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********
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It has been observed that anthropogenic activities namely, farming, tree harvesting, seasonal fire regimes, introduction of exotic tree species like Eucalyptus and Greviella, and collection of herbs for medicinal use are going on and form a major threat for the orchid Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. This study determined the relative abundance and distribution of the species Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. in the Manga range ecosystem of Kisii, Western Kenya during two flowering seasons. Other results of the present study were analyzed with SPSS version 17 for paired sample correlations, OriginPro7 t-Test and ANOVA, Minitab 16 chi-square test. From the analysis there is a significant correlation between altitude and number of orchid population clusters with a p-value of 0.008 in the distribution of Polystachya fusiformis (Thou.) Lindl. which led to rejection of the null hypothesis. The Levene’s test for equal variance shows that at α 0.05 there is a significant difference between altitude and number of clusters as indicated by the P value of 0.00004. Of the 88 sites sampled, only 41sites had orchid clusters. Principal component analysis using Unscrambler 9.7 indicated that many of the orchid population clusters fell within the range of one or two orchid population clusters. The score plots from the two Hoteling’s outputs show how well data is distributed including sample patterns, groupings, similarities and differences during the study. The two analyses illustrated how fire affects the orchid population on fire prone sites of the range. Orchid population clusters progressively increased with increase with altitude range (from 1800m to 1850m) above sea level, but number of orchid population clusters decreased towards 1950m. Sites with minimal anthropogenic disturbances (1796m, 1830m, 1854m, 1886m, and 1890m) had a higher number of orchid population clusters.
The Effects of Eichhornia crassipes on the water resourcestheijes
Eichhornia crassipes transfered to Iraq from Egypt in order to use as garnish plants in plantation in military channel region in Baghdad, and transferred to Tigris River, then spread in rivers, streams and irrigation stations in Karbala city and Dhi Qar city. Eichhornia crassipes is the most serious aquatic plants affecting the water resources in most countries , which is one of the most dangerous jungles of the world , widespread and endemic in a region is a disaster of those regional water and cause devastating case and cause significant economic losses due to the quickly spread of this plant. There are three generally methods used to control Eichhornia crassipes invasion (mechanical method, chemical method, biological method). The mechanical method is the oldest method used in treatment this herb, chemical method used in very high spread of herb, while biological method is very effective without any environmental effects.
Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic "HYDROTROPISM". Hope you like it. If you like it then please *like*, *Download* and *Share*.
By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma)
*******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********
Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com
or
Sharmacomputers87@gmail.com
*******THANK YOU***************
Step by step guide to the deposit process for PhD students registered from 2011 onwards. Includes considerations e.g. third party copyright, restrictions, ethical considerations
DevOps Days Tel Aviv 2013: The DevOps field guide to cognitive biases - Linds...DevOpsDays Tel Aviv
As devops practitioners we focus on improving the culture of collaboration so that others play nicely with us & we play nicely with others - but what if the biggest thing holding us back from change is our own brains?
Cognitive biases can deeply affect our behaviours towards others by herding us towards mental shortcuts that are optimised for timeliness over accuracy, at the expense of rationalising irrational behaviour.
You are probably pushing these biases onto other people every day but don't even know it. Does that idea make you feel unconfortable? You are probably experiencing the Semmelweis reflex kicking your confirmation bias right now.
Knowing is half the battle. This talk will delve into some of the well-known and less well-known biases that may be affecting your ability to work with your peers, and your team's ability to work constructively with other teams.
Attendees will leave the talk with an overview of biases they run into every day, how to hack their brains to use these biases to their advantage, and some tips on how to mitigate the effects of the limitations baked into their wetware.
We have met the enemy and he is us.
Speaker:
Lindsay Holmwood
Lindsay Holmwood is a engineering manager living in the Australian Blue Mountains. He is the creator of Visage & cucumber-nagios, and organises the Sydney DevOps Meetup. He runs a distributed infracoders team at Bulletproof Networks, that builds hassle free tools, and was responsible for ensuring 100% uptime for the 2010 + 2011 + 2012 Movember campaigns. In his spare time, Lindsay organises the monthly Sydney DevOps Meetups. He also won third place at the 1996 Sydney Royal Easter Show LEGO building competition.
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal ...Angelo Mark Walag
Physico-chemical parameters and macrobenthic invertebrates of the intertidal zone of Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines were assessed from March to May 2014. Water temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and type of substrate were determined in the study were within the normal range. A modified transect-quadrat method was used in an approximately 14,000 m2 of study area. Seven hundred twenty seven individuals belonging to 15 species were found in the area. These organisms belong to four phyla namely: Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Annelida. The three most abundant organisms found were Coenobita clypeatus, Ophiothrix longipeda, and Cypraea poraria with relative abundance of 73.86%, 4.13% and 3.71% respectively. Most of the macrobenthic fauna identified exhibited a clumped pattern of distribution, while the rest are randomly distributed. The species diversity of the area is 1.19 which is very low compared to reports from related studies.
Fluctuation of NO3-N and PO4 Elements in The Traditional Pond Area at TidesIJAEMSJORNAL
Traditional pond technology depends on nature in management, such as filling and disposal of pond water utilizing the time of low and high tides. The food for traditional pond technology comes from nature. The availability of nutrients such as N and P greatly determines the productivity of pond. The study was aimed to determine the fluctuations of N and P elements in traditional pond areas at tides. This research was conducted with purposive sampling method and laboratory analysis for several water parameters. The results showed that pH ranged from 7 to 8 both at low tide and high tide. The average value of nitrate (NO3) from five locations was extended from 0.106 to 1.495 mg/l. The value of silica (Si) ranged from 5,287 to 10,876 mg/l in low tide. Orthophosphate at low tide ranged from 0.027 to 0.090 mg/l, the highest value was in the coast station and the lowest was in the sea station. Whereas the value of nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate in high tide ranged from 0.830 to 1.495 mg/l and 0.039 to 0.090 mg/l. Nutrients were abundant enough to support the growth and development of primary producers. So, the waters in this region include fertile waters.
Aquatic weeds diversity of Fatki River in Magura district, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted at Fatki River under Magura district to learn the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameter and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar during May to August, 2016. Aquatic weeds were abundant in rainy season and the semi-aquatic weeds were available almost all the year round. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genuses were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds percentages identified from the Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Noticeable species-Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflate were only found in Chukinogor Ghat. This species are easily adapted in large areas. On the other hands, two species were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi-Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of Arpara bazar were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Total 11 species of aquatic weeds were mainly recognized from these Kechuadubi, while greatest number was recorded of 20 species from Chukinogor Ghat and 12 species were have its place to Arpara bazar. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period and the temperature was recorded 29.0-30.00 ºC in Chukinogor Ghat, same as 28.0-320 ºC in Kechuadubi. Furthermore, 29.0-31.00 ºC temperature was found in Arpara bazar. DO levels were stable at ranged from7.0-7.5 ppm in Chukinogor Ghat and 4.7-5.3 ppm was recorded in two experimental Kechuadubi 4.5-5.0 in Arpara bazar respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the Chukinogor Ghat same as decomposition, intensity of light in Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Transparency was 28-32cm in Chukinogor Ghat, 36-44cm in Kechuadubi, and 38-42 cm in Arpara bazar.
Macrobenthic Invertebrate assemblage along gradients of the river Basantar (J...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A limnological investigation was carried out in River Basantar in the Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir (India) during the period from December, 2009 to November, 2011 in order to analyse the effect of industrial pollution on the diversity and population density of Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna along the longitudinal profile of the river. A total of 27 macrobenthic invertebrate taxa inhabited the river; among these Arthropoda dominated the macrobenthic community (81.48%, 22 species) followed by Annelida (11.11%, 3 species) and Mollusca (7.41%, 2 species). The Discharge Zone (St II) had the highest mean standing crop of macrobenthic population while the lowest species number. Oligochaetes (Annelida) and Dipterans (Arthropoda) exhibited their abundance at polluted sites whereas Odonates, Ephemeropterans, Hemipterans, Coleopterans (Arthropoda) and Molluscs were abundant at least polluted sites. Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Chironomus, Tubifera, Psychoda and Physa acuta were identified as pollution indicator taxa while Progomphus, Cloeon, Baetis and Gyraulus as sensitive taxa.
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Diversity and abundance of Macrobenthos in a subtropical estuary, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
Soft bottom macrobenthos are important component of the marine and coastal trophic chain. There has been sparse information regarding the distribution of soft bottom macrobenthos form the coastal water of Bangladesh. Consequently, the present study was an effort to reveal the diversity and abundance of macrobenthos in the Feni Estuary in a seasonal pattern together with the hydrological factors. A total of 17 taxa families of soft-bottom invertebrates were found over the two sampling seasons. The current study yielded a total number of 34,726 ind./m 2 (mean 2480ind./m 2) including 18,909ind./m 2 in wet season (mean 2682ind./m 2) and 15,817 ind./m 2 in dry season (2259ind./m 2). The highest density of soft-bottom invertebrates was in the wet season while the lowest number in the dry season. A total of 5 groups of macrobenthos were found over the two sampling seasons. The dominant group was Polychaeta that contributed 43.60% of the total soft-bottom invertebrates. The values of biodiversity indices were higher in dry season compare to the wet season in most of the sampling station during the study period.
Photosynthetic Pigments Content of Trapa Natans Specie in Skadar LakeIJEAB
Skadar lake is the largest lake in th Balkan Peninsula. The total area is 5500 m². Terretorialy the lake belong to Montenegro and to Albania. Both the sides of lake is a big development of acquatic vegetation, including a large variety of habitats and biological communities. The most important associations are Potameto-Najadetum, Trapetum natantis, Myriophyllo-Nupharetum, Nymphoideum peltata. These associations include lake shore macrophytes Najas, Vallisneria, Potamogeton, floating macrophytes Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans, Numphaea alba. Emersed water macrophytes are developed on both sides of lake predominantly in the eastern part of lake (Kamice Shegan) which go as far as 3 meter deep such Ceratophyllum, Najas marina, Najas minor, Vallisneria.Trapeum natantisi is largely widespread community in the Skadar lake. Waternuts develops wide population and communities in the inner and deeper part of the floating macrophyta zones. Plant samples were collected on the both sides of the lake. For Trapa natans specie is determined the content of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Photosynthetic pigments were extracted with 80% acetone and their concentrations are expressed in mg/g dry absolutely leaf .Their measurement is made in the bands f 663, 645.470, of spectriphotometer. Trapa natans was found in the eastern shore and in western shore of Skadar lake. The highest values of chlorophyll a an b in the species Trapa natans was found in September 2014.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...
11.[23 28]distribution of macrophytes in river narmada near water intake point
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.2, 2012
Distribution of Macrophytes in River Narmada near Water
Intake Point
Vipin Vyas, Salma Yousuf, Shilpa Bharose and Ankit Kumar*
Department of Environmental Sciences and Limnology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal- 462-026, India
*Email: ankit_limno@yahoo.co.in
Abstract:
Rivers have always been the most important fresh water resources. Along the banks of rivers ancient
civilizations have flourished and still most of the developmental activities are dependent. Rivers support
vast biodiversity of flora and fauna which provide food & shelter to aquatic organisms. Aquatic
macrophytes are group of large macroscopic photosynthetic organisms usually growing with their roots in
soil or water. Macrophytes provide habitat to aquatic organisms also help in maintaining water quality,
nutrient cycling and stabilizing river banks. Present study was carried out on the distribution of
macrophytes near water intake point in river Narmada. Present study depicted about the loss of macrophytic
distribution in lower reaches of water intake point in river Narmada in conjunction with some
physicochemical parameters of water quality.
Key Words: River Narmada, Water Intake Point, Aquatic Macrophytes, Water quality.
1. Introduction
River is a natural water course, usually fresh water, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea or another river.
Rivers play important role in supporting life for all organisms. Aquatic macrophytes refer to large plants
visible to the naked eye and having at least their vegetative parts growing in permanently or periodically
aquatic habitats. They are the conspicuous plants that dominate wetlands, shallow lakes, and streams.
Macrophytes, the macroscopic flora include aquatic angiosperms (flowering plants), pteridophytes (ferns)
and bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts). Macrophytes often grow more vigorously where nutrient
loading is high. Macrophytes constitute a diverse assemblage of taxonomic groups and can be described as:
(i) Floating unattached plants: those plants in which most of the plant is, at or near the surface of water, a
root if present hang free in the water and are not anchored to the bottom, (ii) Floating attached plants: plants
having leaves which float on surface, but their stems are beneath the surface and their roots anchor the plant
in the substrate, (iii) Submerged plants: these are found when entire plant is below the surface of the water,
(iv) Emergent plants: those plants whose roots grow under water, but their stems and leaves are found
above the water. Aquatic macrophytes play vital role to make healthy ecosystem and serve as primary
producers of oxygen through photosynthesis, provide a substrate for algae, shelter for benthic fauna and
breeding ground for fishes. Present study was directed towards the distribution of macrophytes in
conjunction with water quality parameters on the upper reaches, lower reaches and in front of water intake
point of river Narmada.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area:
Narmada is the largest west flowing river of India and one of the 13 prominent rivers of India, originates
from a small tank called Narmada kund located at Amarkantak town in Maikal hills ranges from eastern
part of Madhya Pradesh forms a traditional boundary between North India and South India over a length of
1,312 Km before draining through the gulf of Cambey (Khambat) into the Arabian Sea.
Present study was carried out in a small reach on the right bank of River Narmada in the central zone from
Shahganj village to Jahanpur village in the month of September-November 2011. Between these villages a
pumping station is constructed near the Hirani village to supply drinking water to Bhopal city, the capital of
Madhya Pradesh. Aim of the study was to examine the distribution of macrophytes in relation with water
quality parameters on the upper reaches, lower reaches and in front of water intake point (pumping station)
(Figure 1).
During the study five sampling stations were chosen for sampling. Station I is located down to Shahganj
23
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.2, 2012
village and lies on 77° 47.59’E and 22° 50.23’N longitude and latitude. Station II is located on the upstream
of pumping station and lies between 77° 47.460’E and 22° 49.939’N longitude and latitude. Station III is
located in front of pumping station at Hirani village and lies between 77° 47.439’E and 22° 49.82’N
longitude and latitude. Station IV is located at the downstream of pumping station and lies between 77°
47.357’E and 22° 49.782’N longitude and latitude. Station V is situated at Chandni nalla near Jahanpur
village and lies between 77° 46.983’E and 22o 49.174’N longitude and latitude. All sampling stations are
shown in Figure 2.
2.2. Macrophyte Collection and Identification:
Macrophytes constitute a significant component of the aquatic ecosystem and they are of considerable
ecological & economic importance. Submerged macrophytes are in contact with water and mud; stems are
long and bearing small leaves. Emergent macrophytes grow in shallow waters, are the hydrophilous forms
which although require excess of water but their shoots are partly or completely exposed to air. Collection
of macrophytes was done with the help of an iron hook on different sampling sites. After collection,
samples were washed to get rid of adhering materials and stored properly in poly bags. Collected
macrophytes were identified with the help of C.D.K. Cook (1996) and A.D. Adoni (1985).
2.3. Water Quality Parameters:
Water samples were collected from all sampling stations and field parameters like Temperature,
Transparence, Depth, Water Flow, Conductivity, pH, Turbidity and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were
determined at sampling sites, where as some other physicochemical parameters like Chloride, Total
hardness, Calcium hardness, Nitrate, Orthophosphate and Total phosphorus were analysed in the laboratory.
Methods for the analysis of physico-chemical characteristics of water were followed by APHA (1998) and
A. D. Adoni (1985).
3. Results
During the study total 8 (Eight) species of macrophytes were recorded indicating rapid growth of
macrophytes with minimum species diversity. These species were catagorised under emergent and
submerged macrophytes (Table 1). Emergent macrophytes belong to one class (Mangnoliopsida), three
families (Polygonaceae, Onagraceae & Convolulaceae) and three orders (Polygonales, Myrtales &
Solonales) while submerged macrophytes belong to one class (Monocotyledons), four families
(Potamogetonaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Najadaceae & Aracaceae) and four orders (Potamogetonales,
Butomales, Najadales & Alismatales) shown in Table 2. Results show that submerged species of
macrophytes represent 63% and acquires a dominant position in the study area where as emergent species
of macrophytes are only 37% (Figure 3).
Among all macrophytes the most common was Polygonum glabrum, dominated at all sampling sites
followed by Ipomea fistula. Najas sps. and Hydilla sps. were also found in good quantity at sampling site I,
II, IV and V. Cryptocoryne retrospirales and Jussiaea repens were found in very less number. At sampling
site III no macrophytes was reported due to construction of pumping station. Some variables like depth,
river width, catchment area, water flow influence the growth of macrophytes
Water quality characteristics of aquatic environment arise from multitude of physical, chemical and
biological interactions. Physical properties of water in any aquatic system are largely regulated by existing
conditions and chemical properties. Chemical properties of water not only change the physical properties of
medium but also have a significant influence on the distribution and metabolic activities of the life forms,
which in turn, tend to change the chemical quality of water in definite course of time. The results of
physicochemical parameters of sampling sites of river Narmada indicates the range of pH from 7.6 to 8.7 at
site V & IV respectively. The depth ranges from 85 cm at site V to 219 cm at site I. Water flow was
recorded between 12cm/s at site II to 53cms/s at site IV. Minimum value of conductivity was observed 200
µS at site III, while maximum value was 460 µS at site V. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ranged from 80
mg/l to 180 mg/l at sites II, IV & V. Turbidity ranged from 52 mg/l at site V to162 mg/l at site I. Dissolved
Oxygen level was within the range of 8.2mg/l at site IV to 8.8 mg/l at site I. Alkalinity ranged from
48.8mg/l at site I to 54.6mg/l at site IV. Nitrate concentration was within the range of 1.6mg/l at site II to
2.8 mg/l at site V. Total Phosphorus was 1.4 mg/l at site V to 0.6 mg/l at site III. Orthophosphate ranged
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ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.2, 2012
from 0.09 mg/l at site IV to 0.1 mg/l at site V. Water temperature ranged between 29oC at site III & IV to
32oC at site II, while air temperature ranged between 26oC at site IV 35oC at site I, II & V.
4. Discussion
Fresh water bodies are subjected to variations in the environmental factors such as temperature, dissolved
oxygen, light penetration, turbidity, density etc. These factors are responsible for distribution of organisms
in different freshwater habitats according to their adaptation, which allow them to survive in that specific
habitat. The addition of various kinds of pollutants and nutrients through sewage, industrial effluent etc into
water bodies bring about a series of changes in physico-chemical and biological characteristics of fresh
water. These changes have been the subject of various investigations. It is found that there is not a single
and most significant factor explaining the spatial patterns and composition of macrophyte communities
(Grinberga 2011).
The results of the present study revealed that one of the most important factors affecting distribution of
macrophyte and other aquatic organisms was abstraction of water. This agrees with the results of other
investigations (Benejam et al 2009, Mitchell, 1993). At sampling sites I and II maximum number of
macrophytic species were reported due to alkaline pH and good level of Dissolved Oxygen. The
relationship between macrophytes and water temperature is positively correlated, as the photosynthetic
activity is increased by increase in temperature (Uedeme-Naa et al 2011). The relationship between
nutrients (nitrate, phosphorus, orthophosphate) and macrophytes were negatively correlated, as macrophyte
growth and distribution is associated with nutrient rich environments particularly nitrate and phosphate
which have been noted to favour growth of macrophytes (Frankouich et al 2006). At sampling site IV and V
lesser number of macrophytes was recorded, although dissolved oxygen and pH favours the growth of
macrophytes but nutrients (nitrate, phosphorus, orthophosphate) were available in less quantity and thus
distribution of macrophytes was also affected. At site III physicochemical parameters were in good
condition but no macrophytic sps. was reported due to construction of water intake point.
5. Conclusion
Present study was carried out in the upper reaches, lower reaches and in front of water intake point,
supplying drinking water to Bhopal city, the capital of Madhya Pradesh in river Narmada. Diversity was
rich in upper reaches to some extent, at third sampling site i. e. in front of pumping station, no species was
reported due to construction of pumping station and in lower reaches lesser number of macrophytes was
reported. The water quality of the study area was found in almost good condition and favorable for
macrophytic growth. The change in water quality and macrophytic diversity due to water intake point
(pumping station) ultimately affects the macro invertebrates and other aquatic flora and fauna in the river.
The study revealed that, at present there is significant decrease in macrophyte diversity in lower reaches
due to abstraction of water. In future, increase in water supply from the intake well of river Narmada will
decrease the diversity of macrophytes and quality of water.
6. Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Prof. Pradeep Shrivastava, Head, Department of Zoology and Applied Aquaculture
for giving permission to use GIS softwares. Suggestions given by Mr. Amit Dubey and Mr. Vivek Parashar
during the work are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks will be due to Mr. Shyam Panwar, Mr. Mehraj Din
Chopan, Mr. Kripal Vishwakarma and Mr. Mansoor Ahmed Sheikh who helped during field visits.
7. References
American Public Health Association (APHA) (1998). Standard methods for examining water 20th edition
Washington D.C.
Adoni, A. D., Joshi, G., Ghosh, K., Chourasi, S. K., Vaishya, & A. K. Yadav, H. G. (1985). Workbook on
Limnology, Pratibha Publication Sagar 216.
Benejam, L., Angermeiz, L., Munne, A. & Berthou, E.J. (2009). Assessing effects of water abstraction on
fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams. Freshwater Biology 55, 628–642,
doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02299.x
Cook, C. D. K (1996) Aquatic and wetland plants of India, Oxford University Press, New York, 385 pp.
Grinberga, L. (2011). Macrophyte species composition in streams of Latvia under different flow and
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ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.2, 2012
substrate conditions. Estonian journal of ecology, 60(3), 194-208, doi: 10. 3176/eco. 2011.3.03
Frankouich, T. A., Gainer, E.E., Zieman, J. C & Wachnick, A. H. (2003). Spatial and temporal variation of
epiphytic diatoms growing on Thalassic testudinum Banks ex Konigh. Relationship to water quality.
Hydrology, 340, 259-271.
Mitchell, C & Associates (1993). Monitoring impacts of water abstraction from the Takahue River.
Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. 52, Department of Conservation, Wellington. 8p.
Uedeme-Naa .B., Gabriel, U.U and Akinrotimi, O.A. (2011). The Relationship between aquatic
macrophytes and water quality in NTA-WOGBA Stream Nigeria. Continental J. Fisheries and Aquatic
Science. 5 (2), 6-1, http://www.wiloludjournal.com
Figure 1: Map of the Study Area
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Vol.2, No.2, 2012
Figure 2: Sampling Sites of the Study Area
Figure 3: Percent Composition of Macrophytes in the Study Area
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Vol.2, No.2, 2012
Table 1: Categorisation of macrophyte found in the study area
S.No. Type Name of the species
1 Submerged Najas minor
2 Najas graminea
3 Potamogeton pectinatus
4 Hydrilla sps.
5 Cryptocoryne retrospirales
6 Emergent Polygonum glabrum
7 Ipomea fistula
8 Jussiaea repens
Table 2: List of Macrophytes recorded during study
Kingdom Class Order Family Genus Species
Plantae Monocotyledons Potamogetonales Potamogetonaceae Potamogrton Pectinatus
Butomales Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla sps.
Najadales Najadaceae Najas Minor
Graminea
Mangnoliopsida Polygonales Polygonaceae Polygonum Glabrum
Alismatales Aracacea Cryptocoryne Retrospirales
Myrtales Onagraceae Jussiaea Repens
Solonales Convolvulaceae Ipomea Fistilosa
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