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11. .F2011 Villas in the countryside
- 1. The Countryside Villas and Farms 1
- 2. Villas and villages: What are they? Villa • A rural house owned by someone with high social standing – Villa urbana – luxury – Villa rustica - productive farm • A house built in the Roman style Village and native farm • Settlement with two or more farms 2
- 3. Where are they? 3
- 5. Vegetables, Fruits, Nuts • Celtic bean • Parsnips, radishes, bee • Vetch ts, turnips • Fat hen • Endive, lettuce • Nettles • Broad beans • Puffballs • Carrots • Hazelnut • Raspberries, blackberries, • Chestnut, walnut blueberries, elderberries, s • Apples, plums, cherrie trawberries, crab apples s, mulberries, 5
- 6. Rural Urban Introductions by Period 6
- 7. Cattle Elms Farm, Essex Sheep/Goats 7
- 8. Economy and Agriculture • Market production • Consumers: military (~5%), city dwellers (~10%), craftsmen 8
- 9. Roundhouse 9
- 10. Evolution of a Round House • Early 1st C. Round house • Late 1st C. Rectangular house • c. 170 Abandoned • 4th century More complex house 10
- 11. Meonstoke Wall Remnant Early 4th century AD Meonstoke, Hampshire, 11
- 12. Facade Meonstoke 12
- 13. Drawings and Tools Lighthouse House norma Villa Wall Painting Trier groma 13
- 14. Characteristics of a Roman Villa • Rectilinear • Stone footings and walls • Tile or slate roofs • Glass 14
- 15. Brixworth Farmstead - Villa 15
- 16. Villas Amenities • Dining • Bathing • Receiving 16
- 17. Dining 17
- 18. Later Fashion 18
- 19. The Bath Complex Additional amenities •Entrance hall •Dressing room •Exercise room 19
- 20. Expansion of Villa Construction • First Century –few stone villas, timber rectangular houses • Late 3rd-early 4th century – Immigration of wealthy? – Growing income disparity? 20
- 21. Decoration • Wall painting – particularly faux marble • Mosaic floors: schools • Dorchester • Colchester – Hinton St. Mary, Frampton • Verulamium • Water Newton • Cirencester: two schools • Brough on Humber – Chedsworth – Crude draftsmanship: Rudston Venus – Aldborough Wolf and Twins. 21
- 22. Venus 22
- 23. Thruxton Villa [Q]VINTVS NATALIVS NATALINVS Owner?
- 24. Signature of the Mosaicist Fishbourne 24
- 25. Lullingstone Farm 25
- 26. Lullingstone-Phase 1 Veranda Reception Room Veranda 100-150 CE 26
- 27. Lullingstone-Phase 1 27
- 28. Owner? 28
- 29. Lullington-Phase 2 Baths 150-200 CE 29
- 30. Lullingstone-Phase 2 30
- 31. Baths Furnace Hot dry room Hot Room Tepid Room Recreation room Cold Room Water Tank 31
- 32. Lullington-Phase 3 275-350 CE 32
- 33. Lullington-Phase 4 Dining Room c. 360 CE 33
- 34. Lullington-Phase 4 c. 360 CE 34
- 35. Mosaic-Triclinium Apse 35
- 36. Inscription INVIDA SI TAVRI VIDISSET IVNO NATATUS IVSTIVS AEOLIAS ISSET ADVSQUE DOMOS If jealous Juno had seen the swimming of the bull she would with greater justice on her side have repaired to the halls of Aeolus 36
- 37. Triclinium-Bellerophon 37
- 38. Triclinium 38
- 39. Bellerophon-Croughton 39
- 40. Mausoleum 40
- 41. Classical Tales - Low Ham Dido and Aeneas 41
- 42. Low Ham Aeneas and his ships 42
- 43. Four Seasons - Bignor 43
- 44. Four Seasons – Winter - Bignor Terentius? 44
- 45. Woodchester Plan 45
- 46. Woodchester 46
- 47. Woodchester 47
- 48. Woodchester 48
- 49. Woodchester- Details 49
- 50. Woodchester- Details 50
- 51. Painted Walls - Bignor Bignor 51
- 52. Fates of the Villas Few date after 350 • Burnt • Abandoned • Deliberate destruction • No reuse • Rediscovery 52
Editor's Notes
- Elms Farm Essex The site of Elms Farm, is located on the western edge ofHeybridge in Essex, and lies at the head of the Blackwaterestuary (Fig. 1). The excavated remains comprised an IronAge settlement and its continuation as a Romano-British smalltown and early Saxon settlement. Excavated areas of the sitewere related to public open spaces, domestic activities,small-scale industry and a religious complex (Atkinson andPreston, 1998). Preliminary interpretation of the excavatedremains suggests that the site was an important local marketcentre during the Late Iron Age and Early Roman periodsPrevious explanations for size change in animals across theIron Age/Roman transition have centred on the need for provisioningan increasingly consumer based economy, initiallyin the form of the Roman army, and later the emerging urbancentres (Luff, 1993). While the cattle mortality profiles atElms Farm suggest that improved meat production may havebeen an important consideration in the 1stemid 2nd CenturiesAD, and may have been the impetus for the introduction ofimproved cattle, it is clear that an increased use of cattle fortraction occurred at the same time as the improvement in otherlivestock. This change may be linked to an intensification ofarable agriculture, in which many more draft oxen wererequired, both for agricultural production and transport.
- One of the big questions is how Roman villas actually worked - what were the rooms used for and who lived where? The building of the Butser Roman Villa has challenged some of the conceptions we have had.We know from documents that, in general, Romans thought of building space in terms of public and private areas, of ostentation or display and sometimes of simpler approaches. This is to do with the hierarchy in their society and of the related social relationships.The owner was at the top, probably followed by his family. These would have to be able to strut their stuff with their social equals or superiors.There would then those 'employed' by the owner - everybody from the estate stewards and Latin teachers to household and farm workers. Some would be free while many would be slaves.There are also those who would be 'clients' of the owner, depending upon his favour because they were tenants, small landowners or owed him money [consider an interest rate of 12%!].Some of these people would be allowed to the front door, a few into the corridor and even fewer to pay their respects in the central reception room. Only a small minority would ever penetrate the 'private' quarters of the owner.The villa reflects this hierarchy in its use of space and type of rooms and, further, in the presence of mosaics and through the quality of wall-paintings.One use that seems to be agreed is that of the central room. This has a wide doorway opposite the main entrance. It would have been used by the owner as a 'reception' room when people came to pay their respects to him as part of a morning social ritual called the 'salutatio' or 'greeting'One way of interpreting the use of rest of the villa from its floor plan stems from the presence of the central self-contained room, with two apparently self-contained suites of rooms on either side. This arrangement could be interpreted as a common public service corridor and 'reception' room with two parts of a family on either side, in self-contained 'privacy'. There is heating on both sides, one with a hypocaust, the other with a fireplace, whilst the floor areas are roughly equal. There is in both cases an ante-room from the corridor, before the main suite is reached. This arrangement could possibly house the owner and family on one side, with the heir and family on the other.An alternative is to interpret the two suites in terms of function. The suite with the fireplace may have been used for domestic purposes, while that with the hypocaust could have been used as living accommodation by the villa owner and his family.