Connecting rod presentation
Presented by Shain,Hai Nam,Kienn doo
This slide share is presented only by undergraduate students so some of the slides are just copying from some websites and are not belonged.Purpose is only to share Knowledge.Hope u guys love it.
Crankshaft Manufacturing Process sequence Omar Amen
This presentation slides Discusses how to manufacture crankshaft
Slides contains:
- Introduction to crankshaft ( what is the crankshaft ).
- Main parts of crankshaft.
- Types of crankshaft.
- Design of crankshaft.
- Finite element analysis for crankshaft ( Structure Analysis & Thermal Analysis ).
- Material selection ( select the suitable materials for manufacture crankshaft and suitable percentage of alloying elements in crankshaft according to required mechanical properties ).
- Manufacturing process sequence ( Forging steps & Machining steps ).
- field research for crankshaft manufacturing (Nallicheri, 1991, contains conditions of manufacturing , Cost Analysis according to factors, and Cost Analysis according to process ).
The document discusses various components of vehicle wheels and tires. It describes pressed steel discs as the most popular type of wheel due to their strength, light weight, and low cost of mass production. It explains that a wheel assembly must sustain braking and other forces and lists its key components. The document also covers topics such as wheel balancing, tire sizing designations, tread patterns, inflation pressure, and types of tire wear caused by issues like improper camber alignment.
An axle is a central shaft that supports rotating wheels. On vehicles, the axle can be fixed to the wheels and rotate with them, or fixed to the vehicle with the wheels rotating around it. Bearings are provided where the axle is mounted. The document discusses different types of rear axles like full floating, semi floating, and three quarter floating axles. It also discusses front axles, describing them as either dead or live axles. Finally, it lists four types of stub axles used to connect front wheels to front axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine.
This document discusses steering gear mechanisms used in vehicles. It introduces the basic principles of steering mechanisms, including that the front wheels turn to change the vehicle's direction while the back wheels remain straight. It describes two common steering mechanisms: Ackermann steering uses linkages to ensure the inside and outside wheels follow different radius circles during a turn. Davis steering is also an exact mechanism but has more sliding components, increasing wear and reducing accuracy compared to Ackermann steering. The key difference between the mechanisms is that Ackermann steering is behind the front wheels while Davis is in front, and Ackermann uses turning pairs while Davis uses sliding pairs.
The piston is a disc that reciprocates within the cylinder. It receives force from expanding gases and transmits energy to the crankshaft. Pistons consist of a head, rings, skirt, and pin. They must withstand pressure and heat while minimizing mass. Common piston materials are cast iron, aluminum alloys, and steels. Piston design considers strength, heat dissipation, sealing, and stress distribution. The thickness of the head, rings, and skirt are calculated based on these factors. Ring design ensures sealing between the piston and cylinder while withstanding pressure and heat.
The document discusses piston and piston rings used in engines. It describes the functions of pistons which include power transmission, sealing, heat dissipation, and controlling charge exchange. It then discusses the various loads on pistons from mechanical forces like gas pressure and inertia, as well as thermal loads. The requirements for pistons are also outlined, including material properties for strength, thermal resistance, and friction reduction. Finally, it describes different piston types for gasoline, diesel, and two-stroke engines.
The document discusses automobile chassis frames. It defines a frame as the undercarriage or structure that supports the engine, cab, and body of a vehicle. There are three main types of frames: conventional frames with side members and cross members, integral frames where all components attach directly to the body, and semi-integral frames that have a partial front frame. The document outlines the functions of frames, provides examples of frame designs, and describes the materials, design considerations, and manufacturing processes involved in building frames, including cutting, bending, welding, and inspection stages. It concludes with details from a field visit to an automotive manufacturing plant.
Crankshaft Manufacturing Process sequence Omar Amen
This presentation slides Discusses how to manufacture crankshaft
Slides contains:
- Introduction to crankshaft ( what is the crankshaft ).
- Main parts of crankshaft.
- Types of crankshaft.
- Design of crankshaft.
- Finite element analysis for crankshaft ( Structure Analysis & Thermal Analysis ).
- Material selection ( select the suitable materials for manufacture crankshaft and suitable percentage of alloying elements in crankshaft according to required mechanical properties ).
- Manufacturing process sequence ( Forging steps & Machining steps ).
- field research for crankshaft manufacturing (Nallicheri, 1991, contains conditions of manufacturing , Cost Analysis according to factors, and Cost Analysis according to process ).
The document discusses various components of vehicle wheels and tires. It describes pressed steel discs as the most popular type of wheel due to their strength, light weight, and low cost of mass production. It explains that a wheel assembly must sustain braking and other forces and lists its key components. The document also covers topics such as wheel balancing, tire sizing designations, tread patterns, inflation pressure, and types of tire wear caused by issues like improper camber alignment.
An axle is a central shaft that supports rotating wheels. On vehicles, the axle can be fixed to the wheels and rotate with them, or fixed to the vehicle with the wheels rotating around it. Bearings are provided where the axle is mounted. The document discusses different types of rear axles like full floating, semi floating, and three quarter floating axles. It also discusses front axles, describing them as either dead or live axles. Finally, it lists four types of stub axles used to connect front wheels to front axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine.
This document discusses steering gear mechanisms used in vehicles. It introduces the basic principles of steering mechanisms, including that the front wheels turn to change the vehicle's direction while the back wheels remain straight. It describes two common steering mechanisms: Ackermann steering uses linkages to ensure the inside and outside wheels follow different radius circles during a turn. Davis steering is also an exact mechanism but has more sliding components, increasing wear and reducing accuracy compared to Ackermann steering. The key difference between the mechanisms is that Ackermann steering is behind the front wheels while Davis is in front, and Ackermann uses turning pairs while Davis uses sliding pairs.
The piston is a disc that reciprocates within the cylinder. It receives force from expanding gases and transmits energy to the crankshaft. Pistons consist of a head, rings, skirt, and pin. They must withstand pressure and heat while minimizing mass. Common piston materials are cast iron, aluminum alloys, and steels. Piston design considers strength, heat dissipation, sealing, and stress distribution. The thickness of the head, rings, and skirt are calculated based on these factors. Ring design ensures sealing between the piston and cylinder while withstanding pressure and heat.
The document discusses piston and piston rings used in engines. It describes the functions of pistons which include power transmission, sealing, heat dissipation, and controlling charge exchange. It then discusses the various loads on pistons from mechanical forces like gas pressure and inertia, as well as thermal loads. The requirements for pistons are also outlined, including material properties for strength, thermal resistance, and friction reduction. Finally, it describes different piston types for gasoline, diesel, and two-stroke engines.
The document discusses automobile chassis frames. It defines a frame as the undercarriage or structure that supports the engine, cab, and body of a vehicle. There are three main types of frames: conventional frames with side members and cross members, integral frames where all components attach directly to the body, and semi-integral frames that have a partial front frame. The document outlines the functions of frames, provides examples of frame designs, and describes the materials, design considerations, and manufacturing processes involved in building frames, including cutting, bending, welding, and inspection stages. It concludes with details from a field visit to an automotive manufacturing plant.
This document discusses rope drives and the types of ropes used to transmit power over long distances. Fibre ropes made of materials like hemp and manila are suitable for transmitting moderate power over short distances up to 8 meters. Wire ropes are used for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distances up to 150 meters. Wire ropes can transmit power between pulleys that are further apart than fibre ropes and are made of strong materials like alloy steel. The document provides details on the design and selection of wire ropes, including considerations for stresses from axial loads, bending around pulleys, starting and stopping loads, and impact loads. An example problem is included to demonstrate the selection of a wire rope for a mine hoist.
The document describes the different layouts of automobiles, including where the engine and drive wheels are located. It discusses the main types - front engine rear wheel drive, rear engine rear wheel drive, and front engine front wheel drive. For each type, it provides details on their characteristics such as noise isolation, drive train loss, weight distribution, and handling. The document aims to explain the different configurations and their respective advantages and limitations.
Definition, Use, Types of beariings, Types of Journal bearing, Materials for journal bearing, Failures of journal bearing, Design terms for journal bearing, Types of roller contact bearing, applications of roller contact bearing, Designation of roller contact bearing, Design terms for roller contact bearing, comparison between journal and roller bearings, characteristics of bearings, selection procedure of bearings
The document provides information about different types of clutches used in transmission systems. It discusses the functions of transmission systems and defines what a clutch is. It then describes various types of clutches in detail, including positive clutches, friction clutches, single plate clutches, multi plate clutches, diaphragm clutches, centrifugal clutches, and free wheel clutches. It also discusses the requirements, location, and actuating mechanisms of clutches.
Study of transmission system of automobileNikhil Chavda
The document summarizes the transmission system of an automobile. It defines the transmission system as the mechanism that transmits power from the engine to the driving wheels. It has three main components - the clutch, gearbox, and propeller shaft. The transmission allows the engine to be disconnected from the wheels, connected smoothly, and drives the wheels at different speeds. It enables torque multiplication for starting and leverage variation between the engine and wheels. The document discusses different types of transmission systems including mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and automatic systems. It also explains the power flow in sliding mesh and constant mesh gearboxes.
Design and Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Finally, it includes the CAD model and photos of the constructed physical connecting rod.
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
A gearbox manages a series of gear ratios to deliver power from an engine to a transmission. It provides multiple torque ratios for varying acceleration and climbing gradients, and allows for reversing the vehicle's motion. A sliding mesh gearbox typically has 3 forward gears and 1 reverse gear. It uses spur gears on the main shaft that engage with gears on the lay shaft by sliding into position. When the engine is running and clutch engaged, power flows from the clutch shaft gear to the lay shaft gears, but the main shaft remains idle until a gear is engaged to transfer power through the transmission.
DATE: 2019.05
- Design of a gearbox as a power transmission system
- Calculation of mechanical design parameters
- Mechanical design process
- Bearing selection from a given catalog
- Using ISO standards for a mechanical design process
In this project, a suitable gearbox is designed, and bearings are selected for the given prime mover in a screw conveyor machine. Screw conveyors are used for granular material transporting applications such as wheat. The granular medium can be transported efficiently to any desired position, ie. horizontal, vertical or sloped position.
The document discusses various components that connect the transmission to the drive wheels, including the propeller shaft, universal joints, constant velocity joints, and slip joints. It provides details on the construction and function of each component. The propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the rear differential. Universal joints and constant velocity joints allow the shaft to transmit power through varying angles, while slip joints allow adjustments to the shaft length during vehicle movement.
The propeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the rear differential. It includes U-joints and a slip joint to adjust for length changes over bumps. There are two main types of propeller shaft: the torque tube type, which fully encloses the shaft in a hollow tube connected to the rear axle housing, and the Hotchkiss type, which absorbs torque through the rear leaf spring using a shaft with universal joints and a sliding joint. Propeller shafts must be dynamically balanced, made of hardened steel to withstand torque loads, and designed to avoid resonance at high speeds.
This document provides information about Team Auto Architects' design of an ATV for the Baja SAE India 2013 competition. It summarizes the team composition, management structure, and technical areas. Key technical specifications of the designed ATV are presented, including performance targets, dimensions, suspension design, and innovations to reduce emissions. Finite element analysis was conducted on the roll cage design. Experimental stress analysis using strain gauges validated the FEA results. The project plan outlines conceptual, development, and implementation phases.
This document provides an overview of braking systems, including drum brakes and disc brakes. It describes the basic components and functioning of brakes, how braking converts kinetic energy to heat, and the requirements of effective braking. Drum brakes use brake shoes that expand inward or outward to create friction with the brake drum. Disc brakes use calipers and pads that clamp onto a brake disc attached to the wheel. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of drum brakes versus disc brakes.
This document discusses different types of tires. There are two main types - tubed tires which have an inner tube, and tubeless tires which do not have an inner tube. Tubeless tires have advantages like lesser weight, better cooling, lower rolling resistance, and more comfortable ride.
The document also describes different tire constructions - cross-ply/bias ply tires which have fabric plies laid across each other at alternating angles, radial ply tires which have fabric arcs from bead to bead at 90 degree angles, and belted bias ply tires which have belt plies reinforced with wire. Radial ply tires provide benefits like better shock absorption and fuel efficiency compared to cross-ply tires.
The document discusses the components and operation of a manual transmission clutch system. It describes the main components as the flywheel, clutch disc, pressure plate assembly, and clutch release bearing. The flywheel connects to the engine and the clutch disc connects it to the transmission. The pressure plate squeezes the clutch disc to engage and disengage drive via springs or a diaphragm. The release bearing is used to disengage the clutch via the pedal linkage. Freeplay in the pedal allows full engagement without excess wear.
Automotive gearboxes allow engines to operate at optimal speeds while providing different gear ratios to suit varying road and load conditions. They use helical and herringbone gears to smoothly and quietly change torque and speed. Common types include sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh gearboxes, as well as transaxles and sequential gearboxes. Automatic transmissions use planetary gears and hydraulics to seamlessly shift gears without driver input. This provides better fuel economy and driver experience but with lower mechanical efficiency than manual transmissions.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
The document provides information on rear axle drives and rear axle shafts. It discusses the Hotchkiss drive system which uses leaf springs to locate the rear axle and transmit driving forces. It is a simple and inexpensive design. The document also describes torque tube drives and compares them to Hotchkiss drives. Finally, it discusses different types of rear axle shafts including semi-floating, full-floating, and three-quarter floating axles.
This document provides a design report for an electrically powered BAJA SAE vehicle. It summarizes the roll cage design which uses AISI 4130 steel for its strength to weight ratio. Finite element analysis was performed on the roll cage design to analyze stresses from impacts. The front and rear suspension geometries were evaluated using software and the springs were sized to support the vehicle. The team worked to manufacture parts and procure components on time to complete the project for the competition.
This document discusses various gear manufacturing methods including forming processes like extrusion, stamping, and powder metallurgy as well as machining processes like gear shaping, hobbing, and other gear cutting methods. Extrusion can produce gears of any tooth shape in high volumes but is generally used for smaller non-ferrous gears. Stamping is best for low cost, low precision production while powder metallurgy allows for customizable material properties and reduces machining. Gear shaping and hobbing are true generating processes that cut gear teeth through the motion of cutting tools. Hobbing produces the most accurate gears due to averaging of errors across multiple teeth cuts.
The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion. It consists of journals, crank webs, and crankpins. Crankshafts can be single-piece, shrunk-fit, or welded constructions. Stresses in the crankshaft include bending, twisting, and residual stresses from shrink fitting. Materials are typically carbon steels. Large two-stroke engines use semi-built crankshafts constructed by shrink fitting forged webs and journals. Medium-speed four-stroke engines use forged one-piece crankshafts. Connecting rods transmit force between the piston and crankshaft and help lubricate the bottom end.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a piston, including its cylindrical shape, role in compressing air and transferring pressure to the crankshaft, and use of rings to seal the cylinder. It also describes piston design features like the crown, ring lands, skirt, and bosses.
This document discusses rope drives and the types of ropes used to transmit power over long distances. Fibre ropes made of materials like hemp and manila are suitable for transmitting moderate power over short distances up to 8 meters. Wire ropes are used for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distances up to 150 meters. Wire ropes can transmit power between pulleys that are further apart than fibre ropes and are made of strong materials like alloy steel. The document provides details on the design and selection of wire ropes, including considerations for stresses from axial loads, bending around pulleys, starting and stopping loads, and impact loads. An example problem is included to demonstrate the selection of a wire rope for a mine hoist.
The document describes the different layouts of automobiles, including where the engine and drive wheels are located. It discusses the main types - front engine rear wheel drive, rear engine rear wheel drive, and front engine front wheel drive. For each type, it provides details on their characteristics such as noise isolation, drive train loss, weight distribution, and handling. The document aims to explain the different configurations and their respective advantages and limitations.
Definition, Use, Types of beariings, Types of Journal bearing, Materials for journal bearing, Failures of journal bearing, Design terms for journal bearing, Types of roller contact bearing, applications of roller contact bearing, Designation of roller contact bearing, Design terms for roller contact bearing, comparison between journal and roller bearings, characteristics of bearings, selection procedure of bearings
The document provides information about different types of clutches used in transmission systems. It discusses the functions of transmission systems and defines what a clutch is. It then describes various types of clutches in detail, including positive clutches, friction clutches, single plate clutches, multi plate clutches, diaphragm clutches, centrifugal clutches, and free wheel clutches. It also discusses the requirements, location, and actuating mechanisms of clutches.
Study of transmission system of automobileNikhil Chavda
The document summarizes the transmission system of an automobile. It defines the transmission system as the mechanism that transmits power from the engine to the driving wheels. It has three main components - the clutch, gearbox, and propeller shaft. The transmission allows the engine to be disconnected from the wheels, connected smoothly, and drives the wheels at different speeds. It enables torque multiplication for starting and leverage variation between the engine and wheels. The document discusses different types of transmission systems including mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and automatic systems. It also explains the power flow in sliding mesh and constant mesh gearboxes.
Design and Construction of a Connecting rodFaisal Niloy
The document describes the design and construction of a connecting rod. It begins with the objectives of studying the connecting rod, understanding its function, designing it using CAD, and constructing a physical model. It then provides an introduction to connecting rods, explaining that they connect the piston to the crankshaft and transmit reciprocating motion to rotational motion. The document discusses different manufacturing processes for connecting rods and compares technologies. It presents the design process for the connecting rod, showing calculations for dimensions. Finally, it includes the CAD model and photos of the constructed physical connecting rod.
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
A gearbox manages a series of gear ratios to deliver power from an engine to a transmission. It provides multiple torque ratios for varying acceleration and climbing gradients, and allows for reversing the vehicle's motion. A sliding mesh gearbox typically has 3 forward gears and 1 reverse gear. It uses spur gears on the main shaft that engage with gears on the lay shaft by sliding into position. When the engine is running and clutch engaged, power flows from the clutch shaft gear to the lay shaft gears, but the main shaft remains idle until a gear is engaged to transfer power through the transmission.
DATE: 2019.05
- Design of a gearbox as a power transmission system
- Calculation of mechanical design parameters
- Mechanical design process
- Bearing selection from a given catalog
- Using ISO standards for a mechanical design process
In this project, a suitable gearbox is designed, and bearings are selected for the given prime mover in a screw conveyor machine. Screw conveyors are used for granular material transporting applications such as wheat. The granular medium can be transported efficiently to any desired position, ie. horizontal, vertical or sloped position.
The document discusses various components that connect the transmission to the drive wheels, including the propeller shaft, universal joints, constant velocity joints, and slip joints. It provides details on the construction and function of each component. The propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the rear differential. Universal joints and constant velocity joints allow the shaft to transmit power through varying angles, while slip joints allow adjustments to the shaft length during vehicle movement.
The propeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the rear differential. It includes U-joints and a slip joint to adjust for length changes over bumps. There are two main types of propeller shaft: the torque tube type, which fully encloses the shaft in a hollow tube connected to the rear axle housing, and the Hotchkiss type, which absorbs torque through the rear leaf spring using a shaft with universal joints and a sliding joint. Propeller shafts must be dynamically balanced, made of hardened steel to withstand torque loads, and designed to avoid resonance at high speeds.
This document provides information about Team Auto Architects' design of an ATV for the Baja SAE India 2013 competition. It summarizes the team composition, management structure, and technical areas. Key technical specifications of the designed ATV are presented, including performance targets, dimensions, suspension design, and innovations to reduce emissions. Finite element analysis was conducted on the roll cage design. Experimental stress analysis using strain gauges validated the FEA results. The project plan outlines conceptual, development, and implementation phases.
This document provides an overview of braking systems, including drum brakes and disc brakes. It describes the basic components and functioning of brakes, how braking converts kinetic energy to heat, and the requirements of effective braking. Drum brakes use brake shoes that expand inward or outward to create friction with the brake drum. Disc brakes use calipers and pads that clamp onto a brake disc attached to the wheel. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of drum brakes versus disc brakes.
This document discusses different types of tires. There are two main types - tubed tires which have an inner tube, and tubeless tires which do not have an inner tube. Tubeless tires have advantages like lesser weight, better cooling, lower rolling resistance, and more comfortable ride.
The document also describes different tire constructions - cross-ply/bias ply tires which have fabric plies laid across each other at alternating angles, radial ply tires which have fabric arcs from bead to bead at 90 degree angles, and belted bias ply tires which have belt plies reinforced with wire. Radial ply tires provide benefits like better shock absorption and fuel efficiency compared to cross-ply tires.
The document discusses the components and operation of a manual transmission clutch system. It describes the main components as the flywheel, clutch disc, pressure plate assembly, and clutch release bearing. The flywheel connects to the engine and the clutch disc connects it to the transmission. The pressure plate squeezes the clutch disc to engage and disengage drive via springs or a diaphragm. The release bearing is used to disengage the clutch via the pedal linkage. Freeplay in the pedal allows full engagement without excess wear.
Automotive gearboxes allow engines to operate at optimal speeds while providing different gear ratios to suit varying road and load conditions. They use helical and herringbone gears to smoothly and quietly change torque and speed. Common types include sliding mesh, constant mesh, and synchromesh gearboxes, as well as transaxles and sequential gearboxes. Automatic transmissions use planetary gears and hydraulics to seamlessly shift gears without driver input. This provides better fuel economy and driver experience but with lower mechanical efficiency than manual transmissions.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
The document provides information on rear axle drives and rear axle shafts. It discusses the Hotchkiss drive system which uses leaf springs to locate the rear axle and transmit driving forces. It is a simple and inexpensive design. The document also describes torque tube drives and compares them to Hotchkiss drives. Finally, it discusses different types of rear axle shafts including semi-floating, full-floating, and three-quarter floating axles.
This document provides a design report for an electrically powered BAJA SAE vehicle. It summarizes the roll cage design which uses AISI 4130 steel for its strength to weight ratio. Finite element analysis was performed on the roll cage design to analyze stresses from impacts. The front and rear suspension geometries were evaluated using software and the springs were sized to support the vehicle. The team worked to manufacture parts and procure components on time to complete the project for the competition.
This document discusses various gear manufacturing methods including forming processes like extrusion, stamping, and powder metallurgy as well as machining processes like gear shaping, hobbing, and other gear cutting methods. Extrusion can produce gears of any tooth shape in high volumes but is generally used for smaller non-ferrous gears. Stamping is best for low cost, low precision production while powder metallurgy allows for customizable material properties and reduces machining. Gear shaping and hobbing are true generating processes that cut gear teeth through the motion of cutting tools. Hobbing produces the most accurate gears due to averaging of errors across multiple teeth cuts.
The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotational motion. It consists of journals, crank webs, and crankpins. Crankshafts can be single-piece, shrunk-fit, or welded constructions. Stresses in the crankshaft include bending, twisting, and residual stresses from shrink fitting. Materials are typically carbon steels. Large two-stroke engines use semi-built crankshafts constructed by shrink fitting forged webs and journals. Medium-speed four-stroke engines use forged one-piece crankshafts. Connecting rods transmit force between the piston and crankshaft and help lubricate the bottom end.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a piston, including its cylindrical shape, role in compressing air and transferring pressure to the crankshaft, and use of rings to seal the cylinder. It also describes piston design features like the crown, ring lands, skirt, and bosses.
The document discusses the analysis of pistons and connecting rods made from different materials when subjected to static and thermal analysis. It analyzes four piston materials - steel, grey cast iron, aluminum alloy, and copper alloy - to determine which has the best strength to weight ratio and lowest stress values. It also models a connecting rod made from an aluminum composite reinforced with silicon carbide and fly ash, finding it has less weight and better stiffness than the standard material. The main objectives are to investigate piston thermal stress distribution under real combustion conditions and determine the total temperature and heat flux on the body.
The document provides an overview of the basic parts of a steam turbine, including turbine casings, rotors, blades, stationary blades and nozzles, shrouds, barring devices, seals, couplings, governors, and lubrication systems. It describes the materials, designs, and purposes of each part. The rotors can be disc-type or drum-type, depending on the turbine design. Blades are made of heat-resistant alloys and fastened via different methods. Seals prevent steam leakage and include shaft seals like carbon rings or labyrinth seals and blade seals such as labyrinth seals. Larger turbines use pressurized lubrication systems to lubricate bearings.
In this presentation study on the basic parts of the steam turbine as following turbine casting, turbine rotors, turbine blades, shrouds, turbine bearing device, turbine seals, turbine couplings, governor and lubrication system.
This document provides information on piston, rings, and connecting rod components and their purpose and function. It discusses piston and rod construction, inspection procedures, piston ring installation and operation, and connecting rod reconditioning. Key terms related to these components are also defined.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines an internal combustion engine as a device that releases chemical energy from fuel inside the engine to perform mechanical work. It then classifies engines based on their design, operating cycle, and whether they are 4-stroke or 2-stroke. The document goes on to describe the constructional features of engines, including cylinders, pistons, piston rings, connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, bearings, and flywheels. It provides diagrams of diesel and gasoline engine cycles.
The document provides instructions for building a miniature RC turbine engine from scratch. It describes the major components including the compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, nozzle guide vanes, and turbine wheel.
The combustion chamber requires forming stainless steel cylinders and rolling them to size before spot welding the seams. Fuel injection sticks are secured in the chamber and fuel is delivered via hypodermic needles.
Detailed instructions are given for machining the shaft from 4140 steel and installing ceramic ball bearings. Lubrication is provided via a mixture of jet oil and kerosene delivered through the fuel system.
Overall the document outlines the process for manufacturing each custom part to exacting tolerances and assembling them into a
The document describes the construction of a Stirling engine project. It lists the project coordinator and 12 student executors. It provides guidelines for making and assembling the engine parts, including instructions on balancing the system mechanically without the bottom plate. The final assembly involves gluing the bottom aluminum plate to the transparent cylinder wall. It includes project plans, drawings of assembly and individual parts.
This document discusses finite element analysis conducted on a piston skirt to analyze deformation and stress distribution. It provides background on pistons and their features. The analysis used finite element modeling to break the piston skirt into small elements and calculate deformation and stress across the piston skirt under load. The modeling process and considerations for finite element analysis are also outlined.
Cummins Engine ISBe Block or Mechanical .pptTeckYongKeng1
The document provides details on the design and components of the Cummins ISBe engine block and related systems. Some key points:
- The cylinder block design uses sculpting and stiffening to reduce noise. An internal ladder frame further increases rigidity.
- The crankshaft is forged steel with induction hardening. Thrust bearings are either half or full, depending on the number of cylinders.
- Connecting rods are split design with replaceable bushings and color coded by weight. Strict torque procedures are specified for installation.
- Camshafts use wider lobes and followers for improved durability. Bushings must be flush with tight tolerances.
- Pistons are
The document describes various engine parts, including their composition, function, and construction. It discusses cylinders, pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts, valves, bearings, and propeller gearing. The key components work together to convert the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotating motion that drives the propeller.
This document provides an overview of the key components of an internal combustion engine. It describes the purpose and basic design of major engine parts including the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, camshaft, valves, manifolds, and others. It also discusses common engine materials, recommended specifications for things like oil pressure and temperature, and lists local manufacturers and prices for tractor engine parts in India.
The document discusses the key components that make up the bottom end of an engine, including the engine block, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, rings, and bearings. It describes the materials, functions, and terminology associated with each part. The crankshaft converts the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational motion to power the vehicle. Pistons harness the energy of combustion and transfer force to the crankshaft via connecting rods. Precise clearances and alignments are needed for proper engine operation and longevity.
1) Crosshead engines connect the piston to the crankshaft using a crosshead and crosshead pin, allowing for very long strokes. Trunk engines directly connect the piston to the connecting rod.
2) The crosshead design takes side thrust off the piston and liner, allows for better oil distribution, and simplifies piston construction. Trunk pistons have extended skirts to absorb side thrust.
3) Tie bolts are needed to resist the firing forces that try to separate the cylinder block, frames, and bedplate during combustion.
Large bore engines refer to engines with larger cylinder diameters. These engines have certain geometric advantages like reduced heat transfer and higher efficiency due to a smaller surface area exposed to combustion gases. There are two main types - large bore natural gas engines and large bore diesel engines. In some large bore engines, the piston is connected to the crankshaft via a piston rod and crosshead bearing rather than a direct connecting rod. Piston rings play an important role in sealing the combustion chamber and managing heat transfer and lubrication. Large bore engines find applications in marine propulsion systems and power plants.
The document provides information on pistons used in internal combustion engines. It discusses the parts of a piston including the crown, ring lands, ring groove and skirt. It describes the functions of pistons to transmit force, form a seal and guide the connecting rod. Desirable piston characteristics and different piston head shapes are outlined. Various piston types like offset pin, cam ground, oil cooled and tapered pistons are explained. Common piston failures modes such as scuffing, burning, dry running and pin boss damage are summarized. The document discusses piston materials including cast iron, aluminum and hypereutectic alloys and proposes future piston designs with reduced skirt lengths.
Cylinder Liner, Piston Ring, Gudgeon Ring, Con Rod Bearing, Bush Bearing, Thrust Washer, etc. Our reliable product and durability make us the foremost choice of our customers. The whole assortments of our products are manufactured underneath our premises by utilizing excellent quality components and contemporary technology. These products are widely utilized in many industrial applications. We confirm to deliver high quality products to the patrons all across the nation. Besides, we deliver our products to various places by dissimilar mode of transportation.
This document provides details about a minor project to study the design and analysis of a connecting rod for an internal combustion engine. It discusses the purpose of connecting rods in converting reciprocating motion from pistons into rotational motion at the crankshaft. The document then provides a history of connecting rods dating back to Roman water mills in the 3rd century AD and discusses modern connecting rod designs used in internal combustion engines, including materials used, forces exerted, and designs such as compound rods.
The document summarizes various reciprocating engine components, including:
- The crankshaft which converts reciprocating motion to rotational motion to drive the propeller.
- Pistons made of aluminum alloy with rings to provide a seal in the cylinder.
- Connecting rods which link the piston to the crankshaft.
- The camshaft which uses lobes to open and close the valves via other components like lifters and pushrods.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
4. History
Evidence for the connecting rod appears in the late 3rd century Hierapolis
sawmill in Roman Asia (modern Turkey). It also appears in two 6th
century Byzantine-era saw mills excavated at Ephesus, Asia Minor (modern
Turkey) and Gerasa, Roman Syria. The crank and connecting rod mechanism of
these Roman-era watermills converted the rotary motion of the waterwheel into the
linear movement of the saw blades.
By the 16th century, evidence of cranks and connecting rods in the technological
treatises and artwork of Renaissance Europe becomes abundant; Agostino
Ramelli's The Diverse and Artifactitious Machines of 1588 alone depicts eighteen
examples, a number which rises in the Theatrum Machinarum Novum by Georg
Andreas Böckler to 45 different machines
Today, the connecting rod is best known through its use in internal combustion
piston engines, such as automobile engines. These are of a distinctly different
design from earlier forms of connecting rod used in steam engines and steam
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
6. Function Of Connecting Rod
The connecting rod has two principal tasks to fulfil: it
connects the piston to the crankshaft and, since its lower
or "big" end is attached to an offset crankpin on the
crankshaft, it converts linear movement of the piston into
rotary movement of the crankshaft. By doing so, it
transforms the linear force of the piston into a rotary force
or torque.
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
7. Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
The connecting rod is exposed to very severe loads.
Combustion gas pressure acting downwards on the
piston exerts very heavy forces along the connecting
rod. Since the piston's speed is continually varying,
the high acceleration and deceleration forces which
result must be withstood in the form of tensile and
compressive loads on the connecting rod.
Furthermore, the oscillating movement of the con-
necting rod round the gudgeon pin axis introduces
powerful bending forces into the rod. and since the
rod is fairly long is also subject to buckling stresses.
10. .
1.Rod
The rod normally has cross section of
a circle or an oval for the low and
medium-speed engines. For the high
speed engine, the rod has a section
of I shape
There is a drilled hole along the rod
to feed lubricating oil and reduce the
weight of the connecting rod
2.Small end
The small end and the rod are
normally forged in one piece
The top of the small end is drilled
hole to feed the lubricating oil for the
cooling purpose of the piston.
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
11. 3.Big end
In low –speed engines , the big end of
connecting rod normally has separate
construction and fastened with the rod by
bolts.The big end includes upper and lower
part:
The upper part is provided with a secured
pin for locating the big end and the rod.The
lower part is made with strengthening edge
to increase the rigidity.Assembling surface
between parts of the big end may be
provided with shims for adjusting oil
clearance (in case of thick wall bearing
shell).Assembling surface between upper
part and the rod may also be provided with
thin shims to adjust the height of
combustion chamber.
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
12. For high-speed engines ,in some cases
the assembling surface between 2 parts
of big end makes with the center line of
the connecting rod an angle 30 º,45 º or
60º.It permits to reduce the cutting force
In V shape engines the two similar
connecting rods can be fitted on one
crank pin or the main connecting rod is
installed on the crank pin while the
auxiliary connecting rod is fitted on the big
end of the main connecting rod .
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
V shape connecting rod
13. Bearing shells
Bearing shell of the small end is made
either in one piece by 2 separate halve.
Bearing shell is pressed into small end
and fixed to prevent it rotating and
moving .
Bearing shells of the big end have the
same construction with main bearing
shell . Bearing shells are tightly pressed
by 2 parts of the big end and fastened by
connecting rod bolts (or crank pin bolt).
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
15. Construction when connecting rod connected
to piston and crank shaft
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
16. Materials Used Connecting rods can be made from
various grades of structural steel, aluminum, and
titanium. Steel rods are the most widely produced and
used as connecting rods. Their applications are best
used for daily drivers and endurance racing due to their
high strength and longevity .The only problem with
using steel rods is that the material is extremely heavy,
which consumes more power and adds stress to the
rotating assembly. In this work below mentioned
materials are taken as connecting rod materials and
analysis are performed. Carbon Steels, High strength
low alloy steel, Corrosion resistant high strength low
alloy steel, and Quenched and tempered alloy steel
Carbon Steels, High strength low alloy steel, Corrosion
resistant high strength low alloy steel, and Quenched
and tempered alloy steel.
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
17. Casting
• Cast in sand
• Small little seam on both sides of
the parting edge
• Used in Speed motor
• Cap in pin-end is fastened with bolts
only
• Maximum rpm is 6500
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
18. Forging
• Thick seam on both
sides
• Used in speed motors
• Bolt-Nut assembly
• Used in engines of
rpm range about
5500-6800 or further
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
19. Forged Billet rod
• Machined from a solid
piece of steel
• No parting edge
• Bolts are screwed to hold
the cap on
• Strongest con-rods, 1200
hp engine
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
20. Sintered connecting rod
• Powdered metal pressed together and
then put into an oven where it is sintered
that means granules are melted together
and forms the rod
• Parting edge where cap and the rod meet
is fractured
• Each cap and each rod is unique with
itself
• Used in engine of 7000rpm
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
21. Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
The connecting rod connects the crankshaft to the piston. It will
encounter high dynamical loads from the rapid back and forth motion.
The length of the rod is between the two centres. Bearing cups is used
for low friction rotation. An oil channel is drilled between the two
centres these channels can also have various configurations.
Initially the oil is pumped to main journal bearings ( the area where
crankshaft sits on the cylinder block ). The crankshaft has dedicated
holes , the engine oil flows through crankshaft internal bore and
reaches the big end bearing. From big end bearing it reaches
connecting rod . From connecting rod it reaches piston from piston
wall it reaches cylinders.
22. Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
Hydrodynamic non-contact bearings is used at
the connecting rod small-end and big end,
as well as in the main bearing. For these
bearings to work, a constant supply of oil
is needed. The bearings have a open track in
the centre that goes partly or all around its
circumference. At the main bearing, the oil will
enter the tracks through the supply hole
and lubricate the bearing. The rest will enter the
crankshaft leading to con-rod journal
through the channels. From here it will lubricate
and supply oil to the connecting rod.
25. Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
The “connection piece” between the piston and the crankshaft
is the connecting rod. Like all other engine parts that are
directly involved into the combustion process, the connecting
rod is highly stressed. The conrod is mainly feeded by 3
different forces:
1. the acceleration force, from the combustion process
2. the mass force, from the piston and the piston pin
3. the bending force, caused by the conrod angle
Todays modern connecting rods are divided between conrod
shaft and big end bearing housing. Additionally, an
intermediate plate allows to change the compression ratio of
the engine by different thickness of this plate. The screwed
connection of the big end bearing housing is one of the most
difficult connections for screws due to the high asymmetric
load on them. This lead into dynamic bending stresses, that
must be handled by the tightening forces. Because of this, the
tightening procedure needs extremely high attention.
26. Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
Due to the cranking of the conrod during combustion
and compression - inside the cylinder - the big end
bearing is subjected to asymmetric forces which
creates asymmetric and dynamic wear and tear.
Therefore, the ovality of the big end bearing houses
has to be checked on a regular basis. Due to the
high forces, the mating surface between the lower
half and the upper half of the big end bearing
housing need´s the highest grade of planarity, in
order to avoid fretting wear and tear.
Measuring e.g. the diameter and ovality of a big end bearing
housing requires full tightened connecting rod bolts with
assembled connecting rod shaft.
Require also to make use of the correct lubricant for bolts and
nuts
Require to check the temperature of the housing
28. Fixing and replacement
Breaking phenomenon
Connecting rod is hunched and twist :Overload, manufactured
materials not guaranteed
Connecting rod is broken : overworked engine, bolt is broken, nut is
slipped off
Sliver lining shaft is corrosion : different force , lack of lubricating oil
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain
29. Fixing method
1.clean the oil spray hole of connecting rod
2. Renew bolt and nut
3.when connecting rod is hunched and twist . We have to
renew or confine on dedicated machine
4. If Sliver lining shaft is corrosion : it has to be worn by
machine
Presented by
HaiNam,KienDoo,Nam,Khanh,Shain