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10 operational amplifiers
1.
Chapter 10: Operational Amplifiers
2.
Basic OpBasic OpBasic
OpBasic OpBasic OpBasic OpBasic OpBasic Op--------AmpAmpAmpAmpAmpAmpAmpAmp Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential amplifier with a high input impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100 ΩΩΩΩ). Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output. 22
3.
OpOpOpOpOpOpOpOp--------Amp GainAmp GainAmp
GainAmp GainAmp GainAmp GainAmp GainAmp Gain Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be connected open-loop or closed-loop. •• OpenOpen--looploop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback from output back to the input. In the open-loop configuration the gain can exceed 10,000. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky the gain can exceed 10,000. •• ClosedClosed--looploop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control the gain of an op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a negative feedback. A negative feedbacknegative feedback reduces the gain and improves many characteristics of the op-amp. 33
4.
Inverting OpInverting OpInverting
OpInverting OpInverting OpInverting OpInverting OpInverting Op--------AmpAmpAmpAmpAmpAmpAmpAmp Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky • The signal input is applied to theThe signal input is applied to theThe signal input is applied to theThe signal input is applied to the inverting (inverting (inverting (inverting (inverting (inverting (inverting (inverting (––––––––) input) input) input) input) input) input) input) input • TheTheTheThe nonnonnonnonnonnonnonnon--------inverting input (+)inverting input (+)inverting input (+)inverting input (+)inverting input (+)inverting input (+)inverting input (+)inverting input (+) is groundedis groundedis groundedis grounded • The resistor RThe resistor RThe resistor RThe resistor Rffff is theis theis theis the feedback resistorfeedback resistorfeedback resistorfeedback resistorfeedback resistorfeedback resistorfeedback resistorfeedback resistor. I. I. I. It is connected from thet is connected from thet is connected from thet is connected from the output to the negative (inverting) input. This isoutput to the negative (inverting) input. This isoutput to the negative (inverting) input. This isoutput to the negative (inverting) input. This is negative feedbacknegative feedbacknegative feedbacknegative feedbacknegative feedbacknegative feedbacknegative feedbacknegative feedback.... 44
5.
Inverting OpInverting OpInverting
OpInverting OpInverting OpInverting OpInverting OpInverting Op--------Amp GainAmp GainAmp GainAmp GainAmp GainAmp GainAmp GainAmp Gain Gain can be determined from external resistors: Rf and R1 Unity gain—voltage gain is 1 1 f i o v R R V V A ======== RR 1f ==== Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky The negative sign denotes a 180°°°° phase shift between input and output. 1 R R A RR 1 f v 1f −−−−==== −−−− ==== ==== Constant Gain—Rf is a multiple of R1 55
6.
Virtual GroundVirtual GroundVirtual
GroundVirtual GroundVirtual GroundVirtual GroundVirtual GroundVirtual Ground An understanding of the concept of virtual groundvirtual ground provides a better understanding of how an op- amp operates. The non-inverting input pin is at ground. The inverting input pin is also at 0 V for an AC Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky pin is also at 0 V for an AC signal. The op-amp has such high input impedance that even with a high gain there is no current from inverting input pin, therefore there is no voltage from inverting pin to ground—all of the current is through Rf. 66
7.
Practical OpPractical OpPractical
OpPractical OpPractical OpPractical OpPractical OpPractical Op--------Amp CircuitsAmp CircuitsAmp CircuitsAmp CircuitsAmp CircuitsAmp CircuitsAmp CircuitsAmp Circuits Inverting amplifierInverting amplifierInverting amplifierInverting amplifierInverting amplifierInverting amplifierInverting amplifierInverting amplifier Noninverting amplifierNoninverting amplifierNoninverting amplifierNoninverting amplifierNoninverting amplifierNoninverting amplifierNoninverting amplifierNoninverting amplifier Unity followerUnity followerUnity followerUnity followerUnity followerUnity followerUnity followerUnity follower Summing amplifierSumming amplifierSumming amplifierSumming amplifierSumming amplifierSumming amplifierSumming amplifierSumming amplifier IntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegrator Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky IntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegrator DifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiator 77
8.
Inverting/Noninverting OpInverting/Noninverting OpInverting/Noninverting
OpInverting/Noninverting OpInverting/Noninverting OpInverting/Noninverting OpInverting/Noninverting OpInverting/Noninverting Op--------AmpsAmpsAmpsAmpsAmpsAmpsAmpsAmps 1 1 f o V R R V −−−− ==== Inverting AmplifierInverting Amplifier Noninverting AmplifierNoninverting Amplifier 1 1 f o V) R R 1(V ++++==== Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 88
9.
Unity FollowerUnity FollowerUnity
FollowerUnity FollowerUnity FollowerUnity FollowerUnity FollowerUnity Follower 1o VV ==== Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 99
10.
Summing AmplifierSumming AmplifierSumming
AmplifierSumming AmplifierSumming AmplifierSumming AmplifierSumming AmplifierSumming Amplifier Because the op-amp has a high input impedance, the multiple inputs are treated as separate inputs. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky ++++++++−−−−==== 3 3 f 2 2 f 1 1 f o V R R V R R V R R V 1010
11.
IntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegratorIntegrator The output is
the integral of the input. Integration is the operation of summing the area under a waveform or curve over a period of time. This circuit is useful in low- Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky circuit is useful in low- pass filter circuits and sensor conditioning circuits. ∫∫∫∫−−−−==== (t)dtv RC 1 (t)v 1o 1111
12.
DifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiatorDifferentiator The differentiator takes the
derivative of the input. This circuit is useful in high-pass filter circuits. (t)dv1 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky dt (t)dv RC(t)v 1 o −−−−==== 1212
13.
OpOpOpOpOpOpOpOp--------Amp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp
SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp Specifications————————DC OffsetDC OffsetDC OffsetDC OffsetDC OffsetDC OffsetDC OffsetDC Offset ParametersParametersParametersParametersParametersParametersParametersParameters • Input offset voltageInput offset voltageInput offset voltageInput offset voltage • Input offset currentInput offset currentInput offset currentInput offset current Even when the input voltage is zero, there can be an output offsetoffset. The following can cause this offset: Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky • Input offset currentInput offset currentInput offset currentInput offset current • Input offset voltageInput offset voltageInput offset voltageInput offset voltage andandandand input offset currentinput offset currentinput offset currentinput offset current • Input bias currentInput bias currentInput bias currentInput bias current 1313
14.
Input Offset Voltage
(VInput Offset Voltage (VInput Offset Voltage (VInput Offset Voltage (VInput Offset Voltage (VInput Offset Voltage (VInput Offset Voltage (VInput Offset Voltage (VIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIO)))))))) The specification sheet for an opThe specification sheet for an opThe specification sheet for an opThe specification sheet for an op----ampampampamp indicate an input offset voltage (Vindicate an input offset voltage (Vindicate an input offset voltage (Vindicate an input offset voltage (VIOIOIOIO).).).). The effect of this input offset voltage on theThe effect of this input offset voltage on theThe effect of this input offset voltage on theThe effect of this input offset voltage on the output can be calculated withoutput can be calculated withoutput can be calculated withoutput can be calculated with f1 IOo(offset) RR VV ++++ ==== Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 1 f1 IOo(offset) R RR VV ++++ ==== 1414
15.
Output Offset Voltage
Due to InputOutput Offset Voltage Due to InputOutput Offset Voltage Due to InputOutput Offset Voltage Due to InputOutput Offset Voltage Due to InputOutput Offset Voltage Due to InputOutput Offset Voltage Due to InputOutput Offset Voltage Due to Input Offset Current (IOffset Current (IOffset Current (IOffset Current (IOffset Current (IOffset Current (IOffset Current (IOffset Current (IIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIO)))))))) • The input offset Current (IThe input offset Current (IThe input offset Current (IThe input offset Current (IIOIOIOIO) is specified in the) is specified in the) is specified in the) is specified in the specifications for the opspecifications for the opspecifications for the opspecifications for the op----amp.amp.amp.amp. • The effect on the output can be calculated using:The effect on the output can be calculated using:The effect on the output can be calculated using:The effect on the output can be calculated using: If there is a difference between the dc bias currents for the same applied input, then this also causes an output offset voltage: Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky • The effect on the output can be calculated using:The effect on the output can be calculated using:The effect on the output can be calculated using:The effect on the output can be calculated using: fIO)Itodueo(offset RIV IO ==== 1515
16.
Total Offset Due
to VTotal Offset Due to VTotal Offset Due to VTotal Offset Due to VTotal Offset Due to VTotal Offset Due to VTotal Offset Due to VTotal Offset Due to VIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIO and Iand Iand Iand Iand Iand Iand Iand IIOIOIOIOIOIOIOIO Op-amps may have an output offset voltage due to both factors VIO and IIO. The total output offset voltage will be the sum of the effects of both: )Itodue(offsetV)Vtodue(offsetV(offset)V IOoIOoo += Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 1616
17.
Input Bias Current
(IInput Bias Current (IInput Bias Current (IInput Bias Current (IInput Bias Current (IInput Bias Current (IInput Bias Current (IInput Bias Current (IIBIBIBIBIBIBIBIB)))))))) A parameter that is related to input offset current (IIO) is called input bias currentinput bias current (IIB) The separate input bias currents are: 2 I II IO IBIB +=+ 2 I II IO IBIB −=− Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky The total input bias current is the average: 2 II I IBIB IB ++++−−−− ++++ ==== 1717
18.
An op-amp is
a wide-bandwidth amplifier. The following affect the bandwidth of the op-amp: • Gain • Slew rate Frequency ParametersFrequency ParametersFrequency ParametersFrequency ParametersFrequency ParametersFrequency ParametersFrequency ParametersFrequency Parameters Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 1818
19.
Gain and BandwidthGain
and BandwidthGain and BandwidthGain and BandwidthGain and BandwidthGain and BandwidthGain and BandwidthGain and Bandwidth The op-amp’s high frequency response is limited by internal circuitry. The plot shown is for an open loop gain (AOL or AVD). This means that the op-amp is operating at the highest possible gain Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky at the highest possible gain with no feedback resistor. In the open loop, the op-amp has a narrow bandwidth. The bandwidth widens in closed- loop operation, but then the gain is lower. 1919
20.
Slew Rate (SR)Slew
Rate (SR)Slew Rate (SR)Slew Rate (SR)Slew Rate (SR)Slew Rate (SR)Slew Rate (SR)Slew Rate (SR) Slew rate (SR)Slew rate (SR) is the maximum rate at which an op-amp can change output without distortion. s)V/(in ∆V SR o µ= Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky The SR rating is givenThe SR rating is givenThe SR rating is givenThe SR rating is given in the specificationin the specificationin the specificationin the specification sheets as V/sheets as V/sheets as V/sheets as V/µµµµs rating.s rating.s rating.s rating. s)V/(in ∆t ∆V SR o µ= 2020
21.
Maximum Signal FrequencyMaximum
Signal FrequencyMaximum Signal FrequencyMaximum Signal FrequencyMaximum Signal FrequencyMaximum Signal FrequencyMaximum Signal FrequencyMaximum Signal Frequency The slew rate determines the highest frequency of the op-amp without distortion. pVπ2 SR f ≤≤≤≤ Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky where VP is the peak voltage 2121
22.
General OpGeneral OpGeneral
OpGeneral OpGeneral OpGeneral OpGeneral OpGeneral Op--------Amp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp SpecificationsAmp Specifications Other ratings for op-amp found on specification sheets are: • Absolute Ratings • Electrical Characteristics • Performance Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky • Performance 2222
23.
Absolute RatingsAbsolute RatingsAbsolute
RatingsAbsolute RatingsAbsolute RatingsAbsolute RatingsAbsolute RatingsAbsolute Ratings These are common maximum ratings for the op-amp. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky 2323
24.
Electrical CharacteristicsElectrical CharacteristicsElectrical
CharacteristicsElectrical CharacteristicsElectrical CharacteristicsElectrical CharacteristicsElectrical CharacteristicsElectrical Characteristics Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Note: These ratings are for specific circuit conditions, and they often include minimum, maximum and typical values. 2424
25.
CMRRCMRRCMRRCMRRCMRRCMRRCMRRCMRR One rating that
is unique to op-amps is CMRR or commoncommon--modemode rejection ratiorejection ratio. Because the op-amp has two inputs that are opposite in phase (inverting input and the non-inverting input) any signal that is common to both inputs will be cancelled. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky Op-amp CMRR is a measure of the ability to cancel out common-mode signals. 2525
26.
OpOpOpOpOpOpOpOp--------Amp PerformanceAmp PerformanceAmp
PerformanceAmp PerformanceAmp PerformanceAmp PerformanceAmp PerformanceAmp Performance The specification sheets will also include graphs that indicate the performance of the op-amp over Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All rights reserved. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky performance of the op-amp over a wide range of conditions. 2626
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