This document summarizes a study on the distribution of macrozoobenthos in the River Narmada near a water intake point in India. Five sampling stations were established along the river reach. A total of 35 taxa from 3 phyla were identified. The highest diversity was found at the upstream station I with 31 species identified. Diversity decreased at stations closer to the water intake point, with only 9 species identified at station III in front of the intake. This loss in macrozoobenthos distribution near the water intake point indicates that the ecological conditions are degrading due to the impact of the water intake infrastructure on the river habitat. In conclusion, the study shows that the water intake point is altering the riverine habitat and
Ingoldian Fungi in Kigga Falls, Chikmagalur District, KarnatakaIOSR Journals
Fungi are the ubiquitous organism.The exist in diverse forms in a range of habitats, arboreal,
freshwater, marine, subterranean and terrestrial. In fresh water we concentrated only Ingoldian fungi. The
selected study sites of foam samples and decaying debris were collected in the same study area and kept for
screening and incubation respectively. The conidia developing on decayingdebris were screened using
microscope. The collected foam samples were revealed Ingoldian fungi. In this contribution of occurrence and
abundance of Ingoldian fungi were enumerated. A total of 24 species were isolated twelve genera were
identified.
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
the biological indicators studies of zooplanktonIJEAB
The study of biological indicators for zooplanktonis important factors in environmental studies to show the extent of the surrounding organisms, distribution and deployment environment affected. Zooplankton samples were collected from three stations on the Tigris River in the city of Baghdad using zooplankton net, specimens preserved and laboratory-diagnosed using internationally recognized classifications. Results show through the presence of relatively high abundance of zooplankton in the three stations and not affected by the city in addition to the species abundance is the other index gave few differences between stations, a lack of environmental pressures on these organisms in the station directory. Also, Shannon-Weiner diversity Indexpointer gave no significant differences between the study stations.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
Mangroves are the important salt tolerant vegetation having more ecological and economical significances. In comparison to that of eastern coastal part, the western coastal region of Peninsular India comprises less area of mangroves. Therefore, establishing new mangroves in suitable habitats in this region is more essential to maintain the ecological processes in coastal landscape. To select the suitable mangrove species for newer areas of Kerala coast, a preliminary study on ecology was carried out in two natural mangrove vegetation at Ayiramthengu and Mandrothruthu, Kollam district. The study revealed that out of 34 (Ayiramthengu) and 24 (Mandrothruthu) species present, a sizable number of eight and six species respectively were true mangroves and adapted more prominently in their respective site indicated by higher Importance Value Index (IVI) and Relative Value of Importance (RVI) obtained by them. Therefore, these species are suggested for new formations of mangrove vegetation in the coastal regions of Kerala.
Ingoldian Fungi in Kigga Falls, Chikmagalur District, KarnatakaIOSR Journals
Fungi are the ubiquitous organism.The exist in diverse forms in a range of habitats, arboreal,
freshwater, marine, subterranean and terrestrial. In fresh water we concentrated only Ingoldian fungi. The
selected study sites of foam samples and decaying debris were collected in the same study area and kept for
screening and incubation respectively. The conidia developing on decayingdebris were screened using
microscope. The collected foam samples were revealed Ingoldian fungi. In this contribution of occurrence and
abundance of Ingoldian fungi were enumerated. A total of 24 species were isolated twelve genera were
identified.
Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environme...ijtsrd
The number of freshwater species in the world is quite small when compared with the vast number of marine species. There are several marine forms which are penetrated brackish and freshwater but remain unable to breed there while others have adapted sufficiently to remain for their entire life span. Polychaetes are commonly found in Indian estuaries, among 152 species recorded, 119 species from the east coast, 10 species from both east and west coasts. A total of 8 species were identified along Thenkasi District. Macro benthic polychaetes highlighted the presence of indicator species at all stations. Most of the benthic studies explored that Nereididae is the dominant species. The polychaetes observed throughout this study were a similar size and this is a clear indication of extreme disturbance imposed on the sediment. The present findings show macrobenthic polychaete diversity rich all along the Thenkasi District of Tamil Nadu. S. Balasubramanian | T. Citarasu | S. Lazarus | A. Renu "Species Diversity of Polychaete Worms from Some Selected Freshwater Environment of Thenkasi District, Tamil Nadu" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26516.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/26516/species-diversity-of-polychaete-worms-from-some-selected-freshwater-environment-of-thenkasi-district-tamil-nadu/s-balasubramanian
the biological indicators studies of zooplanktonIJEAB
The study of biological indicators for zooplanktonis important factors in environmental studies to show the extent of the surrounding organisms, distribution and deployment environment affected. Zooplankton samples were collected from three stations on the Tigris River in the city of Baghdad using zooplankton net, specimens preserved and laboratory-diagnosed using internationally recognized classifications. Results show through the presence of relatively high abundance of zooplankton in the three stations and not affected by the city in addition to the species abundance is the other index gave few differences between stations, a lack of environmental pressures on these organisms in the station directory. Also, Shannon-Weiner diversity Indexpointer gave no significant differences between the study stations.
Diversity and dispersion patterns of echinoderms in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Mi...Angelo Mark Walag
Echinoderms are fundamentally good indicators of health and status of coralline communities in marine waters. In this study, the diversity and distribution of echinoderm species were determined in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental. In total, 387 individuals were collected coming from classes Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, and Ophiuroidea. The majority of individuals collected were Protoreaster nodusus, which is a good indicator of reef health while the least abundant echinoderm species was Acanthaster planci. The pattern of distribution of majority of echinoderms was a clumped distribution while the other groups followed regular/uniform distribution, which may be due to limited dispersal ability and availability and available food sources. Moderate species diversity was also observed and species were rather similar in abundance, shown by the evenness index. This suggests good marine health, even under the threat of gleaning activities, active fishing, and habitat destruction. It is recommended that follow-up studies are conducted especially regarding monitoring of echinoderm species, to further assess the health of the intertidal zone in Babanlagan, Talisayan, Misamis Oriental.
Mangroves are the important salt tolerant vegetation having more ecological and economical significances. In comparison to that of eastern coastal part, the western coastal region of Peninsular India comprises less area of mangroves. Therefore, establishing new mangroves in suitable habitats in this region is more essential to maintain the ecological processes in coastal landscape. To select the suitable mangrove species for newer areas of Kerala coast, a preliminary study on ecology was carried out in two natural mangrove vegetation at Ayiramthengu and Mandrothruthu, Kollam district. The study revealed that out of 34 (Ayiramthengu) and 24 (Mandrothruthu) species present, a sizable number of eight and six species respectively were true mangroves and adapted more prominently in their respective site indicated by higher Importance Value Index (IVI) and Relative Value of Importance (RVI) obtained by them. Therefore, these species are suggested for new formations of mangrove vegetation in the coastal regions of Kerala.
Monitoring of Pollution Using Density, Biomass and Diversity Indices of Macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva
creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to
March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of
gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and
diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area
ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that macrobenthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Keywords:
Biomass, Community Structure, Diversity Indices, Species Composition, Uran
Diversity of monogenean (Platyhelminthes) parasites in freshwater fishes of K...paperpublications3
Abstract: Monogeneans are ectoparasites of fishes that can cause serious damage in the aquaculture industry. Twenty five species of freshwater fishes collected from different freshwater habitats of the Kannur district of Kerala were analysed for monogenean infection. A total of seven species of monogeneans were recovered from six species of fishes and overall prevalence was 7.81%.The parasites recovered include Gyrodactylus recurvensis, Dactylogyrus daniconi, Bifurcohaptor indicus, Dactylogyroides tripathii, Scleirocleidoides etropli, Diplozoon indicum and Neodiplozoon barbi. Among the fish hosts, Cyprinidae was found to be most suitable host for monogeneans. Dactylogyridae was the most diverse family. Four new host records were reported and all the seven species are new to the locality.
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
Macrobenthic Invertebrate assemblage along gradients of the river Basantar (J...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A limnological investigation was carried out in River Basantar in the Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir (India) during the period from December, 2009 to November, 2011 in order to analyse the effect of industrial pollution on the diversity and population density of Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna along the longitudinal profile of the river. A total of 27 macrobenthic invertebrate taxa inhabited the river; among these Arthropoda dominated the macrobenthic community (81.48%, 22 species) followed by Annelida (11.11%, 3 species) and Mollusca (7.41%, 2 species). The Discharge Zone (St II) had the highest mean standing crop of macrobenthic population while the lowest species number. Oligochaetes (Annelida) and Dipterans (Arthropoda) exhibited their abundance at polluted sites whereas Odonates, Ephemeropterans, Hemipterans, Coleopterans (Arthropoda) and Molluscs were abundant at least polluted sites. Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Chironomus, Tubifera, Psychoda and Physa acuta were identified as pollution indicator taxa while Progomphus, Cloeon, Baetis and Gyraulus as sensitive taxa.
Study of Bryophytic Flora in the Ramsar Wetland of Merja Zerga (North-west of...IJEAB
The research undertaken in the IBA and Ramsar wetland of Merja Zerga at Moulay Bousselham were interested only in the higher plants. Our study tends then to contribute to enrich the knowledge about the bryophytic flora of this area by filling the gaps in this field. Thus, we carried out a systematic sampling with a stop and a harvest in each encountered bryophyte population. This prospection enabled us to find 26 species of bryophytes including 22 species of mosses belonging to 15 genera and 9 families, and 4 species of liverworts belonging to 3 genera and 3 families. The relative low specificity of this wetland can be explained by the influence of sea spray and the strong anthropic disturbance. A comparison with previous studies allowed us to conclude that 11 species were observed for the first time in the area.
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Aquatic Insect Similarity Connecting Natural Wetland Habitat and Ricefield fo...Innspub Net
This study describes the relationship of the natural wetland habitats in Agusan Marsh to nearby rice fields and its implication to ecological rice production. Aquatic insects play multiple roles in the ecosystem such as predators, prey to other animals and decomposers which help in maintaining ecological balance. Results revealed that the diversity of odonates was highest in the sedge-dominated swamp among natural habitats which corresponds to the adjoining ricefields. The pattern of clustering of odonates show 3 groups; the rice-sago and rice-sedges sub-cluster, the rice-bangkal, rice-Terminalia, rice-fern, bangkal, sago and sedges sub-cluster, and the Terminalia forest as the outlier. The diversity of semi-aquatic and aquatic bugs was highest in the Bangkal forest while the lowest was in the fern-dominated swamp. The pattern of clustering shows 2 sub-clusters and the outlier Bangkal forest. On aquatic beetles, highest diversity was in the Terminalia forest. The sub-cluster consists of Terminalia habitat and rice-fern, while the other sub-cluster includes rice-Bangkal and rice-Terminalia. The resulting patterns of similarity in diversity and distribution of species in natural habitats and nearby ricefields indicate that ricefields are important temporary habitats for some aquatic insect species and serve as stepping stones for the movement of the insects.
ABSTRACT- Floristic inventory and diversity assessment are necessary to understand the present diversity status of the conservation of biodiversity. Shorelines are one of the most rapidly changing places on the Earth. The Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) is a semi-enclosed coastal indentation with predominance of mangrove ecosystems, coral reefs, associated rich marine diversity and coastal terrestrial vegetation. Halophytes are flowering plants, which are naturally found in saline habitats such as coastal swamps, coastal dunes, inland salt flats etc. Present works reveals the diversity of halophytes in GoK. Total 27 halophytes were encountered from 13 coastal talukas and islands of GoK. Islands of GoK, and Bhachau taluka are the area with highest diversity in GoK. In the present study α diversity (Shannon diversity index, Simpson's Index, species richness, evenness index) of the halophyte community was studied. From the study of biodiversity it was observed that highest species diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity H’) was observed in Jamnagar district and its islands whereas species richness index (d) was highest in Devbhumi Dwarka district and its islands. Evenness index (e) was highest (0.528) in Morbi district.
Key-words- Halophytes, Gulf of Kachchh, α-Diversity, Saline habitats
Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarova...ijtsrd
The present study deals with ichthyofaunal diversity of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Total 23 species from 6 orders, 10 families and 19 genera were recorded during the present study. The range of water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen alkalinity and hardness were recorded and found suitable for fish production. Dominant family Cyprinidae with 12 species and 08 genera followed by Bagridae with 03 species 02 genera and other all families Claridea, Heteropneustidae, Cichilidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae, Mastacembelidae, Poecilidae and Anguilidae contributed single species with single genera. Regarding conservation status out of 23 fish species 21 species least concern and 2 species near threaten. During month of December post monsoon highest fish diversity was found. Seasonal diversity indices such as Shannon Wiener species diversity, Pielou’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, were calculated based on the abundance of fish species to access the ecosystem health of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar. These studies will be help for the maintenance and regulation of Ichthyofauna and other aquatic ecosystem of the Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan Arjumand Qureshi "Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarovar Pond of Jhalawar (Rajasthan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43619.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43619/studies-on-diversity-and-seasonal-variations-in-ichthyofauna-of-chandrasarovar-pond-of-jhalawar-rajasthan/arjumand-qureshi
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
Monitoring of Pollution Using Density, Biomass and Diversity Indices of Macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations along Sheva
creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran (Raigad), Navi Mumbai, west coast of India from April 2009 to
March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were identified comprising of
gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps. Higher values of density, biomass and
diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area
ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), hectic activities of Container Freight Stations (CFS), and other port wastes. This study reveals that macrobenthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Keywords:
Biomass, Community Structure, Diversity Indices, Species Composition, Uran
Diversity of monogenean (Platyhelminthes) parasites in freshwater fishes of K...paperpublications3
Abstract: Monogeneans are ectoparasites of fishes that can cause serious damage in the aquaculture industry. Twenty five species of freshwater fishes collected from different freshwater habitats of the Kannur district of Kerala were analysed for monogenean infection. A total of seven species of monogeneans were recovered from six species of fishes and overall prevalence was 7.81%.The parasites recovered include Gyrodactylus recurvensis, Dactylogyrus daniconi, Bifurcohaptor indicus, Dactylogyroides tripathii, Scleirocleidoides etropli, Diplozoon indicum and Neodiplozoon barbi. Among the fish hosts, Cyprinidae was found to be most suitable host for monogeneans. Dactylogyridae was the most diverse family. Four new host records were reported and all the seven species are new to the locality.
Utilization of Multiple Habitat Sampling Protocol for Macroinvertebrates as Indicators of Water
Quality in Stream Ecosystem in Lawis,
Buruun, Iligan City
Macrobenthic Invertebrate assemblage along gradients of the river Basantar (J...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A limnological investigation was carried out in River Basantar in the Jammu province of Jammu & Kashmir (India) during the period from December, 2009 to November, 2011 in order to analyse the effect of industrial pollution on the diversity and population density of Macrobenthic invertebrate fauna along the longitudinal profile of the river. A total of 27 macrobenthic invertebrate taxa inhabited the river; among these Arthropoda dominated the macrobenthic community (81.48%, 22 species) followed by Annelida (11.11%, 3 species) and Mollusca (7.41%, 2 species). The Discharge Zone (St II) had the highest mean standing crop of macrobenthic population while the lowest species number. Oligochaetes (Annelida) and Dipterans (Arthropoda) exhibited their abundance at polluted sites whereas Odonates, Ephemeropterans, Hemipterans, Coleopterans (Arthropoda) and Molluscs were abundant at least polluted sites. Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri, Chironomus, Tubifera, Psychoda and Physa acuta were identified as pollution indicator taxa while Progomphus, Cloeon, Baetis and Gyraulus as sensitive taxa.
Study of Bryophytic Flora in the Ramsar Wetland of Merja Zerga (North-west of...IJEAB
The research undertaken in the IBA and Ramsar wetland of Merja Zerga at Moulay Bousselham were interested only in the higher plants. Our study tends then to contribute to enrich the knowledge about the bryophytic flora of this area by filling the gaps in this field. Thus, we carried out a systematic sampling with a stop and a harvest in each encountered bryophyte population. This prospection enabled us to find 26 species of bryophytes including 22 species of mosses belonging to 15 genera and 9 families, and 4 species of liverworts belonging to 3 genera and 3 families. The relative low specificity of this wetland can be explained by the influence of sea spray and the strong anthropic disturbance. A comparison with previous studies allowed us to conclude that 11 species were observed for the first time in the area.
The effects of different water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Assessment of Endophytic Fungal Flora Responsible for Plant Growth Promotion...Sryahwa Publications
The present paper discusses the highest colonization of fungal endophytes as Alternaria speciesin comparison with Colletotrichumspecies and Fusarium species in all three plants Pongamia pinnata, Securinega leucopyrus and Rhus mysorensis. These endophytic fungi protect these plants from various
environmental factors such as temperature, moisture and other environmental factors.
Aquatic Insect Similarity Connecting Natural Wetland Habitat and Ricefield fo...Innspub Net
This study describes the relationship of the natural wetland habitats in Agusan Marsh to nearby rice fields and its implication to ecological rice production. Aquatic insects play multiple roles in the ecosystem such as predators, prey to other animals and decomposers which help in maintaining ecological balance. Results revealed that the diversity of odonates was highest in the sedge-dominated swamp among natural habitats which corresponds to the adjoining ricefields. The pattern of clustering of odonates show 3 groups; the rice-sago and rice-sedges sub-cluster, the rice-bangkal, rice-Terminalia, rice-fern, bangkal, sago and sedges sub-cluster, and the Terminalia forest as the outlier. The diversity of semi-aquatic and aquatic bugs was highest in the Bangkal forest while the lowest was in the fern-dominated swamp. The pattern of clustering shows 2 sub-clusters and the outlier Bangkal forest. On aquatic beetles, highest diversity was in the Terminalia forest. The sub-cluster consists of Terminalia habitat and rice-fern, while the other sub-cluster includes rice-Bangkal and rice-Terminalia. The resulting patterns of similarity in diversity and distribution of species in natural habitats and nearby ricefields indicate that ricefields are important temporary habitats for some aquatic insect species and serve as stepping stones for the movement of the insects.
ABSTRACT- Floristic inventory and diversity assessment are necessary to understand the present diversity status of the conservation of biodiversity. Shorelines are one of the most rapidly changing places on the Earth. The Gulf of Kachchh (GoK) is a semi-enclosed coastal indentation with predominance of mangrove ecosystems, coral reefs, associated rich marine diversity and coastal terrestrial vegetation. Halophytes are flowering plants, which are naturally found in saline habitats such as coastal swamps, coastal dunes, inland salt flats etc. Present works reveals the diversity of halophytes in GoK. Total 27 halophytes were encountered from 13 coastal talukas and islands of GoK. Islands of GoK, and Bhachau taluka are the area with highest diversity in GoK. In the present study α diversity (Shannon diversity index, Simpson's Index, species richness, evenness index) of the halophyte community was studied. From the study of biodiversity it was observed that highest species diversity (Shannon-Wiener diversity H’) was observed in Jamnagar district and its islands whereas species richness index (d) was highest in Devbhumi Dwarka district and its islands. Evenness index (e) was highest (0.528) in Morbi district.
Key-words- Halophytes, Gulf of Kachchh, α-Diversity, Saline habitats
Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarova...ijtsrd
The present study deals with ichthyofaunal diversity of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Total 23 species from 6 orders, 10 families and 19 genera were recorded during the present study. The range of water parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen alkalinity and hardness were recorded and found suitable for fish production. Dominant family Cyprinidae with 12 species and 08 genera followed by Bagridae with 03 species 02 genera and other all families Claridea, Heteropneustidae, Cichilidae, Channidae, Gobiidae, Belonidae, Mastacembelidae, Poecilidae and Anguilidae contributed single species with single genera. Regarding conservation status out of 23 fish species 21 species least concern and 2 species near threaten. During month of December post monsoon highest fish diversity was found. Seasonal diversity indices such as Shannon Wiener species diversity, Pielou’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness, were calculated based on the abundance of fish species to access the ecosystem health of Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar. These studies will be help for the maintenance and regulation of Ichthyofauna and other aquatic ecosystem of the Chandrasarovar pond of Jhalawar, Rajasthan Arjumand Qureshi "Studies on Diversity and Seasonal Variations in Ichthyofauna of Chandrasarovar Pond of Jhalawar (Rajasthan)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43619.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/zoology/43619/studies-on-diversity-and-seasonal-variations-in-ichthyofauna-of-chandrasarovar-pond-of-jhalawar-rajasthan/arjumand-qureshi
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
EOI · 31/01/2013 · http://a.eoi.es/33uc
El Programa Energía Inteligente para Europa (EIE) es un programa no tecnológico cuya finalidad es la puesta en práctica de políticas y objetivos de la UE, y la creación de medios e instrumentos que promuevan la eficiencia energética y las energías renovables. El Programa EIE incluye los elementos necesarios para la mejora de la sostenibilidad energética, el desarrollo de ciudades y regiones, así como la preparación de las medidas legislativas necesarias para alcanzar los objetivos Europeos. Desde 2003, este programa ha otorgado financiación a más de 500 proyectos europeos en los sectores de edificios, industria, transporte, energías renovables, ciudades, sensibilización del ciudadano, formación, etc.
En la jornada se analizan los puntos clave del programa de trabajo para este año y se presentan casos de éxito españoles de la convocatoria del año anterior
Después de una primera acción piloto, Hp nos encarga un tour de demostración de producto en varias facultades.
Para ello, propusimos 4 de las facultades más técnicas del campus sur, como son teleco, caminos, arquitectura y topografía..
En todas ellas, colocamos un Stand con 3 promotoras y 6 ordenadores que dieron la oportunidad a los alumnos de trabajar con unas de las máquinas de mayor calidad del mercado.
Con esta acción hemos ayudado a que los estudiantes hayan podido conocer, en su entorno, los nuevos equipos de vanguardia de HP, las estaciones de trabajo Z Workstation.
Además, un equipo cualificado de embajadores se encargaron de recorrer las facultades en busca de interesados, visitando los departamentos de la propia facultad y generando interés entre el profesorado, los alumnos, los responsables de los departamentos y la comunidad universitaria en general.
Nuestras principales funciones han sido la generación de tráfico, el montaje y la gestión del espacio para las demostraciones, la coordinación de la campaña y el evento y la comunicación del proyecto.
Diversity of Molluscan communities in Kondakarla Freshwater Lake, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Amaravathi D*, P S Raja Sekhar, Rama Rao K
http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/SSR-IIJLS.2019.5.1.5
Trends in Macrophyte Diversity in Anthropogenic Perturbed Lentic Ecosystems w...Premier Publishers
Aquatic macrophytes hold several niches within the ecosystem, including inter alia water purification, carbon sequestration and serve as microhabitats for aquatic insects. These dynamic roles make macrophytes good indicators of current environmental conditions. Hence assessing their abundance in line with wetland ecosystem dynamics and function is essential. Frequency of occurrence and density values were estimated, using twenty (20) 2 m x 2 m quadrats for each macrophyte encountered. The results of the study revealed twenty-one (21) macrophytes belonging to 16 families. These ponds varied markedly in terms of species composition and in numerical strength such that Polygonum lanigerum (1143+175st/ha), Setaria verticillata (337.5+ 32.8st/ha), Azolla pinnata (337.7+ 16.4 st/ha) recorded high density values while Lagenaria breviflora (18.7±2.19), Sida acuta (18.75±5.30), Ludwigia erecta (18.7±0.15) and Milletia aboensis (18.7±0.03) were the least abundant species. Pond A and D with 11 taxa each had the higher Shannon-Wiener (2.192, 2.214) and Simpson (0.8699, 0.8787) diversity indices respectively when compared to the other ponds. On the contrary, pond C with four taxa had the least Shannon-Wiener and Simpson diversity indices (1.253, 0.6782) respectively. Equitability and evenness ranged between 0.914 - 0. 952 and 0.814 - 0.900 respectively. Bray and Curtis cluster analysis showed that pond B was the most dissimilar compared to other ponds in terms of the taxa composition.
ABSTRACT- The aquatic and marshy angiospermic plants are most important component of aquatic and wetland
ecosystem. They increase productivity of the aquatic ecosystem and help to maintain ecosystem balance. The importance
of aquatic diversity for sustainable life support system is an acceptable fact throughout the world. The India has a rich
variety of wetlands habitats. Tropical swamp forests once formed an important part of vegetation and extended all along
the base of Himalayas from Assam to Jammu Kashmir. Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems and thus
subjected to human greed which is yet another reason for their extinction is deforestation. Unfortunately these habitats
have not been explored from ecological point of view. From this minor study, 59 species of wetland plants belonging to
37 families were recorded to be used. Out of total 59 species, dicot (47%) species and monocot (46%) less numbers are
belong to Ptridophytes. In this study we were observed that many common aquatic macro and microflora of wetlands
and marshlands of Yamuna nagar like as Aeschyno meneindica, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Alternanthera sessilis,
Anagallis arvensis, Ceratophyllum demursum, Chrysopogon zizanioides, Commelina benghalensis, Cyperus
alternifolius, Cyanotis axillaris, Cyperus rotundus, Dryopteris filix-mas, Dryopteris sieboldii, Echinochloa colona,
Eichhornia crassipes, Hygrophila salicifolia, Ipomoea aquatica, Lemna minor, Ludwigiaad scendens, Polygonum
hydropiper, Portulaca oleracea, Potamogeton natans etc. The fresh water wetlands of Yamuna Nagar are under threat due
to human interference and other anthropogenic activities.
Key-words- Wetlands, Semi aquatic, Biodiversity, River Yamuna
Benthic macrofaunal assemblage in seagrass-mangrove complex and adjacent ecos...AbdullaAlAsif1
Present study dealt with the on faunal and in faunal assemblage from seagrass bed, mangrove area, and adjacent non-mangrove and seagrass (NMS) in Punang-Sari estuary, Lawas, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples were collected from June to July 2019 using quadrates and handpicking from the outside the sampling area to know the real checklist of surface macrofauna in this area. A ten-meter transect line was settled in three habitat areas where sampling was performed by putting three quadrates (0.35m×0.35m). Epifauna and infauna samples were collected from inside the quadrate and sieved using 0.4 mm mesh size sieve. A total of 111 species of gastropod (87 species from 30 families), bivalve (18 species from 9 families), Polychaeta (2 species), echinoderms (1 species), and crustacean (3 species) were recorded during the study period. Seagrass meadows comprised most diverse and abundant faunal (50 species) assemblage followed by mangrove habitats (48 species), and NMS (20 species). The dendrogram revealed two significant habitats in the sampling site. PCA analysis revealed, seagrass habitat sheltered a higher number of species followed by mangrove and NMS area. Jaccard similarity index revealed seagrass and mangrove habitats (0.42) contains the highest similar species amongst all habitats compared to mangrove and non-seagrass-mangrove area (0.26). Out of total species recorded (101), only ten species were reported as least concern, and 2 species hold deficient data status, and the rest are not evaluated. Bio-assemblage in seagrass habitat was found rich compared to other habitats, which could be useful for future ecological investigation and marine ranching.
Distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara dis...Innspub Net
The present study was designed to record the distribution of ground dwelling spider genera among berseem crop at Okara district. Sampling was made from Trifolium crop on fortnight basis through pitfall traps. Equal number of traps were placed in three rows e.g. along the boundary, middle of the field and centre of the field. Each trap was filled with mixture solution of alcohol and glycerin (70:30%) along with few drops of kerosene oil. After 5 days interval sample traps was collected and spider specimens were washed with distilled water and permanently stored in labeled glass vials, and brought into the Pest Control Laboratory, Departmentof Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Thereafter, each spider specimen was identified according to the taxonomic material and internet source. Identified data was analyzed statistically to quantify their spatial distribution. Overall maximum spatial distribution of spider population was documented in middle transect than boundary and centre of the berseem crop. It was also observed that temperature, humidity, vegetation and prey availability were the major factors that effecting the spider population. Population variations were recorded during the months of February, March and April in 2015, due to rise of temperature, decrease of humidity and availability of prey. It was concluded that despite to cosmopolitan nature, spiders have some correlation with suitable local conditions or habitat. More over, spiders are cost effective, functionally significant and play a key role in regulating decomposer population. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/distribution-of-ground-dwelling-spider-genera-among-berseem-crop-at-okara-district-pakistan/
Aquatic weeds diversity of Fatki River in Magura district, BangladeshAbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted at Fatki River under Magura district to learn the aquatic weeds diversity and abundance. This paper focused on species variation, number of species, water quality parameter and identification of aquatic weeds. It was assessed by collecting samples from Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar during May to August, 2016. Aquatic weeds were abundant in rainy season and the semi-aquatic weeds were available almost all the year round. According to this study, total 22 species belonging to 12 orders, 16 families and 21 genuses were found. Again, 46%, 28%, 26% of total aquatic weeds percentages identified from the Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar respectively. During this study period, nine species of family Pontederiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Menyanthaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Araceae, Amaranthaceae, Polygonaceae were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Noticeable species-Lemna minor, Marsilea quadrifolia, Ludwigia palustris, Aeschynomene aspera, Najas graminea, Hydrilla verticillata, Najas guadalupensis, Utricularia inflate were only found in Chukinogor Ghat. This species are easily adapted in large areas. On the other hands, two species were common in Chukinogor Ghat, Kechuadubi-Pistia stratiotes and Equisetum hyemale. Prominent species of Arpara bazar were Cyperus rotundus and Xanthium indicum. Total 11 species of aquatic weeds were mainly recognized from these Kechuadubi, while greatest number was recorded of 20 species from Chukinogor Ghat and 12 species were have its place to Arpara bazar. Management technique and water quality parameters were also studied during study period and the temperature was recorded 29.0-30.00 ºC in Chukinogor Ghat, same as 28.0-320 ºC in Kechuadubi. Furthermore, 29.0-31.00 ºC temperature was found in Arpara bazar. DO levels were stable at ranged from7.0-7.5 ppm in Chukinogor Ghat and 4.7-5.3 ppm was recorded in two experimental Kechuadubi 4.5-5.0 in Arpara bazar respectively. This difference may arise due to the using of aerator in the Chukinogor Ghat same as decomposition, intensity of light in Kechuadubi and Arpara bazar. Transparency was 28-32cm in Chukinogor Ghat, 36-44cm in Kechuadubi, and 38-42 cm in Arpara bazar.
Mangrove ecology and species distribution along the Gorai Creek of Mumbai coa...AI Publications
The extensive mangrove forest of Gorai Creek, Mumbai coast, has recently seen substantial deterioration. The results of a study on mangrove diversity conducted in Gorai Creek on the Mumbai coast from June 2017 to May 2018 are presented here. During the course of the study, twelve species of mangroves from five families and eight genera were identified in each of the three study locations along the creek. Avicennia marina accounted for 13.44% of the Gorai creek marshes, confirming its predominance. Sonneratia alba, Avicennia officinalis, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Kandelia candel, and Acanthus ilicifolius are among the mangrove species found in the estuarine embayment, with other species strewn around. A diverse range of species, including endangered migratory birds and herpetofauna, can be found in these mangrove environments. Mangroves have been observed to have narrowed in density with time, and it is critical to begin conservation efforts as speedily as humanly possible.
Monitoring of pollution using density, biomass and diversity indices of macro...Prabhakar Pawar
In this study, density, biomass and diversity indices of selected macrobenthos were assessed from substations
along Sheva creek and Dharamtar creek mangrove ecosystems of Uran [Raigad], Navi Mumbai, west coast of India
from April 2009 to March 2011. A total of 86 species of macrobenthos representing 61 genera and 45 families were
identified comprising of gastropods, pelecypods, cephalopods, polychaetes, sponges, crabs, prawns and shrimps.
Higher values of density, biomass and diversity indices were recorded during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than
the monsoon. Diversity values in the study area ranged from 0.203 to 0.332 indicating heavy pollution and the macro
benthic fauna is under stress due to discharge of domestic wastes and sewage, effluents from industries, oil tanking
depots and also from maritime activities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust [JNPT], hectic activities of Container Freight
Stations [CFS], and other port wastes. This study reveals that macro benthic fauna from mangrove ecosystems of
Uran is facing the threat due to anthropogenic stress.
Distribution of zooplankton community in Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) habitats,...AbdullaAlAsif1
Distribution of zooplankton community in Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) habitats, Sarawak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 4022-4033. The river ecosystems of Sarawak has been identified as important-spawning ground for economically important Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) fisheries. In these river ecosystems, zooplankton serves as a secondary producer to the different types of fish larvae including Toli shad. The productivity and biomass of zooplankton are important factors to control the production of higher trophic level organisms like fish larvae and fishes in different stages including T. toli larvae. In this viewpoint, the composition and abundance of zooplankton were investigated at 5 (five) sampling stations (considered to be spawning and nursing areas of Toli shad) at Batang Lupar and Batang Sadong estuaries from July 2016 to June 2017. A total of 29 zooplankton taxa were recorded that belong to 14 major groups comprised of Copepoda (Arthropoda), Crustacean nauplii (Arthropoda), Fish larvae (Chordata), Mollusca (Mollusca), Luciferidae (Arthropoda), Cnidaria (Cnidaria), Ostracoda (Arthropoda), Cirripedia (Arthropoda), Polychaete larvae (Annelida), Chaetognatha (Chaetognatha), Appendicularia (Chordata), Amphipoda (Arthropoda), Echinodermata larvae (Echinodermata) and Cladoceran (Arthropoda). Copepod was dominant group of zooplankton (82.40-94.41%) at all stations, contributing 477.37-25921.89 ind/m3 and 88.38% of total abundance. The second highest was crustacean larvae (2.45-9.38%) in all stations, contributing 0-2391.7 ind/m3 and 5.88% of total abundance. Zooplankton abundance was higher at downstream station 1 (8460.72 ind/m³) followed by station 2 (5479.80 indi/m³), station 3 (4571.95 ind/m³), station 4 (4394.20 ind/m³) and upstream station 5 (4156.73 ind/m³). Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the abundance of copepods was highly influenced by total turbidity and nitrate in the riverine and estuarine ecosystems. Abundance of zooplankton was relatively higher (9549.31 ind/m³) during the post-monsoon and lower (3534.56 ind/m³) during the southwest monsoon.
The Diversity and Distribution of Rotifers in Two Selected Biotopes of Kanyak...ijtsrd
Rotifers are the free floating and microscopic animals found in all aquatic ecosystems. It is important for many of the fishes as they are used as the source of food. They are filter feeders that will eat dead materials, algae, and other microscopic living organisms, and are therefore very important components of aquatic food webs. Zooplankton are playing important role in biomonitoring of water pollution and rotifers exhibit complex patterns of diversity and distribution in freshwater because many species are cosmopolitan. The zooplankton community fluctuates according to the physicochemical parameters of the environment, especially rotifer species change with biotic factors. Zooplankton is heterotrophic and plays an important role in the food web by linking primary producers to higher trophic level. Kumaracoil temple tank and Suchindrum temple tanks are selected for present study and they were highly fertile freshwaters of Kanyakumari District. Zooplankton samples were collected by filtering 100 liter of water through a zooplankton net made up of bolting silk 35 µm mesh size. Brachionus falcatus, Brachionus caudatus, Brachionus angularis, Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus patulus, Brachionus quadridentatus, Brachionus forficula, Keratella tropica, Keratella procurva, Platias quadricornis, Brachionus donneri, Brachionus durgae, Keratella edmondsoni, Keratella lenzi, Platyias eloupi, Pseudoeuchlanis longipedes, Mytilina acanthophora, Macrochaetus longipes, Lepadella biloba, Lepadella dactyliseta, Lepadella eurysterna, Lecane braumi, Lecane eswari, Lecane lateralis, Lecane simonneae, Lecane sola, Lecane Monostyla anthinula, Lecane Monostyla bulla diabolica, Ascomorpha ecaudis, Trichocerca bicristata, Trichocerca iernis, Asplanchnopus bhimavaramensis species were identified. Most of the species identified are new to Kanyakumari District and some are new to Tamil Nadu. A. Sivaselva Rajan. | Renu, A. | Rinaldin Aroma, S. "The Diversity and Distribution of Rotifers in Two Selected Biotopes of Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52383.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/52383/the-diversity-and-distribution-of-rotifers-in-two-selected-biotopes-of-kanyakumari-district-tamil-nadu-india/a-sivaselva-rajan
A preliminary study of Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel stream and Meherdy s...Innspub Net
Based on the importance and crucial role in biosphere, studying fish is a debatable issue. Among animal research its study is as prominent as bright day light. Biodiversity refers to the number of different species living in an ecosystem. The current study was carried out from May 2016 to August 2016 to find out Ichthyofauna of Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream at Dargai District Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. The fish specimens were then identified by studying various morphometric measurements and meristic counts. This study included eight species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola, Channa punctata, Channa gachua, Acanthocobitis botia, Crossocheilus diplocheilus, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda belonging to four orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes, Siluriformes) and five Families (Cyprinidae, Channidae, Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae, Siluridae). Cyprinidae was the most dominant family comprised of three species; Barilius pakistanicus, Puntius chola and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. The family Channidae included two species i.e. Channa punctate and Channa gachua while Nemacheilidaeidae, Mastacembelidae and Siluridae were represented by only one species each, Acanthocobitis botia, Mastacembelus armatus and Ompok pabda respectively. It was concluded that Ompok pabda is strictly endangered in River Swat and especially in Garhi Usmani Khel Stream and Meherdy Stream. It is strongly recommended to conserve this species (Ompok pabda).
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Bob Boule
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Distribution of macrozoobenthos in river narmada near water intake point
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.3, 2012
Distribution of Macrozoobenthos in River Narmada near Water
Intake Point
Vipin Vyas, Shilpa Bharose, Salma Yousuf, and Ankit Kumar*
Department of Environmental Sciences and Limnology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal- 462-026, India
*Email: ankit_limno@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Rivers support vast biodiversity of flora and fauna, provide food and shelter to organisms that thrive in.
Macrozoobenthos play an important role in aquatic ecosystem as primary and secondary consumers and form the
trophic relationships include those that feed on them directly or indirectly like fish and bird population.
Presently, the study was carried out on a selected reach of river Narmada near water intake point. Aim of the
study was to assess the distribution of macrozoobenthos near water intake point on river Narmada. Loss in the
distribution of macrozoobenthos fauna was recorded in lower reaches and in front of water intake point which
indicates that ecological conditions are degrading and in near future situation can be alarming in the respect of
ecology.
Keywords: River Narmada, Macrozoobenthos, Water intake point.
1. Introduction
Rivers provide habitat to many plants and animals. These habitats consist of benthic, aquatic and terrestrial
components which are lifeline for organisms thrive in. Macrobenthic organisms occupy the bottom of water
body. The composition, abundance and distribution of benthic organisms over a period of time provide an index
to the ecosystem. They are large enough to be retained by a mesh size of 200-500 µm (Rosenberg and Resh,
1993). Macrozoobenthos play a fundamental role in the transfer of energy through the food chain and help in
recycling the organic debris that settles to the bottom of any water body and play an important role in aquatic
ecosystems as primary and secondary consumers includes mineralization mixing of sediment, cycling of organic
matter and assessing the quality of inland water. They have sedentary lifestyles that reflect local sediment
conditions, life spans that integrate contaminant impacts over time, they live in the sediment and water interface
where contaminants accumulate and most importantly they show differential levels of tolerance to contaminants
(Dauer, 1983). Distribution of macrozoobenthos is determined by a number of factors such as physical nature of
the substratum, depth, nutritive content of the water body. However, most studies have investigated streams and
relatively small rivers and there is a pressing need to obtain biological information on the large rivers many of
which are under pressure due to population growth and urbanization (Petts et al., 1993).
Present study was carried out in a small reach on the right bank of River Narmada in the central zone from
Shahganj village to Jahanpur village in the month of September-November 2011 near water intake point with an
objective to assess the distribution of macrozoobenthos. Such study has not been conducted yet on the river
Narmada and this study shall provide first hand and base line information about distribution of macrozoobenthos
near water intake point.
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Study Area
River Narmada is the fifth largest river of India and the Narmada basin, hemmed between Vindhya and Satpura
ranges, extends over an area of 98,796 km2 and lies between East longitude 72º 32´ to 81º 45´ and North latitude
21º 20´ to 23º 45´ lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan plateau. The basin covers longest distance 1077
km in Madhya Pradesh out of 1312 km. Present study was carried out in a selected reach of river Narmada from
Shahganj to Jahanpur village between these villages one water intake point has been constructed near Hirani
village to supply drinking water for Bhopal city, the capital of Madhya Pradesh (Figure 1).
2.2 Sampling Station
During the study, five sampling stations were chosen for sampling. Station I is located down to Shahganj village
and lies on 77° 47.59’E and 22° 50.23’N longitude and latitude. Station II is located on the upstream of water
intake point (pumping station) and lies between 77° 47.46’E and 22° 49.93’N longitude and latitude. Station III
is located in front of water intake point at Hirani village and lies between 77° 47.43’E and 22° 49.82’N longitude
and latitude. Station IV is located at the downstream of water intake point and lies between 77° 47.35’E and 22°
49.78’N longitude and latitude. Station V is located near Chandni nalla at upstream of Jahanpur village and lies
between 77° 46.98’E to 22o 49.17’N longitude and latitude (Figure 2).
2.3 Collection, Preservation and Identification
Benthic samples were collected using Peterson’s grab from each sampling site. Sieving was done using 0.6
micron mesh size sieve. Brush and forceps were used for cleaning and picking of organisms. Macrozoobenthic
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organisms were collected and preserved in screw caped broad mouth plastic bottles followed by 5% formalin and
transferred to the laboratory safely. Macroinvertebrate organisms were sorted and identified upto genus and
species level using available keys like, A Guide to the study of Fresh water Biology by J. G Needhem and P. R.
Needhem (1962), Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermen’s and Ecologist Illustrated Guide to insects and their
relatives by W. Patrick, McCafferty (1981), Fresh water molluscs of India by N. V. Subba Rao (1993),
Handbook on India Fresh water molluscs by Ramakrishna Anirudha Dey (2007), Fresh water Animal of India
and Ecological Approach by G. T. Tonapi (1980).
2.4 Data Analysis
In ecology, diversity index is a statistic which is intended to measure the biodiversity of an ecosystem. More
generally, diversity indices can be used to assess the diversity of any population in which each member belongs
to a unique species. Diversity was measured by Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index introduced by Claude
Shannon (1949).
H= - .
Density represents the number of organisms per metre square. It is calculated by using the below mentioned
formula from Adoni et al., (1985).
Individual/ m2 =
Where,
N= average number per sample
a= area of the sampler (cm2)
Result is expressed as number of total benthic organisms / m2.
3. Results and Discussion
A total of 35 taxa were found from the five sampling stations belonging to three phylum viz., Mollusca, Annelida
and Arthropoda. Among them 11 species of molluscan community was represented by two classes viz.,
Gastropoda and Bivalvia. Gastropoda was represented by two orders, viz., Mesogastropoda and Basomatophora
with five families, seven genera and nine species. Class Bivalvia was represented by order Unionida with two
families, two genera and two species. Whereas, in insect community two are of Annelida phyla belongs to one
class, two families and two genus, while 22 species of Arthropoda phyla belongs to three classes, nineteen
families and twenty two genus distributed at different sampling stations (Table 1). All the taxa were categorized
under major groups and percentage composition of those groups of macrozoobenthos were analysed (Figure 3).
The distribution of macrozoobenthos at sampling station I was excellent from all the stations and 31 species were
recorded. Phyla Mollusca was in dominated condition than Arthropoda and Annelida. Among the molluscan
group Bellamya bengalensis and Bellamya dissimilis species were the most ubiquitous and were dominant.
Similar observations were made by Roy and Gupta (2010) in River Barak. Phylum Arthropoda was represented
by orders Odonata, Diptera, Hemiptera, Tricoptera and Ephemeroptera among these Odonata was in dominant
position and Plecopterans were absent. Yap et al., (2003) also reported high arthropods diversity in Semenyih
River of Malaysia. From Annelida phylum only two Lumbriculus and Tubifex sps. were present. Some species of
freshwater prawn and water mites were also recorded from this station. Shannon diversity index is 2.75 at this
station and 2801 individuals/m2 of macrozoobenthos individuals was recorded which shows high diversity.
At sampling station II distribution of macrozoobenthos species was similar than station I and 23 species were
recoded. Among the entire phylum Mollusca was in dominant position followed by Arthropoda. In Mollusca
gastropods were dominant than bivalvia. Among Arthropoda order Diptera and Hemiptera were in dominant
position while Odonata and Ephemeroptera was lesser in number. Some species of freshwater prawn and water
mites were found during the study. Annelids were present. Khan et al., in 2007 also reported that molluscan
communities were dominant at River Mouri and Roy and Gupta in 2010 were observed these species in
dominant condition in River Barak. Shannon diversity at this station is 1.44 shows poor diversity conditions.
2057 individuals/m2 of macrozoobenthos animal was recorded at this station.
Sampling station III lies in front of water intake point and here diversity of macrozoobenthic fauna was poor
than all stations and only 9 species were reported. The habitat structure was altered from the construction of
water intake well. Mollusca phyla were in dominant position. Absence of Annelids and only Gomphus species
from phylum Arthropoda was recorded from this station. Several studies were done at different river systems and
higher molluscan diversity was reported (Fisher and Williams, 2006; Khan et al., 2007 and Roy and Gupta
2010). Shannon diversity index of this station is 1.99 shows poor diversity condition of macrozoobenthic fauna
due to construction of water intake point. 816 individuals/m2 of macrozoobenthic density was recorded at this
station which is lesser among all the sampling stations.
Station IV is lies at the downstream of the water intake point where habitat has been altered due to construction
and at this station 14 species of macrozoobenthos was reported. Lesser number of insect communities was
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presented followed by Dipterans and Hemipterans groups only Odonata group was in dominant condition.
Molluscan communities were again in dominated position than insect groups. Some individuals of freshwater
prawns were reported belonging to class crustacean i.e. Palaemonetes sps and water mites from class Archnida.
Annelids were absent. Shannon diversity index of this station is 2.53 shows good diversity of macrozoobenthos
after station I. 1241individuals/m2 density of macrozoobenthic fauna was recorded from this station.
Station V was located near Chandni nalla and here distribution and diversity of macrozoobenthic animals was
much similar than station I and 19speceis were recorded. At this station all three phyla were reported viz.,
Mollusca, Arthropoda and Annelida. In all phyla Molluscans were in dominant position than Arthropods and
Annelids. Gastropods were in dominant condition than Bivalvia. Odonata, Hemiptera, Diptera and Coleoptera
orders from phylum Arthropoda were reported during the study while other orders were absent. One species
from Annelida phylum was recorded. Some species of freshwater prawns and water mites were reported from
this station. Molluscan diversity was found dominant form Arthropoda, similar observations were made in River
Barak in Assam (Roy and Gupta, 2010) and Fisher and Williams (2006) from River Nile. Yap et al., (2003)
reported highest Arthropods diversity in Semenyih River. Shannon diversity index of this station is 2.13 shows
good diversity. Density of macrozoobenthos at this station was reported 1986 individuals/m2.
Osborne et al., (1976) observed values ranging from a minimum of 0.14 to a maximum of 2.69 whereas Godfrey
(1978) found the value ranging from 1.938 and 5.34 of Shannon-Wiener index. Present investigation is
supported by the above findings (Figure 4). Khan et al., (2007) reported abundance of benthic community in
individuals/m2 in Mouri River, Khulna, Bangladesh.
4. Conclusion
The present investigation depicted about the distribution and diversity of macrozoobenthos in the upper reaches,
lower reaches and in front of water intake point and reported about the loss of macrozoobenthic distribution in
the region due to construction of water intake point which causes habitat alterations. During the study it was
observed that at sampling stations I and IV diversity of macrozoobenthos fauna was excellent than II and V but
at station III loss in distribution of macrozoobenthos was recorded. Riverine condition and habitat structure is
being altered from this water intake point and shows that in near future ecology will be much affected from this
well. The study revealed about the future research prospects in this area for studying the environmental impact
assessment of water intake point on the ecology of River Narmada.
5. Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Prof. Pradeep Shrivastava, Head, Department of Zoology and Applied Aquaculture for
giving permission to use GIS softwares for preparation of maps. Thanks to Mr. Shyam Panwar, Mr. Mehraj Din
Chopan, Mr. Kripal Vishwakarma and Mr. Mansoor Ahmed Sheikh who helped us during field visits. During
identification of macrozoobenthic fauna help of Mrs. Reetu Sharma is gratefully acknowledged.
6. References
Adoni, A.D., Joshi, G., Ghosh,K., Chourasia,S.K., Vaishya, A.K., Yadav, M. & Verma, H.G. (1985). Work book
on limnology. Pratibha publishers, Sagar, India: 127pp.
Dauer, D.M. (1983). Functional morphology and feeding behaviour of Scolelepsis squamata (Polychaeta:
Spionidae). Marine Biology, 77, 279-285.
Dey, R.A. (2007). Handbook on India Fresh Water Molluscs. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.
Fisher, M.R. & Williams, W.P.A. (2006). Feasibility study to monitor the macroinvertebrate diversity of the
River Nile using three sampling methods. Hydrobiologia. 556, 137-147.
Godfrey, P.J. (1978). Diversity as a measure of benthic macroinvertebrate community to water pollution.
Hydrobilogia, 57, 111-122.
Khan, A.N., Kamal, D., Mahmud, M.M., Rahman, M.A. & Hossain, M.A. (2007). Diversity, distribution and
abundance of benthos in Mouri River, Khulna, Bangladesh, Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod., 2(5), 19- 23.
Needham, J.G. & Needham, P.R. (1962). A Guide to the study of Freshwater Biology. Holden-Day, Inc., San
Francisco. 108pp.
Osborne, J.A., Martin, P.W. & Yousuf, A.Y. (1976). Benthic fauna species diversity in six central florida lake in
summer. Hydrobiologia, 48, 125-129.
Patrick Mc Cafferty, W. P. (1981). Aquatic Entomology: Sci. books Intern. Boston, 448pp.
Petts, G.E., Moller, H. & Roux, A.L. (1993). Historical change in large alluvial rivers. Western Europe. Wiley,
Chichester.
Rosenberg, D.M. & Resh, V.H. (1993). Introduction to fresh water biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrate,
in D.M. Rosenberg and V.H. Resh (eds.), Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. New
York: Chapman and Hall, 488pp.
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Roy S. & Gupta A. (2010). Molluscan Diversity in River Barak and its Tributaries, Assam, India. Assam
University Journal of Science and Technology: Biological and Environmental Sciences. 5 (1), 109-113.
Shannon, C.E. & Wiener, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana, University of llinois
Press. : 177pp.
Subba Rao, N. V. (1993). Fresh water Molluscs of India. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. 289pp.
Tonapi G. T. (1980). Freshwater Animal of Indian an ecological approach, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New
Delhi.
Yap, C.K., Ismail, A.R., Ismail, A. & Tan, S.G. (2003). Species diversity of macrobenthic invertebrates in the
Semenyih River Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia Pertanika, J. Trop. Agric. Sci., 26 (2): 139-146.
Table 1: List of Macrozoobenthos recorded during the Study
Sampling Stations
S.N. TAXA
Site-1 Site-2 Site-3 Site-4 Site-5
MOLLUSCA
GASTROPODA
Order Mesogastropoda
1 Bellamya bengalensis + + + + +
2 Bellamya dissimilis + + + + +
3 Thiara scabra + + + - +
4 Thiara tuberculata + + + + +
5 Tarebia lineata + + + + +
6 Pila globosa + + - - -
Order Basomatophora
7 Lymnaea acuminata + + - - -
8 Gyraulus convexiusculus + + - - +
9 Indoplanorbis exustus + - + - -
BIVALVIA
Order Unionida
10 Parreysia occata + - + - -
11 Lamellidens corrianus + + + - +
ANNELIDA
OLIGOCHEATA
Order Lumbriculida
12 Lumbriculus sps. + + - - -
Order Haplotaxida
13 Tubifex sps. + + - + +
ARTHROPODA
INSECTA
Order Diptera
14 Chironomus sps. + + - + +
15 Culex sps. - + - - -
16 Black flies sps. + + - - -
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Figure 1: Map of the Study Area
Figure 2: Sampling Stations of the Study Area
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Figure 3: Percent Composition of Major Groups of Macrozoobenthos in the Study Area
Figure 4: Shannon-Wiener Index of Macrozoobenthic fauna in the Study Area
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