1 Safety First Open Carry Firearms on Higher Edu.docx

1
Safety First: Open Carry Firearms on Higher Education
Campuses in Arizona
Student Name
Columbia Southern University
EH 1020 English Composition II
Instructor Name
Due Date
APA: Full title of the paper
with the major words
beginning with a capital letter

APA: Top of page,
plain page number on
right of header
APA: Student’s first and
last name
APA: Name of the
institution will always
be “Columbia Southern
University.”
Unit IV Color Key:
• Blue: APA Style document formatting
• Red: Example common mistakes in APA Style
• Brown: Paragraph number and label
• Green: Sentence-level number and explanation
Please note that the margins are a little wider than standard on
this example paper so as to make room for the comment
bubbles.
2
Safety First: Open Carry Firearms on Higher Education
Campuses in Arizona
Much has been made in the past few years about gun restrictions
in the United

States. Proponents of gun regulation are in a constant state of
lobbying for state and
federal bills that restrict access to firearms, whether that takes
the form of more extensive
background checks on potential gun owners or longer waiting
periods before guns may
be sold to individuals. On the other side, the National Rifle
Association (NRA) and other
like-minded individuals advocate for looser restrictions on the
sale and carrying of
firearms. For these supporters of pro-gun legislation, owning
and carrying guns is a
fundamental right—even a civil right. While this national
debate continues to loom over
the hot topic of guns, there are breaking news stories, especially
within the last few
months, that bring this fundamental debate to the threshold of
our nations’ colleges, high
schools, even elementary schools. Seung-Hui Cho’s massacre at
Virginia Tech on April
16, 2007, is perhaps one of the more infamous school shootings,
but there are others that
are perhaps more difficult to remember, like the deaths of 27
killed at Sandy Hook

Elementary School in Newton, Connecticut, on December 14,
2012 (CNN, 2015).
Shootings like these in educational settings have drawn
attention from both anti-gun
proponents and pro-gun lobbyists, and the State of Arizona is no
exception to this
firestorm. The Arizona State legislature has proposed SB 1474,
a gun bill that will allow
students and faculty to carry guns on the campus grounds of its
three state-funded
universities. Supporters of the bill claim that Arizona is an open
carry state, and those
rights should not be restricted simply because the carrier
crosses the border of a college
campus. Those against the bill assert that guns have no place in
education and that those
who support the bill are only after their own election-year
agendas. While the Second
APA: Full title presented again at the top of the page.
Paragraph 1:
Introduction
Sentence 1:
Amanda
introduces

the main
topic (gun
control) in a
generalized
manner; this
sentence also
introduces
the con side
of the
controversy.
Sentences 2
& 3: Follows
Sentence 1
by
introducing
the position
of the pro
side; again,
Amanda is
general,
focusing on
the larger
controversy.
Sentence 4:
Amanda
begins to
narrow the
scope of the
project by
pointing
towards a
specific debate
within the
controversy of

gun control:
gun control in
educational
settings.
Sentence 5:
Specific
examples
from the
news. Note
that these are
examples of
school
shootings
with which
most people
are familiar.
This grounds
the project to
what is at
stake in
making
arguments
about this
topic.
Sentence 6:
Amanda
again
narrows the
scope of the
project by
moving from
gun control
in
educational

settings to
this debate
as it takes
place in a
specific
location:
Arizona.
Sentence 7:
In this
sentence, the
writer
introduces
the specific
topic of the
project: the
controversy
around SB
1474.
Sentences 8 &
9: Following
the same
order from
above (con
first, then pro),
Amanda
presents the
sides of the
controversy by
introducing
each specific
position.

3
Amendment should be upheld, the educational learning
environment should be protected;
therefore, SB 1474 is a detrimental and dangerous bill that has
the potential to change the
university campus culture in Arizona state universities.
The Literature Review
In order to better understanding the origins of SB 1474 and the
controversy that
surrounds it, the history of gun violence in school settings must
be taken into account;
therefore, a brief look at some of the events of the past few
decades is presented. Further,
this review will examine in greater detail the positions of the
two sides of the
controversy, beginning with the pro-SB 1474 side, which is in
favor of allowing open
carry on all Arizona state-funded campuses. Then the position
of those against SB 1474
will be presented; again, this con side is arguing for Arizona
campuses to remain as they
are now: a place without firearms.

A Brief Look at Gun Violence in Schools
The topic of gun control in educational environments exploded
in 1999 when Eric
Harris and Dylan Klebold walked into a virtually unknown high
school in Littleton, CO,
and killed twelve students and one teacher (Gibbs and Roche,
1999). Questions of how
such events could occur and concerns about the violence of
which teens and young adults
are capable became the concern of pressured administrators and
horrified parents in big
cities and small towns alike. A string of school gun-centered
violence followed over the
next few years. Perhaps most striking though was the way in
which this one incident
changed the culture of America: clear backpacks, more metal
detectors, and (of course)
Sentence 10:
Amanda
presents her
thesis
statement. She
responds to
the
controversy by
crafting a
thesis

statement that
simultaneously
agrees and
disagrees.
Paragraph 2: Preface
of the Literature
APA: First-level heading: All major sections of the
paper will be first-level, including The Literature
Review, Body, and Conclusion. You may choose to
mark the Introduction, but it is typically not done
because the title of the paper stands for the heading
level. Note that the title is centered and bold with title-
case capitalization.
APA: This is a
second-level
heading. It is
left-hand
justified and
bold. All
major words
are
capitalized.
This tells the
reader that
this next
section is a
division of
the first-level
heading that
is directly
above.

Sentence:
Note how
Amanda
prefaces the
LR by giving
the reader an
idea of what
will be
included. You
might also
note that the
paragraph is
written in
passive voice
so that she
can avoid
using
personal
pronouns
such as “I.”
Paragraph 3:
Brief History
Error: Amanda has made a mistake:
Only the ampersand (&) should be
used in a parenthetical citation.
APA: This
citation is in
APA Style. It
shows the
authors and
year of
publication.
This

sentence is a
paraphrase
of Gibbs and
Roche. The
reader can
look at the
references
page to find
the original
document.
4
fear. Cloud (1999) points out some of the extreme, “zero
tolerance” actions taken by
schools shortly following the Columbine shootings:
A seven-year-old boy in Cahokia, Ill., is suspended for having a
nail clipper at
school. A 10th-grader at Surry County High School in Virginia
is booted for
having blue-dyed hair. A Minnesota high school nixes a
yearbook photo of an
Army enlistee in the senior class because it shows her sitting
atop a cannon
outside a Veterans of Foreign Wars post. (para. 10)
Far from the exception, these actions considered these many

years later seem
unreasonable, even in a post-9/11 world filled with uncertainty.
The Argument for Open Carry Everywhere in Arizona
However, in Arizona, the newly proposed SB 1474 would not
seek to disarm
students; on the contrary, the bill would allow students the right
to concealed carry on
state-funded university campuses. Proponents of the bill assert
that such a measure is
long overdue. According to an NRA (2012) posters that were
taped to message boards all
over The University of Arizona campus, “[s]elf-defense is one
of the most fundamental
rights of every human being” (para. 2). Further, the poster states
that the NRA has
worked diligently over the past 25 years to expand the right of
open carry: the NRA has
been “working for passage of fair Right-to-Carry laws,
expansion of carry reciprocity
between the states and the elimination of many ‘no-carry’ zones
that only affect the law-
abiding” (para. 4). For the NRA, one of the major private-public
backers of the SB 1474,

the restriction of concealed-carry on college campuses is an
infringement on these basic
rights. The flyer goes on to state the following:
APA: Here is
another way to
include a
parenthetical
citation. Amanda
has incorporated
the author’s
name into the
sentence. Note
that the year of
publication is
presented after
the author, but
there is no
citation at the
end of the
sentence
because the
information is
already
presented at the
beginning.
APA: This quotation is
called a “block.” If a
quotation is 40+ words
long, then you must
“block” it by removing
the quotation marks and
indenting the entire
quotation ½” from the

left-hand margin. If the
quote is from a print text,
then include the page
number; if it is from an
electronic source, include
a paragraph number or
section title as shown
here.
Paragraph 4:
Pro side
APA: There are three second-level headings in
the LR. Headings help you and the reader to
see the organization of your paper.
Sentence:
Amanda
presents a
closer look at
the pro side
before the con
side. Note that
she is not
engaging with
the
arguments,
only
presenting
them as fairly
as she can.
The LR is
about the
arguments of
others.
Amanda

knows she will
be able to
make her own
arguments in
the Body of
the paper.
5
Those who oppose campus carry [of firearms] argue that
educational institutions
should be treated differently, based on emotional claims that
places of higher
learning are somehow exempt from real-world violence. But the
truth is, despite
current prohibitions on legally carrying on campuses, crimes
already occur on
campus, and the right to self- defense from those violent acts
should be respected.
(NRA, 2012, para. 3)
The NRA is correct. In fact, given the number of school-related
shootings in the
past few months alone, it would seem that a student’s chances
of being shot on campus
seem greater than if that same student were walking the streets

of the community. From
larger cities to small towns, it seems that the size of the
community does not matter: the
violence of a shooting can occur anywhere. However, even with
this fact floating in the
backs of students’ minds, students must still attend classes, and
while it would seem
obvious that lawmakers on both sides want student safety, they
just see the means to that
safety from different sides of the same coin.
The Case for Campuses as Unique
Eugene Sander (2012), the Interim President of the University
of Arizona,
released the following statement about SB 1474: “I have been a
gun owner for my adult
life, and am fully supportive of the right to own a gun.
However, having faculty, staff, or
students bringing weapons into classrooms will do nothing to
make our campus safer” (p.
12). While Sander does not go into detail about what this newly
proposed bill does have
to do with, he makes his case on the basis that 50,000 students,
staff, and faculty attend

the campus daily, along with over 20,000 visitors annually. For
Sander (2015), the
educational environment is a “unique atmosphere that is
dependent on open and vigorous
Paragraph 5:
Con side
APA: This citation is correct. Amanda did not have to
include the author’s first name, but it is fine to do so
the first time that the author’s name is mentioned.
Error:
Amanda
has made a
mistake.
The actual
year of the
publication
is 2012. Be
careful
about
editing for
errors like
this in your
own paper.
6
debate. Introducing guns into classrooms would dramatically
and negatively impact the

ability to engage in constructive dialogue” (p. 2). In other
words, even if the NRA does
not believe that the university is a unique atmosphere, as Sander
and others do, then there
is still a possibility that introducing the right to carry concealed
weapons on campus
might lead to a change to the very culture of the university.
While Arizona lawmakers continue to debate the merits of SB
1474, the public
debate grows, as this issue concerns both public safety and
citizens’ rights. Because the
three state universities in Arizona are publicly funded, the
debate about allowing open
carry is very much a concern held by the communities in which
these universities reside.
Those who are in favor of the change to an open carry status on
university campuses wish
(a) for the open carry laws of the State of Arizona to be
extended to all areas, which
includes all publicly funding institutions, such as the
universities, and (b) for the open
carry of firearms to act as a deterrent to gun-related violence on
college campuses. For
those who are against the passing of SB 1474, many of whom

occupy the space of the
university as professors, students, or administrators, the
question of allowing the open
carry of firearms is no actual question at all: there is simply no
need to involve weapons
in a space that is meant for open dialogue and debate. In as
much as the Second
Amendment should be observed and upheld in the fashion
adopted by the state of
Arizona in the form of open carry, the university setting is
unique in that concerns about
open and free expression should be at the forefront—essentially
making this bill a
potentially dangerous one that should be reconsidered or
withdrawn completely.
Paragraph 6:
LR
Conclusion
Sentences 1 &
2: Amanda
creates a topic
sentence that
encapsulates
the concern of
the

controversy,
and she
includes a
second
sentence to
increase
understanding.
Sentence 3:
Amanda
summarizes
the two main
arguments of
the pro side,
which favors
the passing
of SB 1474.
Sentence 4:
Amanda
summarizes the
main argument
of the con side,
those who are
against the
passing of SB
1474.
Sentence 5:
Amanda
reiterates her
own position by
reasserting her
thesis
statement. Note
that the thesis

statement is
slightly different
than the
original at the
end of the
Introduction
paragraph.
7
References
CNN Library. (2015, October 19). 28 deadliest mass shootings
in U.S. history fast facts.
CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/us/20-deadliest-mass-
shootings-in-u-s-
history-fast-facts/
Cloud, J. (1999, November 28). The Columbine effect. Time.
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,35098,00.
html
Gibbs, N., & Roche, T. (1999, December 20). The Columbine
tapes. Time.
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992873,00
.html
National Rifle Association. (2012). Arizona Self-Defense on
Campus [Flyer]. NRA.

Sander, Eugene. (2012, March 20). UA president opposes
campus guns bill. KGUN-TV.
http://www.kgun9.com
APA: An APA Style list of references
should be labeled “References,” not
“Works Cited” or “Bibliography.”
APA: Titles in APA Style are
presented in sentence-case
capitalization, meaning that only
the first word and any proper noun
should begin with a capital letter.
APA: The last
name is
presented
first; then the
first name and
middle (if
present) are
included as
initials. An
ampersand
(&) is used for
more than
th
Error:
Amanda has
made a
mistake. Only

the “A” in
Arizona
should be
capitalized in
this title.
Error: Amanda has
made a mistake by
including the full
name of the author
here.
http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/us/20-deadliest-mass-
shootings-in-u-s-%20history-fast-facts/
http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/16/us/20-deadliest-mass-
shootings-in-u-s-%20history-fast-facts/
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,35098,00.
html
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,992873,00
.html
http://www.kgun9.com/
Literature Review
Ashley Ashley
Columbia Southern University
ENG 1302, English Composition
10 December 2022
Understanding serial killers' motivations, development, and

habits can be challenging because they are among the most
dangerous and elusive criminals. Researchers have conducted
numerous studies to examine the various traits connected to
serial killers to understand them better. A focus will be placed
on the psychological, sociological, and environmental aspects
that lead to the development of a serial killer as this literature
review explores the various hypotheses and findings about
serial killers.
According to psychological theories, serial killers are motivated
by deep-seated urges for dominance, control, and power.
Psychoanalytic theories suggest that there may be an underlying
desire for vengeance resulting from feelings of rejection and
victimization. Other psychological theories link severe mental
disorders like psychopathy or schizophrenia to serial murders.
According to Davies (2022), not all abused children go on to
commit several murders, and not all serial killers were raped as
youngsters. According to the article, a person's genetic makeup,
trauma, environment, and personality are some elements that
contribute to serial killer behavior. However, dismissing the
two's link as the result of pure coincidence is impossible. A
person is more prone to act violently if they have a specific
monoamine-oxidase-A gene variant and experience abuse as a
child. Not every child predisposed to genetically motivated
aggression grows up to be a criminal (Davies, 2022).
According to sociological ideas, conditions including social and
economic hardship, poverty, and a lack of access to quality
education and employment prospects can mould people into
serial killers. According to these views, serial killers may be
motivated by a need for dominance and control over their
surroundings. According to Entail (2021), an individual's
propensity for serial killing is influenced by genetic and
environmental factors. Serial killers are exceptional because
their personal experiences have affected their personalities and
attitudes. Investigations into serial killers are further
complicated because many lead normal lives and hide behind
very commonplace lifestyles, making it more challenging to

locate them. Professionals and the general public have a lot of
curiosity, which calls for more study and rigorous analysis.
Without a doubt, a person's predisposition to commit serial
murder may rise due to a confluence of inherited features and
environmental factors. Thus, environment, trauma, personality,
and inheritance all work together to determine serial killer
behavior (Entail, 2021).
Because a criminal's attitude is molded by both their genetic
composition (nature) and their upbringing and history,
Hernandez et al. (2015) contend that all criminals are judged
using the same standards (nurture). Understanding the mind is a
major focus in psychology, enabling the study to add to the
meager body of knowledge about the mind. The ideas of nature
and nurture are at the heart of most psychiatric problems. This
highlights the importance of the relationship between genes and
their environment. Understanding the mind is a major focus in
psychology, enabling the study to add to the meager body of
knowledge about the mind (Hernandez et al., 2015).
O'Hara (2021) asserts that the nature perspective maintains that
serial killers are born with particular characteristics. It is
believed that they have better levels of impulse control and less
empathy than others. The article bases its arguments against
serial killers on research by Dr Richard Davidson at the
University of Wisconsin in 2000. According to Davidson and
his colleagues' examination of the brain scans, the brain activity
in the orbital frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex
was lower or absent. They discovered that the amygdala either
became more active or remained active. Killers can be
influenced by their environment, but Davidson and his
colleagues concluded that they have no control over the genetic
reactions that are a part of them (O'Hara, 2021).
In conclusion, a serial killer's development is thought to be
influenced by both nature and nurture. While a person's DNA
and genetics may incline them to violence, their environment
and social environment can significantly impact and mold that
behavior. According to studies, most serial killers, or about

60%, experienced a traumatic childhood event such as physical
or sexual abuse or neglect. It's thought that these encounters
might contribute to the emergence of personality disorders like
antisocial personality disorder, which can manifest as violent
conduct. These contextual elements may influence how a serial
murderer develops, according to some theories.
References
Davies, N. (2022, August 24).
From abused child to serial killer: Investigating nature
vs nurture in methods of murder. Psychiatry Advisor. Retrieved
December 11, 2022, from
https://www.psychiatryadvisor.com/home/topics/violence-and-
aggression/from-abused-child-to-serial-killer-investigating-
nature-vs-nurture-in-methods-of-murder/
Entail, W. D. A. S. K. (2021). Are Serial Killers Born or
Made?.
https://theiacs.org/are-serial-killers-born-or-
made/?print-posts=print
Hernandez, J., Highsmith, J., Madrigal, S., & Mercado, M.
(2015). Nature (MAOA) and Nurture in a Criminal.
UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal, 8(1).
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5w51b7bg
O'Hara, K. (2021, October 23).
Nature vs nurture: The making of a serial murderer.
Medium. Retrieved December 11, 2022, from
https://medium.com/crimebeat/nature-vs-nurture-the-
making-of-a-serial-murderer-6e47c609f6df
Unit V Assignment
· InstructionsRevision of Literature Review and Introduction
Follow the directions below for the completion of the
introduction and literature review revision assignment for Unit

V. If you have questions, please email your professor for
assistance.
Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to revise the
introduction and literature review of your academic
argumentative research paper, which you created a draft of in
Unit IV.
Description: In this assignment, you will revise the introduction
and literature review that you wrote for the Unit IV assignment.
Revisions must be substantive and should be made in
accordance with the professor’s instructions. The following
parts of the assignment must be revised:
· Introduction (250 words): For more details about what is
expected for each of the following sentences, please see
"Lesson 4: The Introduction." You may also want to review the
"Example Introduction and Literature Review (with
comments)." The following components must be included in the
introduction (in the following order).
· Sentence 1: Introduce the general topic
· Sentence 2: Pro side (general)
· Sentence 3: Con side (general)
· Sentence 4: Narrow the scope (1)
· Sentence 5: Examples of the narrowed topic
· Sentence 6: Narrow the scope (2)
· Sentence 7: Specific controversy
· Sentence 8: Pro side (specific)
· Sentence 9: Con side (specific)
· Sentence 10: The thesis
· Literature Review (600-800 words): For details about the
structure of the literature review, you will want to review
"Lesson 3: The Literature Review: The Process." You may also
want to review the "Example Introduction and Literature
Review (with comments)." The link is below.
· Literature review preface: This paragraph acts as a guide to
what the reader can expect in the literature review.

· Literature review body: This section includes three to four
body paragraphs that discuss the history, terminology, and both
sides of the controversy (pro and con).
· Literature review conclusion: The conclusion signals that the
literature review is ending, but it also acts as a kind of preface
for the body of the paper by restating the thesis statement and
establishing your argument once again.
· Demonstrate the avoidance of plagiarism through proper use
of APA citations and references for all paraphrased and quoted
material.
· Implement techniques of editing and revising.
Introduction and Literature Review example
Note: The conclusion is not presented in this example; however,
the literature review conclusion is a requirement of the
assignment.
You may also seek the guidance of the Success Center; the
specialists are always there to assist you with your writing and
comprehension.

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