The document provides an overview of a class on archaeology of the East Midlands from 1500-1900. It discusses major transitions like enclosure, industrialization, and population growth. Examples are given of significant changes like enclosure that can be best understood through archaeology by examining earthworks, field boundaries, and landscape features. A case study of Hardwick Hall and estate is presented to illustrate the development of country houses and designed landscapes over this period.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 7, Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
The document discusses the transition of the East Midlands region between 1500-1900, focusing on changes in towns and the countryside. It describes the rapid population growth and industrialization during this period, with evidence found through archaeology and documents. For example, enclosure movements transformed the rural landscape and are best shown through physical remains and maps. The rise of country houses and designed landscapes also reflected changes in social status and wealth.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 3, Beeston, Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document summarizes an archaeology class on cultural transitions in the East Midlands region of the UK from the Iron Age to the Dark Ages. The class covered the Iron Age landscape and society, the brief Roman occupation and its impact, and the debate around whether the post-Roman period represented a "Dark Age" or a return to an Iron Age culture. Key topics included Iron Age farming, settlements, and hillforts; the Roman establishment of towns and villas; and Anglo-Saxon migrations, burial practices, architecture like grubenhauser, and the emergence of kingdoms like Mercia.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 6, Beeston, Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on medieval towns in the East Midlands. It discusses:
1) Pre-conquest towns including those that existed before the Vikings, the five boroughs established by the Vikings, and reconquest towns built as fortifications against the Vikings.
2) Post-conquest towns, noting a lack of archaeological evidence for most due to limited excavation. It highlights evidence from Nottingham including its origins as an Anglo-Saxon fortification and its development as a Norman borough and in the late medieval period.
3) Map regression is introduced as a technique to rediscover town plans through overlaying historic maps. Examples are shown tracing Nottingham's walls and defenses over time.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 5, Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document summarizes an online class about the medieval countryside of the East Midlands. It discusses key periods and themes in the region's landscape development between 850-1500 CE, including the impact of Scandinavian settlement, the rise of manorialism and open field systems, and the establishment of nucleated villages. It also profiles the village of Laxton as an example of a regulated medieval rural settlement that maintained open field agriculture into modern times. The class materials aim to outline factors shaping medieval rural landscapes and help students identify physical evidence that survives today.
Archaeology of East Midlands Class 2 Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on the early prehistory of the East Midlands region of England. It discusses the earliest human occupation of the region dating back to 450,000 years ago along the Bytham River. As the last ice age ended, the landscape changed dramatically with rising sea levels flooding Doggerland between Britain and continental Europe. The Late Upper Paleolithic period saw nomadic hunter-gatherers occupying caves like Creswell Crags. The Neolithic period saw the adoption of agriculture and construction of monuments like cursuses, henges, and long barrows. Notable archaeological sites from this time include Lismore Field settlement remains and the Bronze Age burial site at Lockington that
An Archaeology of the East Midlands, Class 5. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on the medieval countryside of the East Midlands. It discusses the landscape changes between 850-1100 CE that led to the shaping of the medieval landscape, including the development of manors, villages, open field systems, and castles. It then examines key themes in the medieval landscape such as rural settlement patterns, agriculture, and feudal structures. Finally, it provides the example of Laxton, a village that retains its medieval open field system, to illustrate these themes.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 4, Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
This class covered the origins and impact of Viking incursions and settlement in the East Midlands region. Key topics included Viking origins in Scandinavia, their raids and conquests in England beginning in the late 8th century, and evidence of Scandinavian settlement through archaeological remains, place names, and documents like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The class discussed the important Viking sites of Repton, where a mass grave from 873/874 was found, and Ingleby with its barrows, as well as other winter camp sites like Torksey that show the complexity of Viking-Anglo Saxon interactions in the region. Students were assigned to further research themes of medieval countryside development using an author's analysis of
The document summarizes a class on W.G. Hoskins and the making of the English landscape from the Tudor to Georgian periods. It discusses Hoskins' view of a rural idyll during this time and the critiques of his perspective, including evidence that challenges the idea of a single great rebuilding of rural dwellings. The class also covered using historic maps to understand landscape changes over time through map regression.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 7, Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
The document discusses the transition of the East Midlands region between 1500-1900, focusing on changes in towns and the countryside. It describes the rapid population growth and industrialization during this period, with evidence found through archaeology and documents. For example, enclosure movements transformed the rural landscape and are best shown through physical remains and maps. The rise of country houses and designed landscapes also reflected changes in social status and wealth.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 3, Beeston, Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document summarizes an archaeology class on cultural transitions in the East Midlands region of the UK from the Iron Age to the Dark Ages. The class covered the Iron Age landscape and society, the brief Roman occupation and its impact, and the debate around whether the post-Roman period represented a "Dark Age" or a return to an Iron Age culture. Key topics included Iron Age farming, settlements, and hillforts; the Roman establishment of towns and villas; and Anglo-Saxon migrations, burial practices, architecture like grubenhauser, and the emergence of kingdoms like Mercia.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 6, Beeston, Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on medieval towns in the East Midlands. It discusses:
1) Pre-conquest towns including those that existed before the Vikings, the five boroughs established by the Vikings, and reconquest towns built as fortifications against the Vikings.
2) Post-conquest towns, noting a lack of archaeological evidence for most due to limited excavation. It highlights evidence from Nottingham including its origins as an Anglo-Saxon fortification and its development as a Norman borough and in the late medieval period.
3) Map regression is introduced as a technique to rediscover town plans through overlaying historic maps. Examples are shown tracing Nottingham's walls and defenses over time.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 5, Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document summarizes an online class about the medieval countryside of the East Midlands. It discusses key periods and themes in the region's landscape development between 850-1500 CE, including the impact of Scandinavian settlement, the rise of manorialism and open field systems, and the establishment of nucleated villages. It also profiles the village of Laxton as an example of a regulated medieval rural settlement that maintained open field agriculture into modern times. The class materials aim to outline factors shaping medieval rural landscapes and help students identify physical evidence that survives today.
Archaeology of East Midlands Class 2 Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on the early prehistory of the East Midlands region of England. It discusses the earliest human occupation of the region dating back to 450,000 years ago along the Bytham River. As the last ice age ended, the landscape changed dramatically with rising sea levels flooding Doggerland between Britain and continental Europe. The Late Upper Paleolithic period saw nomadic hunter-gatherers occupying caves like Creswell Crags. The Neolithic period saw the adoption of agriculture and construction of monuments like cursuses, henges, and long barrows. Notable archaeological sites from this time include Lismore Field settlement remains and the Bronze Age burial site at Lockington that
An Archaeology of the East Midlands, Class 5. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on the medieval countryside of the East Midlands. It discusses the landscape changes between 850-1100 CE that led to the shaping of the medieval landscape, including the development of manors, villages, open field systems, and castles. It then examines key themes in the medieval landscape such as rural settlement patterns, agriculture, and feudal structures. Finally, it provides the example of Laxton, a village that retains its medieval open field system, to illustrate these themes.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 4, Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
This class covered the origins and impact of Viking incursions and settlement in the East Midlands region. Key topics included Viking origins in Scandinavia, their raids and conquests in England beginning in the late 8th century, and evidence of Scandinavian settlement through archaeological remains, place names, and documents like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The class discussed the important Viking sites of Repton, where a mass grave from 873/874 was found, and Ingleby with its barrows, as well as other winter camp sites like Torksey that show the complexity of Viking-Anglo Saxon interactions in the region. Students were assigned to further research themes of medieval countryside development using an author's analysis of
The document summarizes a class on W.G. Hoskins and the making of the English landscape from the Tudor to Georgian periods. It discusses Hoskins' view of a rural idyll during this time and the critiques of his perspective, including evidence that challenges the idea of a single great rebuilding of rural dwellings. The class also covered using historic maps to understand landscape changes over time through map regression.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 1 Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document outlines the syllabus for an archaeology course on the East Midlands region. The course will introduce students to what archaeology is, different theoretical approaches, and types of archaeological research. It will also cover the physical landscape and geology of the East Midlands region, particularly related to fluvial geoarchaeology along river valleys like the Trent Valley. The course aims to give students a broad understanding of human activity and culture in the East Midlands through time based on archaeological evidence.
Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 3. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document discusses an archaeology class on cultural transitions in the East Midlands from the Iron Age to the Dark Ages. The class covers the Late Iron Age landscape and society; the brief Roman occupation and influence; and the debate around whether the early post-Roman period represented a "Dark Age" or continuation of the Iron Age. Key points include the continuity of settlement patterns between these periods, the impact of Roman rule and decline, and the origins and material culture of Anglo-Saxon communities in England. Geophysical survey techniques like lidar, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar are also introduced for non-invasive archaeological prospection.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 2. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes an archaeology class on the early prehistory of the Midlands region. It discusses the earliest human occupation of the region dating back to hand axes from the Bytham River period. It also describes the landscape and environment during and after the last ice age, including the now submerged Doggerland region. The document then covers the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods in the Midlands, highlighting evidence of settlement, ceremonial monuments like cursus and henge sites, and burials, including a notable hoard found in a barrow at Lockington.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 6 Radcliffe, Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on medieval towns in the East Midlands. It discusses the archaeological evidence for pre-Conquest and post-Conquest towns. For pre-Conquest towns, it describes the limited evidence for early Saxon settlements and the five Danish-ruled boroughs. It also outlines the reconquest towns established after the Vikings. For post-Conquest towns, it focuses on the medieval development of Nottingham based on excavations, and discusses challenges in studying other towns due to limited excavations. Field archaeology techniques like map regression and interpreting earthworks are also covered.
The document provides an overview of the history of architecture from prehistoric times through the 20th century. It begins with prehistoric architecture such as menhirs and dolmens built from stone. It then outlines the architectures of ancient Near Eastern civilizations like Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Persia featuring ziggurats and palaces built primarily from mudbricks. Next it discusses Egyptian architecture including pyramids, temples and tombs constructed of stone to serve religious functions and ensure the afterlife.
The final presentation of the comprehensive architectural survey of Wythe County VA 2011-2013 with highlights of resources documented and recommendations
Males typically wore a simple knee-length tunic made of wool, while only male citizens could wear the formal toga. Freeborn women and freed women wore long tunics and respectable matrons wore a long sleeveless garment and cloak when outdoors. While clothing styles were similar across classes, poorer citizens and slaves wore lower quality fabrics and styles suited to their work. Women took pride in their appearance and wore jewelry, did their hair, and used cosmetics and perfumes.
The development of Sears Hill as a residential neighborhood took place in three phases that coincided with the growth of Staunton. The first was spurred in part, by its proximity to the major employers of the working and middle classes. Sears Hill is located immediately south of the C&O Railroad tracks and the commercial downtown area and a few blocks west of the original location of Western State Hospital.West Middlebrook Ave, Sears Hill Road and Robertson Street bound it on the west. It is bounded on the east by Greenville Avenue, on the north by the C&O Railroad tracks, and on the south by Gay Street.
Public buildings constructed after Pompeii became a Roman colony included temples, basilicas, fora, theatres, and amphitheatres. New buildings were initiated by duumviri and other prominent citizens to enhance their prestige. Temples honored Roman and Greek gods, as well as the Imperial cult. The main forum contained religious, commercial, and political buildings surrounded by statues. The large theatre seated 5,000, while the smaller Odeon seated 1,000. Herculaneum's theatre could seat 2,500. A palaestra provided facilities for exercise and youth activities.
Tikal was a major city of the ancient Maya civilization located in modern-day Guatemala. At its peak around 700 AD, Tikal had a population of over 55,000 people and dominated the region politically and culturally. The city contained numerous temples, palaces, and other structures laid out around large plazas. While initially abandoned around 900 AD, Tikal was rediscovered in the 19th century and has since undergone extensive archaeological excavation and restoration. Today it remains one of the largest and most impressive archaeological sites of the ancient Maya.
This document provides an outline and overview of Module 2 of an architecture history course covering prehistoric architecture. It discusses the historical background of the Early Stone Age and New Stone Age periods before 3000 BC. Key architectural characteristics of these civilizations included temporary shelters made of plant and animal materials in the Early Stone Age and mud brick dwellings and megalithic monuments like dolmen tombs and stone circles in the New Stone Age. Sites like Catal Huyuk are highlighted as examples of early permanent settlements featuring packed housing and ritual spaces.
This document outlines an architecture history course covering 8 modules that explore ancient civilizations and their architectural developments, including notable structures from Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indus Valley, Greek, Roman, and Meso-American cultures. It also provides background context on studying history and architecture history to understand how shelters and built forms have evolved over time. Assignments are included to analyze and sketch prehistoric settlements, structures, and cave paintings.
A wide-ranging talk on the development of housing from nomadic shelters to modern eco-housing whilst at the same time describing how this has profoundly affected human social culture moving from a nomadic lifestyle to agriculture and industry which requires land ownership, with the development of villages, towns and cities to high rise urban sprawl with its associated problems.
The document provides an overview of the history of architecture from prehistoric times through various styles and periods. It begins with a summary of prehistoric architecture such as megalithic structures like Stonehenge. It then discusses the Near East, including ziggurats and palaces of Mesopotamia and Persia. Next it covers Egyptian architecture defined by pharaonic rule and religion, with stone monuments and tombs like the pyramids serving as examples.
Regional variations in burial practices emerged in Neolithic Britain, with long barrows common in southern England and stone chambers in western Britain. Burial mounds were often located prominently overlooking settlements. Collective burials containing disarticulated remains suggested excarnation. Later, megalithic tombs with stone passages and chambers covered by mounds appeared in Ireland, Wales, Scotland. Beaker burials around 4700 years ago featured crouched inhumations under round barrows. Wealthier Bronze Age burials from around 4200 years ago contained continental-style grave goods indicating a warrior elite.
Massachusetts Continuing Education Course – 2 Credits. Discover the many varied and historical architectural styles and construction methods that were built here in New England. Join us as we explore the science and art of structural design.
The document provides an introduction to a course on the History of Architecture and the Built Environment. It discusses key concepts like what history and architecture are, and traces how architecture has changed over time in areas like building design and construction methods. The course will examine architectural developments in early civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley. It outlines a tentative teaching schedule and types of assignments students will complete, focusing on tracing architectural and structural changes from early shelters to modern structures.
3d. ethical issues the study of human remains2Leah Farr
The document discusses ethical issues surrounding the study and display of human remains from archaeological excavations. It notes that while study of remains can provide valuable scientific information, display may disrespect the deceased. The document also presents questions about policies for handling remains from Pompeii and Herculaneum excavations and whether bones should always be treated just as artifacts.
The social structure of Pompeii and Herculaneum consisted of different classes and groups. The local elite, such as Marcus Holconius Rufus, held political power and expressed their high status through patronage and public works. Freedmen, who made up a large part of the population, often worked in trades and commerce, though they maintained ties to their former masters. Women represented all classes in society and could gain status through electoral and religious roles, though they could not vote or hold political office. Archaeological and epigraphic evidence, such as dedications and graffiti, provide insights into the varied social roles and relationships between classes in the ancient Roman communities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Poster submitted to the Digital Literacies Conference, held at the University of Southampton, June 2012 (http://www.diglit.soton.ac.uk/conference/programme/). The SMiLE project took place during the CAA conference (http://caaconference.org/caa2012/).
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 1 Beeston Winter 2015Keith Challis
This document outlines the syllabus for an archaeology course on the East Midlands region. The course will introduce students to what archaeology is, different theoretical approaches, and types of archaeological research. It will also cover the physical landscape and geology of the East Midlands region, particularly related to fluvial geoarchaeology along river valleys like the Trent Valley. The course aims to give students a broad understanding of human activity and culture in the East Midlands through time based on archaeological evidence.
Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 3. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document discusses an archaeology class on cultural transitions in the East Midlands from the Iron Age to the Dark Ages. The class covers the Late Iron Age landscape and society; the brief Roman occupation and influence; and the debate around whether the early post-Roman period represented a "Dark Age" or continuation of the Iron Age. Key points include the continuity of settlement patterns between these periods, the impact of Roman rule and decline, and the origins and material culture of Anglo-Saxon communities in England. Geophysical survey techniques like lidar, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar are also introduced for non-invasive archaeological prospection.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands: Class 2. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes an archaeology class on the early prehistory of the Midlands region. It discusses the earliest human occupation of the region dating back to hand axes from the Bytham River period. It also describes the landscape and environment during and after the last ice age, including the now submerged Doggerland region. The document then covers the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods in the Midlands, highlighting evidence of settlement, ceremonial monuments like cursus and henge sites, and burials, including a notable hoard found in a barrow at Lockington.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 6 Radcliffe, Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes a class on medieval towns in the East Midlands. It discusses the archaeological evidence for pre-Conquest and post-Conquest towns. For pre-Conquest towns, it describes the limited evidence for early Saxon settlements and the five Danish-ruled boroughs. It also outlines the reconquest towns established after the Vikings. For post-Conquest towns, it focuses on the medieval development of Nottingham based on excavations, and discusses challenges in studying other towns due to limited excavations. Field archaeology techniques like map regression and interpreting earthworks are also covered.
The document provides an overview of the history of architecture from prehistoric times through the 20th century. It begins with prehistoric architecture such as menhirs and dolmens built from stone. It then outlines the architectures of ancient Near Eastern civilizations like Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Persia featuring ziggurats and palaces built primarily from mudbricks. Next it discusses Egyptian architecture including pyramids, temples and tombs constructed of stone to serve religious functions and ensure the afterlife.
The final presentation of the comprehensive architectural survey of Wythe County VA 2011-2013 with highlights of resources documented and recommendations
Males typically wore a simple knee-length tunic made of wool, while only male citizens could wear the formal toga. Freeborn women and freed women wore long tunics and respectable matrons wore a long sleeveless garment and cloak when outdoors. While clothing styles were similar across classes, poorer citizens and slaves wore lower quality fabrics and styles suited to their work. Women took pride in their appearance and wore jewelry, did their hair, and used cosmetics and perfumes.
The development of Sears Hill as a residential neighborhood took place in three phases that coincided with the growth of Staunton. The first was spurred in part, by its proximity to the major employers of the working and middle classes. Sears Hill is located immediately south of the C&O Railroad tracks and the commercial downtown area and a few blocks west of the original location of Western State Hospital.West Middlebrook Ave, Sears Hill Road and Robertson Street bound it on the west. It is bounded on the east by Greenville Avenue, on the north by the C&O Railroad tracks, and on the south by Gay Street.
Public buildings constructed after Pompeii became a Roman colony included temples, basilicas, fora, theatres, and amphitheatres. New buildings were initiated by duumviri and other prominent citizens to enhance their prestige. Temples honored Roman and Greek gods, as well as the Imperial cult. The main forum contained religious, commercial, and political buildings surrounded by statues. The large theatre seated 5,000, while the smaller Odeon seated 1,000. Herculaneum's theatre could seat 2,500. A palaestra provided facilities for exercise and youth activities.
Tikal was a major city of the ancient Maya civilization located in modern-day Guatemala. At its peak around 700 AD, Tikal had a population of over 55,000 people and dominated the region politically and culturally. The city contained numerous temples, palaces, and other structures laid out around large plazas. While initially abandoned around 900 AD, Tikal was rediscovered in the 19th century and has since undergone extensive archaeological excavation and restoration. Today it remains one of the largest and most impressive archaeological sites of the ancient Maya.
This document provides an outline and overview of Module 2 of an architecture history course covering prehistoric architecture. It discusses the historical background of the Early Stone Age and New Stone Age periods before 3000 BC. Key architectural characteristics of these civilizations included temporary shelters made of plant and animal materials in the Early Stone Age and mud brick dwellings and megalithic monuments like dolmen tombs and stone circles in the New Stone Age. Sites like Catal Huyuk are highlighted as examples of early permanent settlements featuring packed housing and ritual spaces.
This document outlines an architecture history course covering 8 modules that explore ancient civilizations and their architectural developments, including notable structures from Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indus Valley, Greek, Roman, and Meso-American cultures. It also provides background context on studying history and architecture history to understand how shelters and built forms have evolved over time. Assignments are included to analyze and sketch prehistoric settlements, structures, and cave paintings.
A wide-ranging talk on the development of housing from nomadic shelters to modern eco-housing whilst at the same time describing how this has profoundly affected human social culture moving from a nomadic lifestyle to agriculture and industry which requires land ownership, with the development of villages, towns and cities to high rise urban sprawl with its associated problems.
The document provides an overview of the history of architecture from prehistoric times through various styles and periods. It begins with a summary of prehistoric architecture such as megalithic structures like Stonehenge. It then discusses the Near East, including ziggurats and palaces of Mesopotamia and Persia. Next it covers Egyptian architecture defined by pharaonic rule and religion, with stone monuments and tombs like the pyramids serving as examples.
Regional variations in burial practices emerged in Neolithic Britain, with long barrows common in southern England and stone chambers in western Britain. Burial mounds were often located prominently overlooking settlements. Collective burials containing disarticulated remains suggested excarnation. Later, megalithic tombs with stone passages and chambers covered by mounds appeared in Ireland, Wales, Scotland. Beaker burials around 4700 years ago featured crouched inhumations under round barrows. Wealthier Bronze Age burials from around 4200 years ago contained continental-style grave goods indicating a warrior elite.
Massachusetts Continuing Education Course – 2 Credits. Discover the many varied and historical architectural styles and construction methods that were built here in New England. Join us as we explore the science and art of structural design.
The document provides an introduction to a course on the History of Architecture and the Built Environment. It discusses key concepts like what history and architecture are, and traces how architecture has changed over time in areas like building design and construction methods. The course will examine architectural developments in early civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley. It outlines a tentative teaching schedule and types of assignments students will complete, focusing on tracing architectural and structural changes from early shelters to modern structures.
3d. ethical issues the study of human remains2Leah Farr
The document discusses ethical issues surrounding the study and display of human remains from archaeological excavations. It notes that while study of remains can provide valuable scientific information, display may disrespect the deceased. The document also presents questions about policies for handling remains from Pompeii and Herculaneum excavations and whether bones should always be treated just as artifacts.
The social structure of Pompeii and Herculaneum consisted of different classes and groups. The local elite, such as Marcus Holconius Rufus, held political power and expressed their high status through patronage and public works. Freedmen, who made up a large part of the population, often worked in trades and commerce, though they maintained ties to their former masters. Women represented all classes in society and could gain status through electoral and religious roles, though they could not vote or hold political office. Archaeological and epigraphic evidence, such as dedications and graffiti, provide insights into the varied social roles and relationships between classes in the ancient Roman communities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Poster submitted to the Digital Literacies Conference, held at the University of Southampton, June 2012 (http://www.diglit.soton.ac.uk/conference/programme/). The SMiLE project took place during the CAA conference (http://caaconference.org/caa2012/).
The document discusses the United Irishmen rebellion from the late 18th century. It summarizes the key events leading up to the rebellion including the American and French Revolutions. It then describes the two failed French invasions of Ireland in 1796 and 1798 aimed at supporting the United Irishmen. Both attempts resulted in battles between the French and British navies in Bantry Bay, Ireland. The document concludes by noting that rebellions often occur in response to tyrannical powers.
Social Media for Reseachers #sotondiglitNicole Beale
Quick fire presentation presented at the Digital Literacies conference at the University of Southampton, 14th June 2012. Idea for a workshop to be held on the 4th July. http://www.diglit.soton.ac.uk/events/social-media-for-researchers/
"Goodness me archaeology is boring" the internet, micro-blogging and what we ...Keith Challis
On-line social networks provide a means for rapid communication between widely dispersed networks of people. The information generated by users of these networks provides an unfiltered snapshot of social mores and opinions at any point in time and is a hugely significant resource for those interested in human behaviour. Amongst social networking media the micro-blogging tool twitter is particularly noteworthy for functioning in near real-time and providing information on the spatial location of individuals at the point of posting. It thus becomes possible to reconstruct both social and spatial patterns of behaviours from an archive of users’ postings. In this paper we describe the development of a tool to harvest the geolocated tweets from users throughout the UK and the preliminary findings from analysis of some 1.87 million unique tweets collected over a 49 day period.
Archaeology of the East Midland Class 4: Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes an archaeology class covering the Angles, Saxons, and Vikings in the East Midlands region of England. The class discusses Viking origins and raids beginning in the 8th century AD. It also examines evidence of Scandinavian settlement through place names and artifacts. A key site discussed is Repton, where a Viking army overwintered in 873-874 AD, leaving behind a mass grave and nearby pagan burial ground. Geophysical survey techniques for investigating archaeological sites below the ground surface are also introduced.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands, Class 9. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This document summarizes an archaeology class on the East Midlands region of England. The class covered how the region's history and cultural heritage have shaped its identity. It discussed defining characteristics of the East Midlands, reviewed key topics taught in the class on the region's prehistory and history, and assessed student learning outcomes. The class aimed to help students understand how archaeology can provide insight into the unique history and culture of the East Midlands.
A lecture for the Public Archaeology course at UCL, 3/12/12
Links for all things mentioned are on the penultimate slide, it would mean far more with the text to go with it.
This document discusses how archaeology can illuminate the Bible. It begins by stating that archaeology helps illuminate why the Bible is reliable, rather than proving it. It discusses the role of biblical theology and biases in liberal scholarship. Key archaeological findings that correspond to the Bible are presented, such as Hittite treaties matching Deuteronomy and price of slaves matching Exodus. It addresses textual criticism of the Old and New Testaments. Overall, it argues that archaeology bears witness to the truthfulness of the Bible, though cannot prove it, and we should not be daunted by skeptical interpretations of evidence.
Old archaeology, processual archaeology and post processual archaelogyFrank Owusu Sakyi
This document outlines the development of different approaches to archaeology: Old Archaeology focused on descriptive cultural histories; Processual Archaeology developed as a scientific approach to study and explain cultural change through problem-oriented research and hypothesis testing; Post-Processual Archaeology reacted against Processual Archaeology's scientific approach by emphasizing meaning, human agency, multivocality, and the subjective nature of archaeological interpretation.
Bangles made from sea shell, copper, bronze, gold, agate, chalcedony etc have been excavated from multiple archaeological sites throughout India. A figurine of a dancing girl wearing bangles on her left arm has been excavated from Mohenjo-daro (2600 BC). Other early examples of bangles in India include copper samples from the excavations at Mahurjhari soon followed by the decorated bangles belonging to the Mauryan empire (322–185 BCE), and the gold bangle samples from the historic site of Taxila (6th century BCE). Bangles are rigid bracelets, usually from metal, wood, or plastic. They are traditional ornaments worn mostly by South Asian women in India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It is a common tradition to see a new bride wearing glass bangles at her wedding and the honeymoon will end when the last bangle breaks. Bangles also have a very traditional value in Hinduism and it is considered inauspicious to be bare armed for a married woman. Toddler to older woman could wear bangles based on the type of bangles. Bangles made of gold or silver are preferred for toddlers. Bangles are part of traditional Indian jewelery . They are usually worn in pairs by women, one or more on each arm. Most Indian women prefer wearing either gold or glass bangles or combination of both. Inexpensive bangles made from plastic are slowly replacing those made by glass, but the ones made of glass are still preferred at traditional occasions such as marriages and on festivals. With a rich tradition dating back centuries, gold bangles have a soft spot in the Indian culture. Dressing up on festivals, weddings, and other special occasions is incomplete without gold bangles adorned with diamonds, or other gemstones.
CAA2014 Community Archaeology and Technology: Create Once, Consume Anywhere: ...Nicole Beale
Michael Charno
Paper presented at Computer Applications in Archaeology Conference 2014, 22nd - 25th April 2014, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris as part of Session 12: Community Archaeology and Technology. Session organisers: Nicole Beale and Eleonora Gandolfi. Session blog: http://blog.soton.ac.uk/comarch/
Archaeological fakes are objects claimed to be much older than they actually are, and can misrepresent the past if unnoticed. The document discusses how clues like provenience, provenance, style, and materials analysis can suggest whether an artifact is authentic or a fake. It also provides examples of alleged fakes like the Mitchell-Hedges skull and Getty Kouros to illustrate how fakes can mislead people about history if their true origins are obscured.
This document discusses different patterns of subsistence including food collection, horticulture, pastoralism, intensive agriculture, and industrial agriculture. It notes that the Neolithic Revolution around 10,000 years ago involved the domestication of plants and animals in many regions independently. This enabled more control over food production. Key early domesticates included various grains, rice, potatoes, squash, maize, bananas, and animals like dogs, sheep, pigs, and cows. The document outlines trends associated with food production like increased sedentism, population growth, and risks, as well as social impacts. Horticulture involves small-scale subsistence farming without machinery. Pastoralism relies on animal products. Intensive agriculture permanently uses plots of land
Domestic archaeology examines how domestic spaces and habits have changed over time and what they reveal about social history. It analyzes the transition from public to private living spaces in Britain from medieval to modern times. While large social changes like industrialization drove some transformations, personal adaptations and revolutions also shaped domestic architecture as people modified homes to suit their needs. Houses thus manifest the personal, family, and social relationships that constitute domestic life.
CAA2014 Community Archaeology and Technology: Community archaeology and geoph...Nicole Beale
This document discusses the Sensing the Iron Age and Roman Past in Hertfordshire Project, which aimed to train community archaeologists in geophysical surveying techniques like magnetometry. The project partnered with various archaeological societies to survey several Iron Age and Roman sites in Hertfordshire, including Verulamium. Some key successes were the popular training course, effective surveys that added to knowledge of sites, and collaboration between groups. Ongoing goals include publishing survey results and conducting more site work. Challenges involve resources for precise georeferencing and logistics of multi-site surveys.
An Archaeology of the East Midlands Class 8. Radcliffe Autumn 2014Keith Challis
This class covered themes in industrial and early modern archaeology in the East Midlands region. It discussed the definition and origins of industrial archaeology, key primary industries like coal mining and lead extraction, and secondary industries such as iron/steel production and textiles. It also addressed themes of transport infrastructure including canals and railways, development of towns linked to industry, and the work of George Sanderson in mapping the industrial revolution.
The Indus Valley Civilization developed between 3300-1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, had populations over 5,000 and sophisticated urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, wells, and drainage systems. Residences had multiple rooms around a central courtyard and some included bathing areas. The civilization engaged in extensive regional trade, crafts like seal carving, and an early form of religion that some scholars link to later Hinduism and Buddhism.
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Impact of renaissance & industrial revolution on city forms & Concepts of utopiaAnoushka Tyagi
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History of Architecture-1.pdf History of Architecture-1.pdfSunFlower376736
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Urban farming has occurred in various forms throughout history. Some of the earliest cities like Catal-Hoyuk and Jericho grew crops outside dense settlements. Permanent crop-based settlements allowed for urbanization. Exceptions included oasis cities which could farm within walls due to protective deserts. Floating cities like Tenochtitlan farmed lakes. Modern public parks in the 18th century separated recreation from farming. The Garden City movement brought urban farming into cities in the late 19th century. State socialism increased urban farming in 20th century Eastern Europe. Recent high-tech methods include hydroponics and closed farms under artificial lights.
During the Industrial Revolution in Britain, new forms of transportation like canals, roads, and railways developed to transport goods more efficiently. This led factories and dense housing to cluster around transportation routes, creating unhealthy and overcrowded urban areas. Thinkers proposed utopian models to address these issues, including Robert Owen's planned industrial towns and J.S. Buckingham's proposals separating homes and factories with green space. Ebenezer Howard further developed the "Garden City" concept combining benefits of town and country life, with industry, commerce, and housing ringed by greenbelts. While utopian proposals aimed to improve living standards, most remained unbuilt and gridiron planning came to dominate expanding industrial cities.
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This document provides information about various places to visit in southern and western England. It describes attractions in several towns and cities, including Land's End, Truro, St. Austell, Marlborough, Barnstaple, Plymouth, Gloucester, Exeter, Tintagel, Salisbury, Lyme Regis, Yeovil, Forest of Dean, Dorchester, Bath, Bournemouth, Glastonbury, Basingstoke, Tunbridge Wells, Winchester, Isle of Wight, Guildford, Dover, Canterbury, Windsor, Portsmouth, Richmond, Orleans House Gallery, Chichester, Eastbourne, Newbury, Brighton, Oxford, St Albans, and Hastings.
The Vedic period in India began around 1500 BCE when Indo-European speaking people known as the Aryans migrated into the Indian subcontinent from Central Asia. They settled along the Indus and Gangetic plains and their culture is defined by the Vedic texts they produced including the Rig Veda. The Aryans practiced cattle herding and their society was divided into two periods - the Early Vedic period from 1500-1000 BCE and the later Vedic period from 1000-500 BCE. Major cities developed during this time along the Indus and Ganges rivers and Vedic culture and religion became dominant in North India.
This document provides background information on the typomorphological study of an area in southeast Tallinn, Estonia. It discusses the historical development of the urban form and land use in the area from the 17th century through the 19th century. Key points include:
- The area outside the city walls was originally used for agriculture but suburbs and gardens disappeared during wars.
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- In the 19th century after the city was demilitarized, the bastions and ravelins became parks and green spaces around the Old Town of Tallinn. Private landowners also
The document provides an overview of the origins and spread of the Industrial Revolution from the late 18th century to early 20th century. It began in Great Britain in the 1760s due to factors like agricultural revolution, growth in foreign trade, successful wars and conquests, and a stable government that favored trade. Key innovations included mechanized textile manufacturing, iron production, and steam power that transformed economies and living standards. The Industrial Revolution spread across Western Europe and North America in the following decades and transformed urban and industrial development through new iron and steel construction, factories, transportation networks, and planning of new industrial towns.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of urbanism and early human settlements. It discusses how early humans took shelter in caves for protection and resources. The invention of fire led to developments like cooking, pottery, and tools. Early permanent settlements arose around 8,000-10,000 years ago with the start of agriculture and animal domestication. This allowed for the rise of early river valley civilizations. The document then examines some notable early civilizations like the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and others, highlighting their urban planning approaches and structures. It also discusses the evolution of urban design from pre-industrial to post-industrial approaches.
Henge monuments are roughly circular structures enclosed by a ditch and embankment, dating back to 3000-1500 BC. The most common types have either a single entrance (Class I) or two opposing entrances (Class II). They typically contain an internal stone or timber circle and were used for ritual purposes like astronomical observation of solstices, as evident at sites like Stonehenge and Avebury. By 1500 BC, permanent settlements replaced monumental structures as the dominant form of human occupation.
5. Professor Chris Gerrard - Shapwick in LindisfarneDigVentures
This document summarizes an interview with archaeologist Mick Aston and discusses his archaeological work at Shapwick, England. It provides details on Aston's favorite music, books, films and hobbies. It also describes the archaeological techniques used at Shapwick such as field walking, geophysical surveying, test pits and excavation. The document discusses the landscape transformation around Shapwick from 800 AD to 1000 AD when a new village was established and an open field system was laid out.
The document discusses W.G. Hoskins' analysis of the impact of Parliamentary Enclosure on the English landscape from the 18th to 19th centuries, transforming open field systems into privately enclosed fields and farms, which Hoskins viewed nostalgically but was also a time of social upheaval as the landless poor lost access to common lands. The summary also presents more recent critiques that argue Hoskins overlooked the political dissent and social impacts of enclosure that impoverished many and concentrated land ownership.
Eclecticism was an architectural style in the late 19th century where elements from previous historical styles were combined to create new and original designs. Different eclectic styles incorporated elements from Gothic, Oriental, Beaux-Arts, Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, and Art Deco. The Garden City movement, led by Ebenezer Howard, promoted planned communities surrounded by greenbelts with separate areas for residences, industry, and agriculture. Two early examples were Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City in England. Radburn, New Jersey was an early garden city in America designed to separate vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
The Mesolithic settlers in Ireland arrived by boat and chose riverbanks, lakesides, and coastal locations for their settlements. They hunted wild pigs and birds and gathered nuts. Tools were made of stone, including flint and chert. The earliest settlements were probably covered by the sea. In the Neolithic period, people began farming and raising cattle, sheep, and goats. They cleared forests for fields and built permanent houses and monuments like court tombs, portal tombs, passage tombs, and wedge tombs for burials.
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This document discusses the history and development of aerial archaeology. It focuses on the contributions of Derrick Riley, a pioneer of aerial archaeology in Britain who discovered many new archaeological sites from the air in the 1970s and 80s. The document also explores the use of aerial photography, satellite imagery, lidar, and other aerial techniques to identify archaeological features from the sky or space that are not visible from the ground, and how these methods have transformed understanding of archaeological landscapes.
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I Remember When... Exploring landscape, narrative and time using computer games Keith Challis
Conventionally, digital presentations of heritage rely on static views, the fixed focus of pre-rendered computer animations, or relatively simple show and tell interactive experiences. The work described in this paper aims to approach the goal of "Virtual time travel" proposed by Ch'ng (2009) by using first person computer game software to generate the virtual world. In such a world users are free to explore virtual space and time, creating their own links and meanings. This paper explores the experience gained in the design of several experimental microgames: Imagining the Stones, an exploration of an idealized landscape around Stonehenge; Capture the Castle, a free-form exploration of the earthwork remains of a medieval motte and bailey castle, generated from community-led fieldwork and Now and England a game-based meditation on the landscape and text of Little Gidding, the concluding poem of T.S. Eliot's Four Quartets
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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9
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Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
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An Archaeology of the East Midlands. Class 7 Radcliffe Autumn 2014
1. An Archaeology of the
East Midlands
Class 7: The East Midlands, 1500-1900
Tutor: Keith Challis
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
2. Recap: Last Week
• Pre-Conquest Towns
–Towns Before the Vikings
– The Five Boroughs
– Reconquest Towns and Burhs in Mercia
• Post Conquest Towns
–Medieval Nottingham
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
3. Class Summary
• Transitions (Discussion)
• The Countryside
• Coffee Break
• Reading the Landscape, Fieldwork and
Documents in Medieval and Post Medieval
Landscape Archaeology
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
5. Post Medieval Archaeology
• The period of transition from the feudal to
the modern industrial world
• Birth of modern rural landscape
(enclosure)
• Industrialisation of countryside and town
• Rapid population growth (doubles
between 1540 and 1650)
• Increase in the landless poor
• For most growing standard of living – birth
of middle class artisan / yeoman farmer
• East Midlands a modern political
construct – not always a useful way of
looking at this period
• Mixture of rich agricultural land, wood-pasture,
upland and proto-industry
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
6. Post Medieval Archaeology
• Complexity of an often ignored
archaeological record
• “Recent disturbance” treated with the
contempt reserved for the familiar!
• New building techniques lead to
reduction in build up of stratified urban
deposits post c 1300
• Many surviving vernacular buildings
(often unrecognised)
• Physical remains in landscape
(superficially timeless, but constant
attrition)
• High quality documentary resource
including maps
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
7. Transitions
Discussion
• What changes overtook the East Midlands in the period 1600-1900?
Think about broad changes affecting towns and the countryside and in
particular how each are best evidenced (by archaeology or by
documentary history?)
Can you come up with one solid example of significant change
(enclosure/industrial growth/population movement, etc.) that is
evidenced best by archaeology?
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
8. Transitions
Urban Transitions
• Rising urban population leads to infilling
of spaces in Medieval towns – slum
creation
• Little study of urban poor
• Increasing industrialisation of towns
• No single town dominated EM
• Varying character – eg Nottingham
constrained by surrounding fields but x3
population between 1600 and 1739
Knob Yard, Narrow Marsh, Nottingham,
1914 by T.W. Hammond
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
9. Transitions
Industrial Innovation
• EM at heart of industrial revolution
• Iron, coal, lead, textiles regionally
important
• Earliest industry part of a dual
economy mixing agriculture and
industry – small scale, rural based
• Growth in demand leads to
industrialisation, creation of mills and
factories
• Transition from Charcoal Iron to
Coke fired furnaces increased
exploitation of E Mids Coal field
Coalbrookdale by Night by Philip James de Loutherbourg
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
10. Transitions
Agricultural Change
• Gradual change in agrarian
economy
• Regionalisation – experimentation
with new crops, drainage, water
meadows, enclosure – initially
through amalgamation of holdings
• Abandonments of rural
settlements 1450-85, 1504-09
• Growing social stratification and
landless poor
• Squatting
• Origins of mechanised agriculture
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
29. The Countryside
The Country House
• “Landscapes of display” – twin
elements of house and park
• Origins in opportunities created by
Dissolution and Sale of Royal Forest
for wealth landowners to acquire
large estates
• “Old gentry” built manor houses at
heart of manor, usually in villages
• “New” great houses built in isolation
on newly acquired rural estates
• Fashion for large parks and gardens
lead to forced relocation of villages
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
Wollaton Hall and Park by Jan Siberechts
30. The Countryside
The Country House
• Both houses and parks not static but in
constant state of change
• Archaeological and architectural study
reveals their development
• In general evolution from Tudor houses
(superseding obsolete castles) either
manorial or on post-Dissolution estates
• Elizabethan designed houses (Hardwick,
Longleat, Wollaton, etc.)
• Inigo Jones Palladianism – venetian neo-classical
style with porticos and other
classical features
• 18th century Baroque and Neoclassical
• 19th century industrial wealth and
revivalist styles
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
31. The Countryside
The Country House
• Garden designs change
from Tudor formal, regular
gardens to sweeping
landscape vistas and
pseudo naturalism of
Capability Brown
• All required land, huge
expenditure in time, effort
and money
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
33. Hardwick
• A rare largely intact 16th century
great house and 17th century
landscape park
• Estate origins lay in 400 acres of
land owned by John Hardwick (d
1507) around Hardwick
• James Hardwick (d 1581)
purchased land to enlarge the
estate and created the first park
between 1547 and 1570
• He died bankrupt in 1581 and
the estate went into receivership
G. Gardner. Hardwick from the East 1800
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
34. Hardwick
• James’s daughter, Elisabeth
(Bess) although of modest birth
acquired wealth (including
recovering the Hardwick estate)
and land through a series of
advantageous marriages
• Her final marriage to George
Talbot (Earl of Shrewsbury) was
difficult
• Bess developed Hardwick as an
insurance policy for her and her
sons given the precarious nature
of her marriage to George
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
36. Hardwick
• Old Hall. Built 1587 – 91. Essentially a late medieval
great house, but with innovative architectural features and
impressive interior decoration. Parts (south and west
walls) pre-date Bess’s building work and may be part of an
earlier house
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
37. Hardwick
• New Hall, built following
the death of George (Bess
became very wealthy!)
• Designed by Robert
Smythson and built
between 1591 and 1597
• Its design symbolised
Bess’s wealth and status
• It was architecturally
innovative, for example
including unprecedented
sizes and numbers of
windows
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
38. Hardwick
• After Bess’s death in 1608 her son Henry
inherited and after his death in 1616 William, who
was created First Earl of Devonshire in 1618
• By the mid 17th century Chatsworth had become
the principal residence of the Devonshires
although Hardwick was still used and extensive
works done on the Park
• The 4th Earl rebuilt Chatsworth and landscapes
the park there – after 1700 Hardwick was rarely
lived in although the house an park were kept up
and much of the park let for grazing
• The 6th Duke (d 1858) improved the house and
estate and the 7th Duke developed it as a hunting
and sporting estate
• After the death of the 9th Duke in 1938 Hardwick
was used as a Dower House for Evelyn, his
widow, who lived there until her death in 1960
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
40. Section 3: Reading the Landscape, Fieldwork
and Documents in Medieval and Post Medieval
Landscape Archaeology
41. • Earthworks
• Artefacts
• Field shapes and boundaries
• Vegetation
• Rivers and waterways
• Tracks, roads and routeways
• Settlement plans
• Standing buildings
• Place names……
Fieldwork
Evidence
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
42. Earthworks
• Earthworks are amongst the most commonly studied
sources of information for non-invasive fieldwork.
• Can provide a great deal of information on the past use
and development of the landscape.
• But, need care to differentiate between naturally created
landforms (e.g. glacial moraines), modern land use (e.g.
road quarry pits) and cultural archaeological earthworks.
• Also, differentiating between archaeological site types
based solely on earthwork remains can be risky – some
monuments will be evidenced by the same earthwork
appearance. For example, a circular mound could
plausibly relate to a prehistoric barrow, a medieval
defensive earthwork, a windmill mound, a post-medieval
viewing platform or a 20th century military gun
emplacement.
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
43. Earthworks
• The identification and interpretation
of earthworks requires an
understanding of all types of
archaeological monuments, as well
as those resulting from other non-archaeological
practices.
• There are useful books to help in the
interpretation (e.g. Aston 1985,
Bowden 1999, Muir 2000, Ordnance
Survey 1963…..).
• Another important consideration is
that although areas of earthworks
may appear homogenous on the
ground today, they may in fact date
from a range of periods and
functions.
• ‘ The present view is like looking at
the stars – in one view many ages
are seen.’ (Aston 1985, 15).
After: Williamson 2002, p24
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
44. Earthworks
• As well as interpretation of date and function
based on morphological description, it is
also sometimes possible to construct
relative chronologies by analysing the
stratigraphic relationship between different
features.
• Vertical stratigraphy relies on the clear and
accurate identification of discrete earthwork
features, as well as their chronological
interrelationships.
• Horizontal stratigraphy is often less clearly
perceptible, in that it relies on there being
well defined differences between, for
example, the core nucleus of a settlement
site and later adjacent elements of a
different form, scale or angle.
• Deciphering the detailed relationships
between earthworks in this manner often
requires the use of site survey or aerial
After: Bowden 1999, fig 35 photography.
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
45. Field shapes and boundaries
• The shape of a field or property boundary
can be determined by a range of factors, for
example:
– Agricultural regime
– Topography
– Economy
– Soil quality
– Social hierarchy + control
• In many cases the shape of a field can lead
to a preliminary interpretation of date. For
example, complex coaxial networks are
often prehistoric, small irregular fields were
often created through the piecemeal
assarting of woodland or intake of common
land…
• Other forms of enclosures should be
considered – e.g. park boundaries.
After: Muir 2002, map 3.7 east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
46. Hedges and Walls
• As well as the shape of the fields themselves, the
form, composition and construction of their boundaries
can provide important information.
• The availability of resources and suitability of the soils
dictates a considerable amount of the regional
variation in the distribution, although lots of other
contributing factors.
• Hedges are able to not only act as barriers in the
landscape but also to provide a regular supply of
wood.
• Drystone walling can be established in areas where
hedges would not survive due to poor soils and
exposure to wind.
• Should also consider boundary features can be aimed
at defining a border rather than an enclosure, for
example Offa’s Dyke or Hadrian’s Wall.
After: Williamson 2002, p104
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
47. • The ecologist Max Hooper suggested in the 1960s that the
character and plant diversity of a hedge could be used to
provide information on the date of the boundary.
• He came up with a simplified equation that claimed that
the age could be calculated by counting the number of
species within a 30-yard length of a hedge and multiplying
this figure by 100 (e.g. 5 species = 500 years old) (the
‘Hooper hypothesis’).
• Based on assumption that hedges acquire new species
over time at a gradual but fairly constant rate.
• But, the technique only provides a margin of error of 200
years either way (therefore the example above could date
from 1300-1700 AD).
• And there are a number of significant problems with the
theory behind the approach itself. For example, records
show that many hedges were planted as multi-species
boundaries at the outset. Also, species can be lost from
hedges over time – for example Elms can displace existing
species and even eventually create a single species
hedge.
• But not completely useless – can look at species
composition to understand past landscapes (‘indicator
species’ can show woodland edge hedges). Need to
consider regional/local context.
Dating
Hedges?
After: Williamson 2002, p11
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
48. Dating
Walls?
‘Wall-to-Wall History’
Richard Hodges
examination of Roystone
Grange in Derbyshire
included the creation of a
typology of drystone
walling, checked through
construction method,
association with other
cultural features or
excavation.
1 2
3 4 5
49. Ecology and
Vegetation
• ‘Plants and animals do not enter into the
story merely as part of the environment,
as scenery in the theatre of landscape.
They are actors in the play; each has its
own character, which needs to be
understood.’ (Rackham, 2000).
• As this quote from Rackham suggests, a
thorough understanding of ecology
allows a deep understanding of the
nature and development of a landscape.
• Factors to consider are the distribution,
nature and species composition of:
woodland/wood-pasture, indicators of
tree management, fields and their
boundaries, grassland, heathland, moors
and water bodies.
• An excellent reference for understanding
historical ecology is Oliver Rackham’s
‘History of the Countryside’.
After: Rackham 2000 east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
50. Ecology and Vegetation
• Calculating the age of ancient trees is
problematic, especially since they are
often hollow so the oldest wood is not
available for dendrochronology or C-14
dating.
• A crude formula for calculating age is that
free-standing timber trees (especially
oaks) gain approximately 2cm of
circumference each year of growth.
• But also have to take account of a wide
range of factors, such as competition with
other plants, species, climate and effects
of management strategies such as
pollarding (reduces growth rate).
After: Muir 2001
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
51. Vegetation
changes as
archaeological
indicators
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
52. Structures and Buildings
• Standing buildings / structures
• Partially extant structures (e.g.
foundations)
• Footprints and earthworks (e.g.
hut platforms)
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
53. Surface finds
• On ploughed arable land there is often a good chance of
finding artefacts. Pasture is obviously not usually suited.
• The distribution of the finds can then be used to give an
impression of the subsurface archaeology. Isolated artefacts
likely to result from domestic refuse material scattered as
manure, dense concentrations suggest potential
occupation?
• The ideal conditions are following rainfall and in winter when
the vegetation/crop is low and have not started growing.
• Factors to consider include:
– Method of collection (systematic or random)?
– Positioning of artefacts?
– What type of artefacts are likely to survive local soil
conditions?
– Crop type and growth.
– Depth of ploughing and time since ploughing
– Colour of soil
– Degree of movement from original location (i.e. not in
situ finds but by how much?)
• It is important to remember that the presence of artefacts
within topsoil or on the ground surface almost certainly
means that the archaeology is being eroded.
east-midlands-archaeology.blogspot.co.uk
54. Further Study
Assignment
Take a look at Marilyn Palmer’s paper on
the Leicester Framework Knitters.
Can you summarise the developments in
this industry from the 18th to 19th centuries
How did the industry change over this
period? What drove the changes? What is
the nature of the evidence?
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