This document outlines information presented in a session about plagiarism and APA style. It discusses what plagiarism is and how to properly cite sources using APA style, both in-text citations and references. Examples are provided for how to cite different source types like websites, books, and journal articles in APA format. Attendees are directed to complete a plagiarism worksheet and feedback form for the library session. Contact information is provided for the presenter for any additional questions.
This guide will provide information about:
• Understanding the fundamentals of APA citations, including:
o Capitalization rules
o Author formatting
o Organizing a reference list
• APA citation examples of source types, including:
o Popular and scholarly sources
o Audiovisual media
• Tips and examples for citing online sources
• Creating parenthetical, in-text citations, including:
o Formatting parenthetical citations and block quotes
o Citing sources with multiple authors and corporate authors
Listing your sources in a Works Cited page is only one part of the citation process; the other part is making references to your sources in the body of your paper. The purpose of the in-text citation is to inform your audience when you are making a reference to someone else's ideas, words, works, or other information you used to support your writing.
According to the MLA Handbook: "References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited" (214). This means that for every reference you make in your paper there should be a corresponding citation in your Works Cited page, and vice versa.
MLA formatting uses the author-page style when producing in-text citations, meaning that you should have information about the author and the page number when making reference in your paper. Here are several examples of the author-page style, followed by the citation as it would appear in your Works Cited:
“Writing Styles” workshop introduces the idea that a specific writing style provides the writers with the rules they need to produce a research paper that conforms to its standards.For those who want to complete their post-graduate studies, it is a good idea to buy the style manual accepted by the majority of their department members. You have to make sure that you get the most recent edition.
Each style manual has many, many rules, most of which you do not need to learn in detail. When preparing to write your research paper, you have to refer to your style manual so many times to make sure that you are following its standards.
In this workshop, we are going to concentrate upon APA.
An interactive deliverable created to teach the basics of APA 6. The module uses the Dick and Carey approach to instructional design in a PowerPoint format. .
This guide will provide information about:
• Understanding the fundamentals of APA citations, including:
o Capitalization rules
o Author formatting
o Organizing a reference list
• APA citation examples of source types, including:
o Popular and scholarly sources
o Audiovisual media
• Tips and examples for citing online sources
• Creating parenthetical, in-text citations, including:
o Formatting parenthetical citations and block quotes
o Citing sources with multiple authors and corporate authors
Listing your sources in a Works Cited page is only one part of the citation process; the other part is making references to your sources in the body of your paper. The purpose of the in-text citation is to inform your audience when you are making a reference to someone else's ideas, words, works, or other information you used to support your writing.
According to the MLA Handbook: "References in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited" (214). This means that for every reference you make in your paper there should be a corresponding citation in your Works Cited page, and vice versa.
MLA formatting uses the author-page style when producing in-text citations, meaning that you should have information about the author and the page number when making reference in your paper. Here are several examples of the author-page style, followed by the citation as it would appear in your Works Cited:
“Writing Styles” workshop introduces the idea that a specific writing style provides the writers with the rules they need to produce a research paper that conforms to its standards.For those who want to complete their post-graduate studies, it is a good idea to buy the style manual accepted by the majority of their department members. You have to make sure that you get the most recent edition.
Each style manual has many, many rules, most of which you do not need to learn in detail. When preparing to write your research paper, you have to refer to your style manual so many times to make sure that you are following its standards.
In this workshop, we are going to concentrate upon APA.
An interactive deliverable created to teach the basics of APA 6. The module uses the Dick and Carey approach to instructional design in a PowerPoint format. .
This is an instructional PowerPoint on MLA formatting geared toward middle school students. I have also split this into two presentations and added narration. See MLA Documentation Parts 1 and 2.
APA Citation
1
What is APA style?
Standardized system for giving credit to others for their contribution to your work
Is parenthetical (cited in the text)
Guidelines for headings and a reference list
2
Parenthetical, which means the citations appear in the text of your paper. Also a reference list we’ll get to later.
What is APA style?
Author’s Last Name
Year of Publication
Page Number (if a direct quote)
3
Intro: In these citation, they call for three things.
Why Should I Use APA?
Shows honesty about borrowing others’ intellectual property
Provides evidence of your research
Allows readers to locate your sources
Prevents plagiarism
Honesty=much different from hip-hop and electronic music where borrowing without giving credit is a norm. Academic norm is to explicitly give credit.
4
What kind of source do I have?
Book
Page from a Website
Academic (Peer-Reviewed) Journal
In-text Citations: Direct Quote
Example from article (Original Sentence)
“This case study showed that the dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker.”
1. Authors’ names 2. Year of Publication 3. Page number
(2013)
Hwang-Bo, Lee, & Kim
discovered
“dominant upper back pain decreased after the RSP decreased through application of RST by using kinesiology tape in a female sedentary worker”
(p. 611).
Inserted authors’ names, year, and page number at beginning and end
Noticed I also cut off the first part of the sentence because it didn’t really fit with how I wanted to construct my sentence and I want to emphasize their findings.
First time we spell out all name for sources with 1-5 authors. After that, 3,4,5 authors get shortcut the second time. 6 or more authors are always abbreviated.
8
Citation at end of sentence
“dominant upper
back pain decreased after the RSP decreased
through application of RST by using kinesiology
tape in a female sedentary worker”
Researchers discovered that
(Hwang-Bo,
Lee, & Kim, 2013, p. 611).
Subsequent References
1-2 authors-----Always spell out all names
Smith (2001) said….
Smith and Jones (1980) examined…
Applicants’ expectations are outlandish (Smith, 2001).
Applicants’ expectations are outlandish (Smith and Jones, 1980).
*Note that these are paraphrases.
Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors
First Reference:
Wiley, Smith, & Jones (2015) stated most left-handers are artistic.
Most left-handers are artistic (Wiley, Smith, & Jones, 2015).
Spell out all names first mention, then use “et al.”
11
Subsequent References: 3-5 Authors
Subsequent Reference: Wiley et al. (2015) state scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers.
Scary movies affect left-handers more than right-handers (Wiley et al., 2015).
6 or more Authors
Start with first author, then use “et al.”
Johnson et al. (2015) defend the claim that…..
No Author Named
Use short ...
GENERAL COMMENTS—CASE 1 Incorporate statesmanship model wi.docxshericehewat
GENERAL COMMENTS—CASE 1
Incorporate statesmanship model within case. Apply the model rather than just state it.
Interpersonal skills of statesmanship applied to main character(s) in case., not just mentioned.
Much of text is not supported by citations but opinion.
Integrate Biblical principles within the analysis of the paper not just added at the end of case.
Importance of emotional intelligence and covenant not just mentioned but analyzed as part of
case.
The case is not fabricated or an opinion of the student.
There are no specific characters. The case is too general. Be specific about Mayor and Board of
Alderman by name, their decisions, actions, etc.
hkmcg
Highlight
Check Box2: YesCheck Box3: YesCheck Box4: OffCheck Box5: OffCheck Box6: YesCheck Box7: Off
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
PARAPHRASES
A paraphrase consists of putting the information into your own words.
Indirect Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Libraries historically highly value intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality (LaRue, 2007).
Indirect Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
LaRue (2007) identified intellectual freedom and patron confidentiality as two key values held historically by libraries.
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
APA uses the author (last name), year of publication, and page number method of in-text citation. If there is no author, use an abbreviation of the title in the author’s place.
SHORT QUOTATION - For short quotations (under 40 words), use quotation marks when you write the exact words of the source.
Direct Quotation with Parenthetical Citation
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological" (Gould & Brown, 1991, p. 14).
Direct Quotation with Author as Part of the Narrative
Gould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness– genealogical rather than ecological” (p. 14).
Note where the period is placed in a short quotation.
Direct Quotes from Online Material without Pagination
Use “para” instead of the symbol ¶ to indicate location of direct quotes of online sources that do not have pagination.
Basu and Jones (2007) went so far as to suggest the need for a new “intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and form of regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).
LONG QUOTATION - If you are citing a long quotation of 40 words or more, you don’t need to quotation marks, but set the quoted area off from the text by indentation (block format, with double-spacing, and period at the end before the page number.
According to Chalton (2006), the following is a good memory technique:
To avoid retrieval, a good approach is to store information in an organized way and call it up at regular intervals.
Tulving (1966) and others have shown that the act of retrieving information from memory can contribute to learning—the more we use the retrieval cues ...
MLA 8th Edition Formatting and Style Guide Purdue OWL StafIlonaThornburg83
MLA 8th Edition Formatting and Style Guide
Purdue OWL Staff
Brought to you in cooperation with the Purdue Online Writing Lab
MLA (Modern Language
Association) Style formatting is
often used in various humanities
disciplines.
In addition to the handbook, MLA
also offers The MLA Style Center, a
website that provides additional
instruction and resources for
writing and formatting academic
papers. https://style.mla.org/
What is MLA?
MLA regulates:
• document format
• in-text citations
• works-cited list
What does MLA
regulate?
The 8th edition handbook introduces a new way to cite
sources. Instead of a long list of rules, MLA guidelines
are now based on a set of principles that may be used
to cite any type of source.
The three guiding principles:
1. Cite simple traits shared by most works.
2. Remember that there is more than one way to cite
the same source.
3. Make your documentation useful to readers.
MLA Update 2016
This presentation will cover:
• How to format a paper in MLA style (8th ed.)
• General guidelines
• First page format
• Section headings
• In-text citations
• Formatting quotations
• Documenting sources in MLA style (8th ed.)
• Core elements
• List of works cited
Overview
Basic rule for any formatting style:
Always
Follow your instructor’s
guidelines
Your Instructor Knows
Best
An MLA Style paper should:
• Be typed on white 8.5“ x 11“ paper
• Double-space everything
• Use 12 pt. Times New Roman (or similar) font
• Leave only one space after punctuation
• Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch
Format: General
Guidelines
An MLA Style paper should:
• Have a header with page numbers located in the
upper right-hand corner
• Use italics for titles
• Place endnotes on a separate page before the list of
works cited
Format: General
Guidelines (cont.)
The first page of an MLA Style paper will:
• Have no title page
• Double space everything
• List your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date in the
upper left-hand corner
• Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining, italics,
quote marks, or bold typeface)
• Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top
and one inch from the right of the page (list your last name and page
number here)
Formatting the 1st Page
Sample 1st Page
Section Headings are generally optional:
• Headings in an essay should usually be numbered
• Headings should be consistent in grammar and
formatting but, otherwise, are up to you
Formatting Section
Headings
OR
Numbered (all flush left with no
underlining, bold, or italics):
Example:
1. Soil Conservation
1.1 Erosion
1.2 Terracing
2. Water Conservation
3. Energy Conservation
Unnumbered (by level):
Example:
Level 1: bold, flush left
Level 2: ita ...
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
3. Agenda
Class discussion
APA citation style
APA worksheet
Slides: http://bit.ly/istcfall2014c3
4. It’s out there, why not reuse it?
Image by Duane Hoffmann
www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32657885
Plagiarism: Maybe it’s not so bad
(2013) On the media podcast.
http://wny.cc/1dNVisf
Godin, S. (2014) Why I want you to
steal my ideas. ideas.ted.com
Retrieved from
http://ideas.ted.com/2014/02/03/the-big-
mistake-we-all-make-about-ideas/
• Kenneth Goldsmith suggests that music and art are built on
plagiarism, and now the internet is making that possible for
text. What do you think of his philosophy and the
implications of “patch writing”?
• What makes some plagiarism “wrong” or “right”?
5. Pre-class citation
Cite this article: http://bit.ly/RYQ2Nz
Kinlaw, C.R., Dunlap, L.L., & D’Angelo, J.A.
(2012). Relations between faculty use of
online academic resources and student
class attendance. Computers &
Education, 59(2), 167-172.
doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.12.028
8. Style Manuals
Different disciplines use different
style manuals
Social Sciences = American
Psychological Association (APA)
Humanities = MLA Handbook for
Writers of Research Papers (MLA)
9. The point is…
Acknowledge where you found the
information
Briefly identify the source
Allows others to find additional
information
10. What needs to be cited?
Books
Web Pages
Magazine articles
Graphics
VHS,DVD, audio, etc.
Government reports
Statistics
Encyclopedia articles
Any source of information!
11. What needs to be cited?
Direct quotes
Ideas borrowed
Paraphrased material
12. In-text Citation needs:
Direct Quote
All authors’ last names
Year of publication
Page number
Paraphrase
All authors’ last names
Year of publication
13. Direct Quote: In-text citation
Obesity was once considered “either a
moral failing or evidence of underlying
psychopathology” (Yanovski and
Yanovski, 2002, p. 592).
A relationship is defined as “the
interdependence between two or more
people” (Coombs, 2001, p.106).
14. Direct Quote: In-text citation
Longer than 40 words?
Indented five spaces from left margin in
block format
Usually it is better to paraphrase
15. The wrong way to paraphrase:
Failure to Cite Source
Original
“They desire, for
example, virtue and
the absence of vice,
no less really than
pleasure and the
absence of pain.”
Source: Mill, John Stuart.
“Utilitarianism.” On Liberty and
Other Essays. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1998. Quote is
from page 169.
Paraphrase
People want
morality just as much
as they want
happiness.
16. The wrong way to paraphrase:
Lack of Significant Rewording
Original
“To the young
American architects
who made the
pilgrimage, the most
dazzling figure of all
was Walter Gropius,
founder of the
Bauhaus School.”
Source: Wolfe, Tom. From Bauhaus
to Our House. New York: Farrar
Straus Giroux, 1981. Quote is from
page 10.
Paraphrase
To young American
architects who went
to Germany, the
most dazzling figure
was Walter Gropius,
founder of the
Bauhaus School
(Wolfe, 1981).
17. Paraphrase: In-text citation
Original
America today has
veered too far in the
direction of formal
testing without
adequate
consideration of the
costs and limitations
of an exclusive
emphasis on that
approach.
Paraphrase
In the United States,
the education system
places too much
emphasis on formal
testing, overlooking the
limitations and
expenses imposed
when that assessment
strategy is employed
exclusively (Gardner,
1993).
18. Paraphrase: In-text citation
Original
The Republican
Convention of 1860
… is sometimes seen
as a symbol of Whig
triumph within the
party. A closer look,
however, indicates
that the Whig’s
triumph within the
party was of a very
tentative nature.”
Paraphrase
Contrary to many
historians, Eric Foner
(1995)argues that
the Republican
platform of 1860
should not be
understood as an
indication of Whig
dominance of the
party.
19. In-text Citations
More than one author
Two authors
Greenfield and Savage (1990)
(Greenfield & Savage, 1990, p. 567)
Three to five authors
You must first identify all of the authors either in the signal phrase or the
first citation.
Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, and Bever (1979) believed…
(Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, & Bever, 1979)
After you have identified all, you may use “et al.”
Terrace et al. (1979) stated……
(Terrace et al., 1979)
Six or more authors
Use first authors last name and then et al.
20. In-text Citations
Organization as author
Government or other organization
Use organization name as author in signal
phrase
Use organization in parenthetical citation
The National Institute of Mental Health
(2001)…
(National Institute of Mental Health, 2001)
21. Special cases
If you have more than one author with
the same last name, use the first initial in
the citation
(Smith, A., 2002)
If you have more than one work in the
same year by the same author, use letters
a, b, c, etc. to indicate correct source
(Entman, 2004a)
22. References
The in-text citation must match up with the references
entry
Use the heading “References” at the top of a new
page
List entries alphabetically
Author’s last name (if no author, then by organization
name or title)
Double space each entry
No extra spaces between entries
If over one line, entry should have a hanging indent
23.
24. References - Website
Create a reference for this website
Author or sponsoring organization:
Last update or Copyright date?:
Title of page:
Format if applicable:
Retrieved from:
25. References - Website
Create a reference for this website
Author or sponsoring organization: U.S. Department of Health &
Human Services
Last update or Copyright date?: (n.d.).
Title of page: What is cyberbullying.
Format if applicable:
Retrieved from http://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/what-is-it/
index.html
26. Website example
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.
(n.d.). What is cyberbullying. Retrieved from
http://www.stopbullying.gov/cyberbullying/w
hat-is-it/index.html
Notes:
1. If you can’t find a date n.d. is inserted as an abbreviation for No Date
2. Format is inserted between [brackets] and can be used for [Video file]
[Brochure] etc.
3. Date retrieved is only required if content is likely to change
27. References – Books
Create a reference for this book
Book authors or editors:
Last name
First letter of first name and middle initial
Date of publication:
Book Title:
Publication information:
City and state
Publisher
28. References – Books
Create a reference for this book
Book authors or editors: Grant, J.
Date of publication: (1994).
Book Title: I hate school!: Some common
sense answers for educators & parents who
want to know why & what to do about it
Publication information: Rosemont, NJ:
Modern Learning Press.
29. Book Example
Grant, J. (1994). I hate school!: Some common sense
answers for educators & parents who want to
know why & what to do about it. Rosemont, NJ:
Modern Learning Press.
Notes:
1. Periods must follow first letter of author’s name and middle initial,
publication date, book title, and publisher.
2. Book title is always in italics.
3. Only capitalize the first letter of book title, any letter following a colon (:),
and proper nouns.
30. References – Journals
Create a reference for this journal article
Article author:
Last name
First letter of first name and middle initial
Date of publication:
Article title:
Periodical title:
Publication information:
Volume number and issue number (if available)
Page numbers
Digital Object Identifier number:
31. References – Journals
Create a reference for this journal article
Article author: Peleg, R., & Baram-Tsabari, A.
Date of publication: (2011).
Article title: Atom surprise: Using theatre in primary
science education.
Periodical title: Journal of Science Education &
Technology,
Publication information: 20(5), 508-524.
Digital Object Identifier number: doi:10.1007/s10956-011-
9299-yx
32. Journal Example
Peleg, R., & Baram-Tsabari, A. (2011). Atom surprise: Using theatre
in primary science education. Journal of Science Education
& Technology, 20(5), 508-524. doi:10.1007/s10956-011-9299-y
Notes:
1. Periods must follow first letter of author’s first and middle initial, publication
date, article title, and publication information.
2. A comma will follow the author’s last name, first initial (if more than one
author), journal title and volume number.
3. Article title is never italicized – always written normal.
4. Always italicize: journal title, volume number, and the commas before and
after volume number. Journal title follows capitol case lettering.
5. Only capitalize the first letter of article title, any letter following a colon (:),
and proper nouns.
6. Place a space between author first name and middle initial
33. Journal Articles Extra Info
Articles retrieved from a database such as
EBSCO or PsycINFO do not need to
include database information
Articles not including a doi number should
contain the journal URL after the page
numbers such as
Retrieved from http://js.sagamorepub.com/pe
35. Practice creating citations
Go here to complete the plagiarism
worksheet
http://bit.ly/istcapa2014fa
Please ask if you have questions!
Please provide feedback for ALL the
library sessions here
http://bit.ly/fa2014istcfeedback
36. Questions?
Feel free to contact me:
Laksamee Putnam
lputnam@towson.edu
410.704.3746.
Twitter: @CookLibraryofTU
Or any reference librarian:
Visit Cook Library Reference Desk
410.704.2462.
IM – tucookchat