Grade 9 - Sense Organs
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The document describes the main parts of the human ear and their functions. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them through the ear canal to the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates and transfers the vibrations through the ossicles to the oval window. This causes vibrations in the cochlea, which relays signals through the auditory nerve to the brain, allowing us to hear. The inner ear also contains semicircular canals that provide our sense of balance.
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3. Models of population growth are discussed, including exponential and logistic growth curves, and the concept of carrying capacity is introduced as the maximum population size supported by available resources.
Grade 8 INTRA - Nutrition
This document discusses different types of nutrients including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. It provides details on deficiencies that can occur from a lack of specific nutrients such as protein deficiency and vitamin C deficiency. Sources of various vitamins and minerals are mentioned including vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and iron. The roles of different nutrients in the body are summarized such as carbohydrates providing glucose and fats comprising fatty acids and glycerol. Food tests for identifying starches, glucose, proteins and fats are briefly outlined. Homework is assigned to be collected the following week.
Grade 8 - Respiratory System
This document describes the key parts and functions of the human respiratory system. It explains that air enters through the nose, where nasal hairs and mucus trap dust and pollutants. The air is warmed and humidified before passing through the pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles to reach the alveoli in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide is released. The lungs and chest cavity are lined by pleura and breathing is facilitated by the diaphragm. The respiratory and digestive systems work together to provide oxygen and glucose for cellular respiration. Some common respiratory disorders are also outlined.
Grade 8 - Nutrition
This document categorizes vitamins and minerals into water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. It provides examples of the roles of specific vitamins and minerals, such as vitamin C increasing endurance, vitamin D preventing rickets, calcium being important for bone formation, and iron being important for red blood cell production and preventing anemia. It also lists examples of macroelements, microelements, and nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that the body needs.
Grade 8 - Digestive System
The document discusses the human digestive system and digestion process. It lists the major organs of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. It describes mechanical digestion as chewing with teeth and swallowing with the esophagus, and chemical digestion as breaking down food with saliva, stomach enzymes, and bile. The document also briefly mentions types of teeth and some common digestive issues.
Grade 7 - Classification of Organism
This document outlines the taxonomic hierarchy used in biology to classify organisms from the broadest to most specific levels, including Kingdom, Division/Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. It notes this taxonomic classification system is used to make it easier to identify, compare, and study organisms in a systematic way.
Grade 7 - Characteristic of Organism
This document outlines 6 key characteristics of organisms: 1) nutrition, 2) excretion, 3) respiration, 4) movement, 5) irritability, and 6) growth and development. It provides details about each characteristic, such as that nutrition is the need for food, excretion is producing waste residues that must be removed, and respiration uses oxygen and glucose to release energy through the production of carbon dioxide and water. The document also lists examples of different types of organisms and whether they do or do not possess each characteristic.
Grade 7 - 5 Kingdoms
The document lists different kingdoms and domains that organisms belong to, including Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. It mentions bacteria, cyanobacteria, protozoa, algae, slime mold, bryophyta, pterydophyta, spermatophyta, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The kingdoms and domains are repeated throughout the document in different orders without further detail about each organism classification.
Grade 11 - Transport in Animals
This document is very short and does not contain enough contextual information to generate a meaningful 3 sentence summary. The document contains only one word: "awan".
Grade 11 - Genetic Control
The document describes three types of DNA replication: semiconservative, conservative, and dispersive. Semiconservative replication produces two copies where each copy contains one original strand and one new strand. Conservative replication produces copies made of entirely new strands. Dispersive replication produces two copies where each copy contains regions of both original and new strands.
Grade 11 - Gas Exchange and Smoking
The document discusses the harmful effects of smoking on lung health. It describes the basic lung structure including the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. Smoking exposes the lungs to toxic substances like tar, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and nicotine. These can damage lung tissue and lead to diseases like lung cancer, emphysema and bronchitis. The document also discusses methods to quit smoking and the health benefits of doing so.
Grade 11 - Coronary Hearth Disease (CHD)
Coronary heart disease (CHD) affects over 7 million Americans and is the leading cause of death in the US, killing over 500,000 people each year. It is caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis. Major risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and stress. Smoking significantly increases the risk of CHD by damaging blood vessels and lowering HDL cholesterol levels. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through diet, exercise, weight control, and avoiding smoking can help prevent and manage CHD.
Grade 10 - Fungi
1. The document discusses the different types of sexual spores produced by fungi, including zoospores, zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores.
2. It provides examples of fungi from the phyla Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Deuteromycota.
3. The document also covers lichens, mycorrhizal associations between fungi and plant roots, and different types of mycorrhizal associations.
Grade 10 - Food chains, Food web and Food supply
This document is very short and does not contain enough contextual information to generate a meaningful 3 sentence summary. The document contains only one word: "awan".
Grade 10 - Birth Control
This document discusses different types of contraception methods including natural, chemical, mechanical, and surgical options. Natural methods include abstinence and the rhythm method. Chemical methods involve contraceptive pills and spermicides. Mechanical options consist of condoms, diaphragms, femidoms, and IUDs. Surgical contraception is limited to vasectomies and tubectomies. Each method is briefly described in terms of how it works and use.
Grade 10 - Monera (Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, and Cyanobacteria)
This document summarizes key information about bacteria and archaea. It lists some of the most important pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It also discusses nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, as well as bacteria important in food production and digestion. Archaea are distinguished from bacteria in that archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls and can grow in extreme temperatures and environments. Examples of archaea like Methanobacterium, Holobacterium, and Sulfolobus are provided.
Grade 10 - Protista
The document discusses different types of protists. It describes four main groups of protists: protozoa, algae, slime molds, and water molds. Within these groups it lists examples of different protist genera and describes some of their characteristics, such as their means of movement or pigments. It also provides details on Plasmodium, the protist that causes malaria, and its life cycle.
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 15. Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) To deliver vibration from the eardrum to the oval window Pinna Catch vibration from surroundings Ear canal To deliver vibration from the surroundings to the eardrum Eardrum Concreting vibration and delivering vibration to the ossicles
- 16. Eustachian Equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear with the atmosphere 3 Semicircular canals Give us our sense of balance Cochlea To accept vibration and to deliver vibration to Auditory nerve Auditory nerve To accept impuls from Cochlea to the brain
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