This document provides information about Hadrian's Wall and the Roman occupation of northern Britain. It discusses the different types of walls constructed, including the Broad Wall, Narrow Wall, and Turf Wall. It describes the forts, milecastles, and other components of the wall. It then discusses the later occupation under Antoninus Pius, including the construction of the Antonine Wall further north in Scotland. The document provides historical context and summaries of archaeological evidence uncovered along both walls.
1- THE CELTS:
2- THE ROMANS:
3- THE ANGLO-SAXONS/ HOUSE OF WESSEX:
4- THE NORMANS/ HOUSE OF NORMANDY:
5- HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET:
6- HOUSE OF LANCASTER and HOUSE OF YORK:
7- HOUSE OF TUDOR:
8- HOUSE OF STUART:
9- HOUSE OF HANOVER:
10- HOUSE OF WINDSOR:
The UK's leading antiques search website, listing thousands of antiques from dealers across the UK. Are you a dealer and not listed on our website? Find out how to request your free listing
1- THE CELTS:
2- THE ROMANS:
3- THE ANGLO-SAXONS/ HOUSE OF WESSEX:
4- THE NORMANS/ HOUSE OF NORMANDY:
5- HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET:
6- HOUSE OF LANCASTER and HOUSE OF YORK:
7- HOUSE OF TUDOR:
8- HOUSE OF STUART:
9- HOUSE OF HANOVER:
10- HOUSE OF WINDSOR:
The UK's leading antiques search website, listing thousands of antiques from dealers across the UK. Are you a dealer and not listed on our website? Find out how to request your free listing
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5. Hadrian
IMP(ERATORIS) CAES(ARIS) TRAIAN(I) /
HADRIANI AUG(USTI) / LE(GIO) II
AUG(USTA) / A(ULO) PLATORIO NEPOTE
LEG(ATO) PR(O) PR(AETORE)
This work of the Emperor Caesar Trajan
Hadrian Augustus (was built by) the Second
Legion Augusta under Aulus Platorius
Nepos, propraetorian legate.
8. Wall – Early Years
Period Construction Width
(ft.)
Section
122-126 Broad Wall
Narrow Wall
Turf Wall
Fortlets
10
8
20
Wallsend to Irthing River
Irthing to Burtholme Beck
To Bowness
After 122 Forts, mile castles, turrets
By 138 Turf Wall replaced by stone
~140 Abandoned – ditches covered at intervals
~161 Reoccupied
11. Components of Wall
• Wall
– Forts
– Turrets – signal towers
– Fortlets or milecastles
• Ditch (N)
• Vallum (S) with protecting mounds
12. Types of Wall
• All c.15’ high
• Broad Wall (10’)
• Narrow Wall (8’ on a 10’ base)
• Turf Wall (18’ wide)
– Later rebuilt in stone
N
13. Forts
• Newcastle (Pons Aelius)
• Benwell (Condercum)
• Halton Chesters
(Onnum)
• Housesteads
(Vercovicium)
– Built after broad
foundations but before
narrow wall
• Great Chesters
– Replaced a milecastle
14. Forts
• Carvoran
– A Stanegate fort that
was near but not on the
wall
• Birdoswald
• Castlesteads
– Only fort not attached to
the wall, garrisoned by
auxiliaries
• Stanwix (near Carlisle)
– Built by VI Victrix but
garrisoned by a miliary
cavalry unit
15. Forts Added after Wall
• Wallsend (Segedunum)
• Chesters (Cilurnum)
– Wall crosses the Tyne
– A cavalry fort
• Carrawburgh
(Brocolitia)
– An early addition
• Burgh by Sands
(Aballava)
– Added to reinforce lines
near Solway
• Drumburgh
• Bowness
– Terminus of the wall
– Possible supply-depot
26. Hadrian’s Wall Forts
The Rudge Cup
• A.MAISABALLAVAVXELODUMCAMBOGLANSBANNA
• A. MAIS ABALLAVA VXELODUM CAMBOGLANS BANNA
The Amiens patera
• MAISABALLAVAVXELODVNVMCAMBOG...SBANNAESICA
• MAIS ABALLAVA VXELODVNVM CAMBOG...S BANNA ESICA
The Moorlands patera
• MAISCOGGABATAVXELODVNVMCAMMOGLANNARIGOREVALIAELI
DRACONIS
• MAIS COGGABATA VXELODVNVM CAMMOGLANNA
Drumburgh ? Stanwix Castleheads
Birdoswald Great Chesters
27. Wall – Middle Years
Period Events
~140 Abandoned – ditches covered at intervals
Foray into Scotland
~161 Abandon Antonine wall
Reoccupy and rebuild – Use of British labor in
rebuilding and maintenance
30. Short Range Communication
• Trumpets
– Charge, retreat
• Cornets ( played by cornicen)
– Motion of colors
• Classicum or buccina (horn)
– Used by commander, salutes, executions
• Tuba (played by tubicen)
– Signal trumpet
Vegetius, De Re Militari
33. Longer range communication
• Beacons
• Semaphores
• Coded signals
• Manpower needed?
• caelum crebris imbribus ac nebulis foedum
34. Signaling
The other 'evidence' from field archaeology,
aerial photography and excavations for Roman
military signalling systems is hypothetical, and
varies from the ridiculous to the inconclusive.
Donaldson, “Signalling, Communications and the
Roman Imperial Army” 1988
• Probable Method: pony express
42. Period Dates Size Occupants
I c AD 85-95 3 acres Coh I Tungrorum
II c AD 95-100 5 acres Coh VIIII Batavorum
III AD 100-105 5 acres Coh VIIII Batavorum
IV AD 105-120 8 acres Coh I Tungrorum; Vardulli cavalry +Legionaries;
V AD 120-130 5 acres Coh I Tungrorum ; stone fort
VI c AD 130-160’s 3.6acres Possibly Coh II Nerviorum
VIA c AD 160-200 4 acres. Unknown – Possibly North African in origin or Coh II
Nerviorum
VIB c AD 208-211 1.5acres Unknown
VII c AD 212-280 3.6acres Coh IV Gallorum
VIII c AD 300-367 3.6acres Coh IV Gallorum
IX AD 367-410 3.6acres Unknown –Riacus
X c AD 410-600 3.6acres Unknown – Brigomaglos and Riacus only known
occupants
44. Leading Cast
• Flavius Cerialis, Prefect
• Aelius Brocchus,
another prefect (off-
stage)
45. Roman Names
Forename Family name Nickname, local name
or tribal name
Praenomen gentilicium or nomen Cognomen
? Flavius Cerialis
Acquired Roman
Citizenship after
accession of first
Flavian, Vespasian
From Petillius Cerialis
49. The Extras
• Types of auxiliary units
– Quingenaria or milliaria
– Equitata
• VIIII Batavians
• I Tungrians
• Itinerant cavalry, legionaries, other units
52. Military Diploma
From Hadrian for the units:
which are in Britain….
… soldiers who have
served twenty-five
years and received an
honourable discharge
…. To them and to
their children for
posterity has been
granted … citizenship.
62. Cerialis Seeks Advancement
Now (?), in whatever way you
wish, fulfil what I expect of
you and ... so furnish me with
friends that thanks to you I
may be able to enjoy a
pleasant period of military
service.
66. Account - Details
• Cloaks, number 6, 11 /2 denarii each, total 69 denarii
• Skillets, number 4, denarii 2 7/8 and 1 as each, total 11¾
denarii.
• Scarlet curtain (?), measuring 11 ½ , total 54 ½ + denarii
• Hair, 9 pounds in weight, 5¾ denarii per pound, total 51¾
denarii.
• Drawers, number 10, 2 ½ denarii each, total 25 denarii.
67. Supplies – Detailed List
•Wheat
•Hides from tannery at
Catterick
•Send cash
•Delivery delay because
the bad roads would have
resulted in injuries to the
animals
69. Buying Food for the Holiday, etc.
•Barley
•Beer
•Wine
•Fish-sauce
70. More for the Saturnalia
Severus to his Candidus, greetings. Regarding the ... for the Saturnalia, I
ask you, brother, to see to them at a price of 4 or six asses and radishes
to the value of not less than 1/2 denarius. Farewell, brother.’
Back: To Candidus, slave of Genialis the prefect, from Severus, slave of ?
75. Birthday Invitation
On 11 September, sister, for
the day of the celebration
of my birthday, I give you a
warm invitation to make
sure that you come to us, to
make the day more
enjoyable for me by your
arrival, if you are present
(?).
To Sulpicia Lepidina from Claudia Severa, wife of Aelius Brocchus
82. Roll call
18 May, net number of the
First Cohort of Tungrians,
of which the commander is
Iulius Verecundus the
prefect: 752, including
centurions 6
of whom there are absent:
[list numbers of absentees and where
they are]
85. Clothing
I have sent (?) you ... pairs of socks from Sattua, two pairs
of sandals and two pairs of underpants, two pairs of
sandals ... Greet ...ndes, Elpis, Iu..., ...enus, Tetricus and all
your messmates with whom I pray that you live in the
greatest good fortune
92. Complaint
I want you to know that I
am in very good health, as
I hope you are in turn, you
neglectful man, who have
sent me not even one
letter. But I think that I am
behaving in a more
considerate fashion in
writing to you ... to you,
brother, ... my messmate.
93. Mistreatment - Complaint
I implore your majesty not
to allow me, an innocent
man, to have been beaten
with rods… I implore your
mercifulness not to allow
me, a man from overseas
and an innocent one, about
whose good faith you may
inquire, to have been
bloodied by rods as if I had
committed some crime.
94. Intelligence on the Britons
... the Britons are unprotected by
armour (?). There are very many
cavalry. The cavalry do not use
swords nor do the wretched Britons
(Brittunculi) mount in order to
throw javelins.
97. Development of Vici
Traditional model
• Extra mural area with bath house and a few
traders and camp followers
• Economic development
• Some political independence
– Survive dismantling of the fort
• Military annexes or fortified civilian
annexes
98. Extramural Vindolanda
• Antonine (~160)
– Defensive enclosure perhaps to facilitate wagon
parks, horse lines
• Severan (~210)
– Stone fort
• 3rd century
– Settlement
118. Antoninus
Antoninus never willing made war
Pausanias
They prefer to preserve their empire rather than
extend it indefinitely to profitless, barbarian
peoples
Appian (~96-165)
They surround the empire with a circle of great
camps
Aelius Aristides (120-189)
119. Antoninus Pius
• Generally shied away from military adventure
• Pressure from the north
• Reconstruction of base at Corbridge
• Victory over barbarians
• Antonine Wall
126. Elements of the Antonine Wall
• Rampart
• Ditch and mound to the north
• Military road to the south
127. Antonine vs Hadrian Walls
• Forts interspersed with smaller stations.
• No Vallum.
• Double the number of troops along smaller
distance than Hadrian's Wall
• Turf not stone – stone reinforcement
• 14-16’ wide, probably 10’ high
141. Consequences of Antonine Wall
• Forces involved ~6-7,000
• Pax Romana
• No evidence for native rule
• Increased use of stone construction
• New civilian communities follow the army
• Increased mining for iron and surface mining
of coal
• Production of food for army
142. Continuation of Native Life
• Round houses
• No new concentrated
settlements except near
forts
• Natives reuse bronze
but not iron from
Romans
• Roman brooches
145. Example
Iter III
(From London to the port of Dover)
Roman Name 1000 paces Miles Current Name
Durobrivis xxvii 31 Rochester
Duroverno xxv 28 Canterbury
Ad portum Dubris xiiii 18 Dover
146. Along the Way
• Mansiones, inns, every 30 miles or so
– A bed for man and horse
– Food ” “
– A hot bath
– Storage of government goods
– Postal and police services
• Mutationes, changing stops
149. Abandonment of Antonine Wall
• Under Governor Julius Verus the wall was
abandoned (c. 154-8 CE)
• Hadrian’s wall was refurbished
• “Military Road” to supply Hadrian wall forts
• Outpost forts north of Hadrian’s Wall
abandoned by 185 CE
153. Commodus
• Breach of Hadrian's Wall
• C. 180 Governor Ulpius Marcellus
sent to put down rebellions
• 184-5 Victory in Britain
• 185 Protest by British legions
against prefect, Perennis
154. Numeri
• Non-citizens
• Small units
• Legionary officers
• Identified with nations
• No entitlement to citizenship
• Less-well armed than regulars
– Exploratores - scouts
155. Sarmatians
• 175 Brought to Britain by Marcus Aurelius
• Brougham cemetery
– Sword and belt fittings
– Horses
– Unusual burial - women
Archaeology • May/June 2005
157. Pertinax
• 126 Son of freeman and clothmaker
• c. 150 Teacher of literature
• 161 Volunteers for military, commander of
auxiliary cohort, successful in battles in Asia
• 165 Legionary tribune in York, raised to
equestrian rank
• 168 Procurator in N. Italy, Dacia
• Commander of units against Germans
158. Pertinax
• Made Senator and legionary commander
• 175 Consul
• 176 Series of governorships of provinces
– 185-187 Governor of Britain
• 189 Mayor of Rome
• 192 Consul
• Emperor
1/1/193 to 3/28/193
159. Clodius Albinus
• c.140 Born near Carthage, Senatorial rank
– 175 Governor of Bithynia
– 187 Consul
– 189 Governor fo Germany
• 191-2 Governor of Britain
• 193 Made Caesar by Septimius Severus
• 195 Severus names his own sons successors, forcing out
Albinus
– Supported by legions on German frontier and from Spain
– Defeated near Lugdunum (Lyon); suicide?
160. Lugdunum - Severus
Severus
• Pannonia
– XIIII Gemina
• Moesia
– XI Claudia
• Germania Superior
– XXII Primigenia
• Germania Inferior
– I Minerva
– XXX Ulpia Traiana
Albinus
• Britannia
– II Augusta
– VI Victrix
– XX Valeria
• Hispania
– VII Gemina